CSE 306

UNIT 3

Prepared By: Dr. Krishan kumar, Professor, LPU

LPU
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Unit III

DATA LINK LAYER : Data link Layer design issues,

Elementary Datalink Protocols, Error Detection and
Correction- Hamming code, CRC, Parity, Checksum,
Switch working
MAC SUBLAYER : Multiple Access Protocols- ALOHA, CSMA and
CSMA/CD, Random Access, Controlled access, Ethernet protocol
 keywords
•Ethernet
•IEEE
•IEEE 802.3
•Fast Ethernet
•Gigabit Ethernet
•Unicast
•Multicast
13.3
IEEE standard for LANs

13.4
PLACEMENT INTERVIEW QUESTION

What is an Ethernet MAC?

Answer:-
• The MAC is the media access controller.
• The Ethernet MAC is defined by the IEEE-
802.3 Ethernet standard.
• It implements a data-link layer.
• The latest MACs support operation at both 10
Mbits/s and 100 Mbits/s.

13.5
13.6
• Ethernet (technically known as IEEE 802.3) is
a communications technology that is used to
connect devices in a local area network (LAN).

• It defines the rules using which

computing devices communicate
over a network.

• Unlike Wi-Fi, which is a wireless

networking technology, Ethernet
uses cables to transmit data. 13.7
PLACEMENT INTERVIEW QUESTION

•What is an Ethernet cable?

•Ethernet cables are the primary connectors
used in an Ethernet network.
•In an Ethernet LAN, Ethernet cables will
connect directly from computers to a
router/modem so the computers can talk to
one another without using the wider
internet.
13.8
 STANDARD ETHERNET

The original Ethernet was created in

1976 at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research
Center (PARC).

13.9
Ethernet evolution through four generations

13.10
Fast Ethernet (FE)
•Introduced in 1995, Fast Ethernet has a transmission speed of
100 Mbps. Covered under 802.3u standard,
•a few Fast Ethernet types include 100 Base-FX, 100 Base-T4,
and 100 Base-TX.
•The “100” is common to all and it indicates the transmission
speed of the network, which is 100 Mbps. Base refers to the
baseband signaling.
• In this, T stands for twisted pair cable, and F stands for
fiber – both referring to the type of cable used for signal
carrying.
•The term 4 or X refers to the line code signal used.
•FE supports both - full-duplex and half-duplex modes.
•Auto negotiation was introduced along with FE, which
enables two devices to transmit data through a
commonly shared connection. 13.11
Gigabit Ethernet (GE/Gig)
•Introduced in 1999, Gigabit Ethernet has a transmission
speed of 1000 Mbps.
•It is today one of the widely used Ethernet types.
•It supports full-duplex and half-duplex modes and is
covered under the framework of 803.2.
• It was first introduced over fiber optic cables in 1999
and twisted pair cables were introduced later.
•There are different layer standards of GE such as
1000Base – SX, 1000Base-LX, 1000Base- CX, and
1000Base-T. Of these 1000 Base-SX and 1000-Base LX
use fiber optics cable and 1000Base –CX uses 2 pairs of
STP and 1000Base-T uses 4 pairs of STP.

13.12
 10Base5: Thick Ethernet
• The first implementation is called 10Base5, thick
Ethernet, or Thicknet.
• 10Base5 was the first Ethernet specification to
use a bus topology with an external transceiver
(transmitter/receiver) connected via a tap to a
thick coaxial cable

13.13
10Base2: Thin Ethernet
• The second implementation is called 10Base2, thin Ethernet, or
Cheapernet.
• 10Base2 also uses a bus topology, but the cable is much thinner and
more flexible.
• The cable can be bent to pass very close to the stations.
• In this case, the transceiver is normally part of the network interface
card (NIC), which is installed inside the station.

13.14
802.3 MAC frame

13.15
Preamble
• The first field of the 802.3 frame contains 7 bytes (56 bits) of
alternating 0sand 1s that alerts the receiving system to the
coming frame and enables it to synchronize its input timing.
• The pattern provides only an alert and a timing pulse.

Start frame delimiter (SFD)

The second field (l byte: 10101011) signals the
beginning of the frame.
• warns the station or stations that this is the last
chance for synchronization.
• The last 2 bits is 11 and alerts the receiver that
the next field is the destination address.

13.16
Minimum and Maximum lengths

13.17
 Frame length:
Minimum: 64 bytes (512 bits)
Maximum: 1518 bytes (12,144 bits)

13.18
Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation

13.19
Unicast and multicast addresses

The least significant bit of the first byte

defines the type of address.
If the bit is 0, the address is unicast;
otherwise, it is multicast.

13.20
Unicast and multicast addresses

13.21
 The broadcast destination address is a
special case of the multicast address in which
all bits are 1s.

13.22
Questions/Answers

13.23
THANKS

13.24