30/8/2020 Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.

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Unskilled and unaware of it: How

difficulties in recognizing one's own
incompetence lead to inflated self-
assessments.
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Kruger, Justin (/search/results?term=Kruger,%20Justin&latSearchType=a) Dunning, David (/search/re

sults?term=Dunning,%20David&latSearchType=a)

Citation
Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own
incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6),
1121–1134. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121 (/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121)

Abstract
People tend to hold overly favorable views of their abilities in many social and intellectual domains. The
authors suggest that this overestimation occurs, in part, because people who are unskilled in these domains
suffer a dual burden: Not only do these people reach erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate choices,
but their incompetence robs them of the metacognitive ability to realize it. Across 4 studies, the authors found
that participants scoring in the bottom quartile on tests of humor, grammar, and logic grossly overestimated
their test performance and ability. Although their test scores put them in the 12th percentile, they estimated
themselves to be in the 62nd. Several analyses linked this miscalibration to deficits in metacognitive skill, or
the capacity to distinguish accuracy from error. Paradoxically, improving the skills of the participants, and thus
increasing their metacognitive competence, helped them recognize the limitations of their abilities. (PsycINFO
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Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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https://doi.apa.org/record/1999-15054-002?doi=1&fbclid=IwAR2mHINgxWAKc1Hrt3wnf6VNvD8Xcf865_1k6ZW2bYkITf8DnFu9pX1mga0 1/2