Activity 1: Making and Inventory of Curriculum Approach as Content, Process and Product.

Instruction: Choose a book that is being used in elementary, high school or college. Identify the
following: Content, Process, and Product.

Inventory of the Curriculum Content, Process and Product

Title of the Book: ENGLISH COMMUNICATION ARTS AND SKILLS THROUGH AFRO-
ASIAN LITERATURE

Grade/Year Level: 8 Subject area used: English

No. P r o c e s Product/Outcom
Content s e

1 . Understanding Synonyms, Antonyms, and Group activity: Differentiate synonyms, antonyms and Distinguish synonyms, antonyms and
Homonyms homonyms homonyms

2 . Figures of Write 5examples simile and Fully understand the figures of

Speech metaphor speech

3 . Changing Sentence Forms From One to Performance task: Make the Sentence form of verb from Know how to change sentence
Another adjective forms

4 . Appreciating Group Activity: make a

Drama drama

5 . Classes of Individual Choice of

Pronouns Activity

Self-Reflect

Instruction: After learning from this lesson, how would you prepare yourself to become a
teacher, using the three approaches to Curriculum?

I can prepare myself in becoming a teacher using the three approaches; content, process,
and product so I could give my lessons to my student with efficiency and making myself a
teacher whom they will listen and talk to with ease that they will ask if they don't understand
something and treat the class with effort.

TEACHING AND LEARNING

Analysis:
Explain why teaching and learning give life and meaning to the curriculum.

Teaching and learning doesn't just give life and meaning for it the life and meaning of
curriculum. Curriculum is the totality of the student's experience that happens in the educational
process. If there is someone who teaches, then there is someone who learns a give and take
process.

Discuss why the deluge of information poses a great challenge to both teaching and learning.

The curriculum seems to be overloaded because it has many subjects to deal with, with a
lot of topics to be discussed. Sometimes, the curriculum is fragmented. Unfortunately, the
learner's life is not compartmentalized.

Insights:

I LIKE TEACHING BECAUSE I want and will impart my knowledge concerning to

the educational system that will enable the student be prepared for the future and I will help them
develop better values that could allow them to give meaning to life in a simple and unique way. I
am much more willing to help them develop their talents and skills that may help them in the
process.

Portfolio:

Make a collage of pictures of the

teaching process.

Make a collage of pictures of the learning process.

 Activity 2:

My tools

Instruction: A curriculum can be organized either horizontally or vertically. Write samples of them on the
illustrations.
Horizontal Articulation

The subject Social Science moves horizontally along with History,

Geography, Anthropology, Civics, and Culture.

Vertical Articulation

In the content of Social Studies, putting the

BASIC "family" ahead of the topic of "community" is
vertical articulation or in Science the bigger topic
of "living things” comes ahead of topic on "plants"
and "animals".
II. Borrow a curriculum and accomplish the samples to show the dimensions of curriculum design.

Equitable assignment of content, time, experiences and other elements.

Write the contents in 1 subject area for the first grading period.
 Curriculum is arranged vertically or horizontally.

VERTICAL ARTICULATION

Write a sample content of 1 topic in a subject area from level to level or grade to grade.

Subject Area: Mathematics Topic: Plane Figures, Geometry

GRADE 7 GRADE 8 GRADE 9 GRADE 10

Plane figures were Rectangle or Triangles are the main Circumference is the
introduced with their quadrilateral is the focus in Grade 9. They main focus in the
basic characteristics main focus in this study theorems about Grade 10. The study
topic. They study congruent triangles includes lines in the
different theorem and other related circle, angle
related to theories were studied computation arc, etc.
with further
The lesson is related to the discussion of motion in Physics in which
explanations
the distance traveled by a car has a relationship on the time
consumed in travelling. Thus, Mathematics and Science moves
horizontally in the curriculum.
HORIZONTAL ARTICULATION

Association happens among or between elements at the same time.

SCOPE
Example:

Topics

1. Integers (Basic concept of integers, operations of integers).

2. Set (subset, universal sets, null sets, operation on sets).

The content, topics, learning experience and organizing threads of an educational plan

Write sample topics in a subject area.

SEQUENCE
 INTEGRATION Content and experiences are arranged in a hierarchical order.

Write Since
a topiceverything
arrange from
is simple to complex.
integrated, then lessons in math must relate to real
life situations that students can comprehend in their level. An example
In Operation of Polynomials, addition and subtraction is taught first since it is simpler and its
is that,beinused
concept can discussing
in more geometry, students
complex level must actually
of operation measure andand division of
like the multiplication
solve the
polynomials. perimeter or
Multiplication area
and of a certain
division figure. This
of polynomials were can be after
taught donethebyother two duet of
having
complexity of an activity like letting them measure the dimension of their
concept.
room. This activity is interactive and is done in groups. It is also
Everything is integrated and interconnected.
rewarding.

Continuity

Mathematics is mainly revolving in four areas namely: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics

and Probability. Algebra deals with polynomials, equations and other number sense.
Vertical repetition and recurring approaches of the content provide continuity.
Geometry studies plane figures and computations regarding to perimeter, areas and
Examplesvolumes
of topics of
in the spacearea
a subject andwhere
solid content
figures.isAnd lastly,inStatistics
organized and Probability
a spiral fashion increasing study data
in a breadth
and depth.and how it relates to one another. These topics were taught repeatedly from Grade 7 to
Grade 10 but with increasing depth and breadth. Of course, Grade 7 had simpler topics
Subject Area: Mathematics
compared to Grade 10.

Analysis:

Why is there need to articulate the lesson from grade school to high school?

Learning is a process. It can be put into simple analogy in terms of standing, walking and
running. Wise men say that before you must learn to run, you must learn first to walk but before learning
to walk, you need to learn first on how to stand. This proves learning as a process. We learn level by level.
Knowing it as a process, then there is a great need to articulate lessons from grade school to high school.
Articulating lessons can be done by relating subjects to each other to reduce fragmentation and to ensure

Articulation
 learning as the level rises from simple (grade school) to more complex (high school). We must also note
that grade school is the foundation years for high school.

Insights:

As a teacher, I need to understand fully well the dimensions of curriculum design because it will
guide me in the near future of what is/are the dimensions of curriculum. Understanding it is just one of
my task and duty as a teacher in order to have good teaching strategies in dealing with the subject matter
so I need full understanding of all the dimensions of the curriculum due to the undeniable fact that it is
my main obligation as a teacher for teaching is making someone learn.

Portfolio:

Make a curricular web to illustrate that content in the curriculum has no boundary.

MAPEH

TLE Araling Panlipunan

Curriculum

Values Education

Filipino

Math
Comparison of the Three Models.

Instructions: Determine the similarities and differences of the three models of Curriculum Development
Process.

How are the models similar?

Similar Tyler’s Taba’s Saylor and Alexander

Features
Tyler’s XXXXXXXXXXX Tyler's model is They both focus on the
X similar to Taba's considerations that
for they both needs to be in the
focus on the curriculum
fundamental development.
principles of
curriculum
development

Taba’s Taba's grassroot XXXXXXXXX Taba's model and Saylor

approach is an and Alexander's are
improvement of both teacher's approach
Tyler's Wheeler by that they both
theory believe that the the
teacher should be able
to give opportunity to
attain educational goals
for the students

Saylor and They both give Saylor and XXXXXXXXXXXX

Alexander emphasis on the four Alexander's and
major steps in Taba's model are
Curriculum similar in a way
Development which that they both
are planning, need to examine
designing, the needs of the
implementing students or
evaluating the society by
curriculum. determining the
goals, objectives
 and domains
before subjecting
to the curriculum
designing,
implementing and
evaluating.
Comments Models that identify The unique major Viewed curriculum as a
the four major steps on plan for providing sets
consideration in curriculum of learning
curriculum development is opportunities to achieve
development which available. by the teachers
is the purpose of the
school.

How are the models different?

Similar Tyler’s Taba’s Saylor and Alexander

Features
Tyler’s XXXXXXXXX Tyler's model does not
only focuses on goals,
objectives and domains
as considerations on
curriculum
development but also
Tyler's model is the experiences in
different from Taba's relation to the purpose
model because it of the curriculum
starts the steps of unlike Saylor and
curriculum Alexander's model
development from
the top.

Taba’s Taba's grassroot XXXXXXXXXXXX Taba's model is

approach begins different from Saylor
from the bottom, and Alexander's
rather than from because Taba's model
the top for which had specified each
Tyler proposed steps toward
developing a
curriculum, unlike
 Saylor and Alexander's
model that directly
submits the goals and
objectives to
curriculum designing
without identifying the
content and possible
experiences that the
learners attain.

Saylor and The two models Saylor and XXXXXXXXXXXXX

Alexander is different from Alexander's model is
each other for different from Taba's
Tyler's model model for Saylor's
gives model directs the
consideration to steps to the four
experiences major steps but
while the latter Taba's give attention
does not. to anything that may
interfere the learning
of the students

Comments The experience Specifying each steps Identifies the domain,

in school and it's objectives and goals
purpose has been and follows by
given attention curriculum designing,
implementing, and
evaluating

Self-Check:

Describe the model of curriculum development which you understand well. Write in two paragraphs.

I understand well from the model of curriculum development is the Saylor and Alexander's
model. They view curriculum development as consisting of four steps. These four steps are the (1) Goals,
Objectives and Domains, (2) Curriculum Designing, (3) Implementation and (4) Evaluation.

The first step is that a curriculum planning begins with specifying the educational goals and
specific objectives they wish to accomplish. Curriculum Designing means that designing a curriculum
follows after appropriate learning opportunities are determined and how each opportunity is provided.
Step three means that a designed curriculum is now ready to be implemented the last step is to assess if
the curriculum has been effective by using a variety of evaluation techniques.

Self- Reflect: ( Write briefly and concisely)

What phase of the curriculum process do you find very important as a teacher? Why?

The most important phase of the curriculum process as a teacher is the curriculum planning
because I do believe everything we do or impart an action we have to plan first. I believe that you cannot
go to war without planning first how to attack, it is just like in a classroom you have to plan your lesson
and have a product outcome at hand so you can have an effective teaching.

Activity 3:Explore the Web.

Instruction:

Search two (2) outstanding personalities in each cluster of Curriculum Foundations who contributed to
curriculum development. Write their biographies. You may find other person not included in the list given
lesson.

Cluster 1- Philosophical foundations

1.Plato

2.Socrates

Cluster 2- Historical Foundations

1.Franklin Bobbit

2. William Kilpatrick

Cluster 3- Psychological Foundations

1.WilhelmMaximilianWundt

2.IvanPetrovichPavlov

3.AlfredBinet

4. Edward Lee Thorndike

Cluster 4- Sociological Foundations

1) E.T. Hiller.

2. Moor and Cole

3. Harold Rugg

Submit the biographies of the identified persons with list of references at the end.

Plato, (born 428/427 BCE, Athens, Greece—died 348/347, Athens), ancient Greek philosopher, student of
Socrates (c. 470–399 BCE), teacher of Aristotle (384–322 BCE), and founder of the Academy, best
known as the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence.There are varying degrees of
controversy over which of Plato's works are authentic, and in what order they were written, due to their
antiquity and the manner of their preservation through time. Nonetheless, his earliest works are generally
regarded as the most reliable of the ancient sources on Socrates, and the character Socrates that we know
through these writings is considered to be one of the greatest of the ancient philosophers.

Reference: https://www.iep.utm.edu/plato/

Socrates was born in ancient Athens, Greece. His "Socratic method," laid the groundwork for Western
systems of logic and philosophy. When the political climate of Greece turned, Socrates was sentenced to
death by hemlock poisoning in 399 BC. He accepted this judgment rather than fleeing into exile.Born
circa 470 BC in Athens, Greece, Socrates's life is chronicled through only a few sources—the dialogues
of Plato and Xenophon and the plays of Aristophanes. Because these writings had other purposes than
reporting his life, it is likely none present a completely accurate picture. However, collectively, they
provide a unique and vivid portrayal of Socrates's philosophy and personality.

Socrates was the son of Sophroniscus, an Athenian stonemason and sculptor, and Phaenarete, a midwife.
Because he wasn't from a noble family, he probably received a basic Greek education and learned his
father's craft at a young age. It is believed Socrates worked as mason for many years before he devoted
his life to philosophy.

References:https://www.biography.com/people/socrates-9488126

1. Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was a German physician, psychologist, physiologist, philosopher, and
professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology.

2. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

- experiment on the conditioned and unconditioned reflexes on dogs which influence training and
learning.

- From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated intellectual brilliance along with an unusual energy
which he named "the instinct for research"

3. Alfred Binet

•experimental method to measure intelligence and reasoning ability of an individual.

- French psychologist who invented the first practical intelligence test, the Binet

- Simon scale. His principal goal was to identify students who needed special help in coping with the
school curriculum.

4. Edward Lee Thorndike was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers
College, Columbia University. His work on comparative psychology and the learning process led to the
theory of connectionism and helped lay the scientific foundation for educational psychology. He also
worked on solving industrial problems, such as employee exams and testing. He was a member of the
board of the Psychological Corporation and served as president of the American Psychological
Association in 1912. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Thorndike as the
ninth-most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Edward Thorndike had a powerful impact on
reinforcement theory and behavior analysis, providing the basic framework for empirical laws in behavior
psychology with his law of effect. Through his contributions to the behavioral psychology field came his
major impacts on education, where the law of effect has great influence in the classroom.

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thorndike

1) E.T.Hiller: "Sociology is the study of relations between individuals, their conduct and

reference to one another and standard by which they regulate their association.

2)Moor and Cole :" Sociology studies plural behaviour". By plural is meant that behaviour of

individuals which is performed in relation to other individuals.

3) Harold Rugg (1886 – 1960)

• To Rugg, curriculum should develop the whole child. It is child- centered.

• With the statement of objectives and related learning activities, curriculum should produce outcomes.

• Harold Rugg emphasized social studies and the teacher plans curriculum in advance.

References: https://www.slideshare.net/martianne21/historical-foundations-of-education-theorist-and-
philosophers

https://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/social-development/

https://www.learning-theories.com/emotional-intelligence-goleman.html

https://www.slideshare.net/mizpahgenmaymoralla/1-historical-foundation
Self- Check:

Quick Check! Tag the Person

What significant contribution can you recall about this person?

Lev Vygotsky

The work of Lev Vygotsky (1934) has become the foundation of much research and theory in cognitive
development over the past several decades, particularly of what has become known as Social
Development Theory.

Vygotsky's theories stress the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition
(Vygotsky, 1978), as he believed strongly that community plays a central role in the process of "making
meaning."

Daniel Goleman

According to him, emotions contain power to affect action, he called this emotional intelligence

William Kilpatrick

• Curricula are purposeful activities which are child-centered.

• The purpose of the curriculum is child development and growth. The project method was introduced by
Kilpatrick where teacher and student plan the activities.

• The curriculum develops social relationships and small group instruction.

Hilda Taba

• Contributed to the theoretical and pedagogical foundations of concept development and critical thinking
in social studies curriculum.

• Helped lay the foundation for diverse student population.

Ralph Tyler

believes that curriculum is a science and an extension of school’s philosophy. It is based on students’
needs and interest.

• To Tyler, curriculum is always related to instruction. Subject matter is organized in terms of knowledge,
skills and values.

• The process emphasizes problem solving. The curriculum aims to educate generalists and not specialists.

John Dewey

A well-known public intellectual, he was also a major voice of progressive education and liberalism.
Although Dewey is known best for his publications about education, he also wrote about many other
topics, including epistemology, metaphysics, aesthetics, art, logic, social theory, and ethics. He was a
major educational reformer for the 20th century.

The overriding theme of Dewey's works was his profound belief in democracy, be it in politics, education,
or communication and journalism. As Dewey himself stated in 1888, while still at the University of
Michigan, "Democracy and the one, ultimate, ethical ideal of humanity are to my mind synonymous."

Known for his advocacy of democracy, Dewey considered two fundamental elements, schools and civil
society, to be major topics needing attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental intelligence
and plurality. Dewey asserted that complete democracy was to be obtained not just by extending voting
rights but also by ensuring that there exists a fully formed public opinion, accomplished by
communication among citizens, experts, and politicians, with the latter being accountable for the policies
they adopt.

Abraham Maslow

He advanced the Self-Actualization Theory and classic theory of human needs

A child whose basic human needs are not met will not be interested in acquiring knowledge of the world.

He puts importance to human emotions, based on love and trust

Carl Roger

Nondirective and Therapeutic Learning

He established counseling procedures and methods for facilitating learning.

Children's perceptions, which are highly individualistic, influence their learning and behavior in class.

Keys to Learning

Curriculum is concerned with process, not product; personal needs not subject matter, psychological
meaning not cognitive scores.

Franklin Bobbit

He started the curriculum movement

Curriculum in Science that puts emphasis on students' needs.

Curriculum prepares learners for adult life.

Objectives and activities should group together when tasks are claimed.

Alvin Toffler

Believe that knowledge should prepare students for the future

Suggested that in the future, parents might have the resources to teach prescribed curriculum from
homeas a result of technology, in spite of it. ( Home schooling)
Foresaw schools and students worked creatively, collaboratively, and independent of their age.

Self-Reflect:

Reflect on the following question.

Identify which among the foundations of curriculum, has influenced what you have learned in school as a
college student.

How will the thinking of Abraham Maslow influence your teaching practice in the future?

Do you agree with Alvin Toffler? Why? Why not?

Activity 4:Finding an Example

Instructions:

Secure a copy of a sample Lesson Plan.

Using the matrix given below, analyse the sample you secured and give your suggestions based on the
principles and concepts you learned in this module.
C o m p o n e n t s Copyfromthesample You r c om m e nt or Su gg e s t i o n

Titleofthelessonplan Le s s o nP l a ni n P. E( Gr a d e I I I ) Thetitleofthelessonplanissuitabletothecapabilityofthelearners

BodyAwarenessandBodyActions

IntendedLearningOutcome/Objectives Attheendoftheperiodthepupilsmusthave: Theobjectivesarewellstatedandachievable

identifiedthedifferentbodyshapes
andbodyactionsusedinsports

demonstratedunderstandingofbo
dyshapesandbodyactionsusedinsp
orts

performedthedifferentbodyshape
sandbodyactionsusedinsportscorr
ectly.

Content/SubjectMatter S u b j e c t M a t t e r Thecontentofthelessonisinaccordancetothelesson.However,thereferenceofthelessontobedealing withwerenotshown well .

Topic:BodyAwareness

Subtopics:BodyshapesandBodya
ctions

Reference:

Materials:Picturesofdifferentbod
yshapesandbodyactions

MethodsorStrategies A c t i v i t y Themethodsandstrategiesareclearanditseemsthatthelessonwillbedeliveredwell with proper teaching.

Theteacherwillgroupthepupilsint
otwogroupsandhewillgivediffere
ntpicturestothepupilsandhewilllet
themidentifythebodyshapesandbo
dyactionsbyencirclingtheshapesth
atcanbeseeninthepicture.

Analysis

Theteacherwillgathertheworkofth
epupilsandhewillcheckiftheyencir
cletherightbodyshapesthatcanbes
Answer briefly:

Which principle of Oliva is reflected in the Lesson Plan? Explain briefly.

The curriculumisa
productoftime.Onthelessonplan,thisprincipleofOlivaisreflectedinawaythatthelessonisupdatedanditisrelevantw
hichcanhelplearnerstobeupdatedandtocomeupwiththeideasthatisconvenientandtimely.

If you were to improve the design, what will you add, or subtract or modify?

Write your re-design suggestion.

Idon’twanttomodifythelessonsinceitiswellorganizedanditseemsthatthelessonisclear and understandable.

Self-Check:

Which of the concepts do you clearly understand? Answer Yes or No to the questions that follow.

Question Answer

As curricularist and curriculum designer…. Yes or No

D o y o u t h i n k , c u r r i c u l u m c h a n g e i s i n e v i t a b l e ? Y E S

Does curriculum change not consider the existing one? N O

Should curriculum be designed only by one person ? N O

Should any change in the curriculum include an evaluation process ? Y E S

D o e s c u r r i c u l u m c h a n g e m e a n t o t a l o v e r h a u l ? N O

Should learning outcomes be considered first before the content ? Y E S

Should teaching methods consider only the expertise of the teacher? N o

Are time tested methods like inductive and lecture no longer useful ? N o

S h o u l d c o n t e n t s b e u p d a t e d a n d r e l e v a n t ? Y e s

Is there only one design that a teacher should know? N o

Self-Reflect:

Instruction: Provide answers to the incomplete sentences.

After reading this lesson on fundamentals of curriculum designing or crafting a curriculum.

I realize that_Designing a curriculum is playing an important role in teaching and learning

process. Making or crafting a curriculum is not an easy task to be dealt with. It should be handled with
style and effeciency that will enable the teacher to deliver the content clearly. The teacher should plan
well his/her lesson to have good outcomes

I feel that curriculum is not working if there is no implementor, a teacher for a teacher gives life
and meaning to curriculum. The learners will participate if the curriculum is well designed and planned,
having a good design in curriculum plus a great teaching strategies_will result to a productive learning
outcome and the goal is seen immedietely

I need to prepare myself for the future as an educator and a curricularist, thus the learning of the
students will depend on how good or bad I deliver my lessons.
Activity 5: The K to 12 Curriculum: What Design?

Instructions:

1. Discuss with your classmates.

2. Answer individually.

Get hold of materials about the K to 12 and answer the following:

1. What kind of curriculum design influence mostly the K to 12 Curriculum?(A) Subject-

Centered? (B) Learner- Centered? (C) Problem- Centered? ( You may have more than one answer)

2. Cite an illustrative example that relates to your choice.

3. Place your answer on a matrix like the one below.

Ty p e o f C u r r i c u l u m D e s i g n i n K t o i l l u s t r a t i v e
12 E x a m p l e

Subject-Centered
Design/Approach

Learner-Centered
Design/Approach

Problem-Centered The teacher givesreal-lifesituation,whichenablethe students relate and be ready for his/her daily life problems and find solution to it. The K to 12 curriculum is here tohelp the students developskil s that wil be useful for the
Design/Approach future.

Self-Check:

Identify what kind of design and approach are utilized in the following descriptions.

Only students who master the subject content can succeed.

Subject-Centered Design/Approach

Students are encouraged to work together to find answers to their task.

Problem-Centered Design/Approach

No learners is left behind reading writing and arithmetic.

Subject-CenteredDesign/Approach

School means survival of the fittest.

Problem-CenteredDesign/Approach

Teacher extends the class because the children have not mastered the lesson.

Learner-Centered Design/Approach

Lesson deals with finding solution to everyday problem.

Problem-Centered Design/Approach

Differentiated instruction should be utilized for different ability groups.

Learner-Centered Design/Approach

Accumulation of knowledge is the primary importance in teaching.

Subject-Centered Design/Approach

Learning how to learn is observable among students.

Learner-Centered Design/Approach

Students are problem-finders and solution-givers.

Problem-Centered Design/Approach

Self-Reflect:

1. Choose one statement and reflect from it. What do you think and feel about it?

Statement No. 1- accumulation of knowledge is the primary importance of teaching

Statement No. 2- Learning how to learn is observable among students

Statement No. 3- School means survival of the fittest

I chose statement no. 1 which is accumulation of knowledge is the primary importance of teaching for we
teachers know that we must impart the students/ learners with enough knowledge to him them and enable
them to have good future and be ready for what is to come for I believe and I quote “ Lamang ang may
alam” ( it’s better to have wisdom than be ignorant about things).