\Module 4: Tissues Classification

Body Tissues: cells are specialized for  Number of cell layers

particular functions  Simple – one layer
 Tissues - groups of cells with similar  Stratified – more than one
structure and function layer
 Four primary types  Shape of cells
 Epithelium  Squamous – flattened, and
 Connective tissue usually forms membranes

 Nervous tissue  Lines body cavities

 Muscle  Lines lungs and

capillaries
Epithelial Tissue
 Found in different areas
 Cuboidal – cube-shaped,
 Body coverings common in glands and ducts.
 Body linings  Forms walls
 Glandular tissue of kidney tubules

 Functions  Covers the ovaries

 Protection
 Absorption  Columnar – column-like,
ooften includes goblet cells,
 Filtration which produce mucus.
 Secretion  Lines in digestive
tract.
 Pseudostratified
Characteristics
 Single layer, but some cells
 Cells fit closely together are shorter than others

 Tissue layer always has one free  Often looks like a double cell
surface layer

 The lower surface is bound by a  Sometimes ciliated, such as

basement membrane in the respiratory tract

 Avascular (have no blood supply)  May function in absorption or

secretion
 Regenerate easily if well nourished
 Stratified squamous
 Cells at the free edge are
flattened
  Found as a protective
covering where friction is
common
 Locations
 Skin
 Mouth
 Esophagus
 Stratified cuboidal
 Two layers of cuboidal cells
 Stratified columnar
 Surface cells are columnar,
cells underneath vary in size
and shape
 Stratified cuboidal and columnar
 Rare in human body
 Found mainly in ducts of
large glands
 Transitional epithelium
 Shape of cells depends upon
the amount of stretching
 Lines organs of the urinary
system
Glandular Epithelium
 Gland – one or more cells that
secretes a particular product
 Two major gland types
 Endocrine gland
 Ductless
 Secretions are
hormones
 Exocrine gland
 Empty through ducts
to the epithelial
surface
 Include sweat and oil
glands
 Oils and sebum attract anaerobic
bacteria that can cause
whiteheads, blackheads and
even pimples.
Connective Tissue
 Found everywhere in the body
 Includes the most abundant and
widely distributed tissues
 Functions
 Binds body tissues together
 Supports the body
 Provides protection
Extracellular Matrix
 Two main elements
 Ground substance – mostly
water along with adhesion
proteins and polysaccharide
molecules
 Fibers
 Produced by the cells
 Three types
 Collagen
fibers
 Elastic fibers
 Reticular
fibers
Bone (osseous tissue)
 Bone cells in
lacunae
(cavities)
  Hard matrix of calcium salts
 Large numbers of collagen
fibers
 Used to protect and support
the body
Cartilage
 Hyaline cartilage
 Most common cartilage
 Composed of:
 Abundant collagen
fibers
 Rubbery matrix
 Entire fetal skeleton is
hyaline cartilage
 Elastic cartilage
 Provides elasticity
 Example: supports the
external ear
 Fibrocartilage
 Highly compressible
 Example: forms cushion-like
discs between vertebrae
Dense connective tissue
 Main matrix element is
collagen fibers
 Cells are fibroblasts
 Examples
 Tendon – attach
muscle to bone
 Ligaments – attach
bone to bone
 Areolar connective tissue
 Most widely distributed
connective tissue
 Soft, pliable tissue
 Contains all fiber types
 Can soak up excess fluid
 Adipose tissue
 Matrix is an areolar tissue in
which fat globules
predominate
 Many cells contain
large lipid deposits
 Functions
 Insulates the body
 Protects some organs
 Serves as a site of
fuel storage
 Reticular connective tissue
 Delicate network of
interwoven fibers
 Forms stroma (internal
supporting network) of
lymphoid organs
 Lymph nodes
 Spleen
 Bone marrow
 Blood
 Blood cells surrounded by
fluid matrix
 Fibers are visible during
clotting
 Functions as the transport
vehicle for materials
Muscle Tissue
 Function is to produce movement
 Three types
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle
 Skeletal muscle
 Can be controlled voluntarily
 Cells attach to connective
tissue
 Cells are striated
 Cells have more than one
nucleus
 Cardiac muscle
 Found only in the heart
 Function is to pump blood
(involuntary)
 Cells attached to other
cardiac muscle cells at
intercalated disks
 Cells are striated
 One nucleus per cell
 Smooth muscle
 Involuntary muscle
 Surrounds hollow organs
 Attached to other smooth
muscle cells
 No visible striations
 One nucleus per cell
Nervous Tissue
 Neurons and nerve support cells
 Function is to send impulses to other
areas of the body
 Irritability
 Conductivity
Tissue Repair
 Regeneration
 Replacement of destroyed
tissue by the same kind of
cells
 Fibrosis
 Repair by dense fibrous
connective tissue (scar
tissue)
 Determination of method
 Type of tissue damaged
 Severity of the injury
Events in Tissue Repair
 Capillaries become very permeable
 Introduce clotting proteins
 Wall off injured area
 Formation of granulation tissue
 Regeneration of surface epithelium
Regeneration in Tissue Repair
 Tissues that regenerate easily
 Epithelial tissue
 Fibrous connective tissue
and bone
 Tissues that regenerate poorly
  Skeletal muscle
 Tissues that are replaced largely
with scar tissue
 Cardiac muscle
 Nervous tissue within the
brain and spinal cord
Development aspect of Tissue
 Epithelial tissue arises from all three
primary germ layers
 Muscle and connective tissue arise
from the mesoderm
 Nervous tissue arises from the
ectoderm
 With old age there is a decrease in
mass and viability in most tissues
Module 5: Skin and Body Membranes
 Function of body membranes
 Line or cover body surfaces
 Protect body surfaces
 Lubricate body surfaces
Classification of Body Membranes
 Epithelial membranes
 Cutaneous membrane
 Mucous membrane
 Serous membrane
 Connective tissue membranes
 Cutaneous membrane = skin
 A dry membrane
 Outermost protective
boundary
 Superficial epidermis
 Keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
 Underlying dermis
 Mostly dense
connective tissue
Mucus Membrane
 Surface epithelium
 Type depends on site
 Underlying loose connective
tissue (lamina propria)
 Lines all body cavities
that open to the
exterior body surface
 Often adapted
for absorption
or secretion
 Serous Membrane
 Surface simple squamous
epithelium
 Underlying areolar connective
tissue
 Lines open body cavities that are
closed to the exterior of the body
 Serous layers separated by
serous fluid
 Integumentary System
 Specific serous membranes  Skin (cutaneous membrane)
 Peritoneum  Skin derivatives
 Abdominal  Sweat glands
cavity
 Oil glands
 Pleura
 Hairs
 Around the
lungs  Nails

 Pericardium
Skin Functions
 Around the
 Protects deeper tissues from:
heart
 Mechanical damage
 Chemical damage
 Bacterial damage
 Thermal damage
 Ultraviolet radiation
 Desiccation
Connective Tissue Membrane  Aids in heat regulation
 Synovial membrane  Aids in excretion of urea and
 Connective tissue only uric acid

 Lines fibrous capsules  Synthesizes vitamin D

surrounding joints

Skin Structures
 Epidermis – outer layer
 Stratified squamous
epithelium
 Often keratinized (hardened
by keratin)
 Dermis
 Dense connective tissue
 Melanin
 Pigment (melanin) produced by
melanocytes
 Color is yellow to brown to black
 Melanocytes are mostly in the
stratum basale
 Amount of melanin produced
depends upon genetics and
exposure to sunlight

Dermis
 Two layers
 Papillary layer
 Projections called
 Deep to dermis is the hypodermis dermal papillae
 Not part of the skin  Pain receptors
 Anchors skin to underlying  Capillary loops
organs
 Reticular layer
 Composed mostly of
adipose tissue  Blood vessels
 Glands
Layer of Epidermis
 Nerve receptors
 Stratum basale
 Cells undergoing mitosis
 Lies next to dermis
 Stratum spinosum
 Stratum granulosum
 Stratum lucidum
 Occurs only in thick skin
 Stratum corneum

 Shingle-like dead cells

Normal Skin Color Determinants
  Melanin  Composition
 Yellow, brown or black  Mostly water
pigments
 Some metabolic waste
 Carotene
 Fatty acids and proteins
 Orange-yellow pigment from (apocrine only)
some vegetables
 Function
 Hemoglobin
 Helps dissipate excess heat
 Red coloring from blood cells
 Excretes waste products
in dermis capillaries
 Acidic nature inhibits bacteria
 Oxygen content determines
growth
the extent of red coloring
 Odor is from associated bacteria

Appendages of the Skin

Appendages of the skin (Cont.)
 Sebaceous glands
 Produce oil
 Hair
 Produced by hair bulb
 Lubricant for skin
 Consists of hard keratinized
 Kills bacteria
epithelial cells
 Most with ducts that empty
 Melanocytes provide pigment
into hair follicles
for hair color
 Glands are activated at
puberty
 Sweat glands
 Widely distributed in skin
 Two types
 Eccrine
 Open via duct
to pore on skin
surface
 Apocrine  Nails
 Ducts empty  Scale-like modifications of
into hair the epidermis
follicles
 Heavily keratinized

Sweat and its function

  Stratum basale extends  Central medulla
beneath the nail bed
 Cortex surrounds medulla
 Responsible for
 Cuticle on outside of cortex
growth
 Most heavily keratinized
 Lack of pigment makes them
colorless
Nail Structures
 Free edge
 Body
 Root of nail
 Eponychium – proximal nail fold that
projects onto the nail body

Associated Hair Structure

 Hair follicle
 Dermal and epidermal sheath
surround hair root
 Arrector pilli
 Smooth muscle
 Sebaceous gland
 Sweat gland

Hair Anatomy
  Burns
 Tissue damage and cell
death caused by heat,
electricity, UV radiation, or
chemicals
 Associated dangers
 Dehydration
 Electrolyte imbalance
 Circulatory shock
Rules of Nines

Skin Homeostatic Imbalances

 Infections
 Athletes foot
 Caused by fungal
infection
 Boils and carbuncles
 Caused by bacterial
infection
 Cold sores
 Caused by virus
 Infections and allergies
 Contact dermatitis
 Exposures cause
allergic reaction  Way to determine the extent of
burns
 Impetigo
 Body is divided into 11 areas for
 Caused by bacterial quick estimation
infection
 Each area represents about
 Psoriasis 9%
 Cause is unknown Severity of Burns
 Triggered by trauma,  First-degree burns
infection, stress
  Only epidermis is damaged  Most common type
 Skin is red and swollen  Arises from statum basale
 Second degree burns  Squamous cell carcinoma
 Epidermis and upper dermis  Arises from stratum
are damaged spinosum
 Skin is red with blisters  Metastasizes to lymph nodes
 Third-degree burns  Early removal allows a good
chance of cure
 Destroys entire skin layer
 Malignant melanoma
 Burn is gray-white or black
 Most deadly of skin cancers
 Cancer of melanocytes
Critical Burns
 Metastasizes rapidly to lymph
 Burns are considered critical if:
and blood vessels
 Over 25% of body has
 Detection uses ABCD rule
second degree burns
 Over 10% of the body has
third degree burns ABCD Rule
 There are third degree burns  A = Asymmetry
of the face, hands, or feet
 Two sides of pigmented mole
do not match
Skin Cancer  B = Border irregularity
 Cancer – abnormal cell mass  Borders of mole are not
smooth
 Two types
 C = Color
 Benign
 Different colors in pigmented
 Does not spread
area
(encapsulated)
 D = Diameter
 Malignant
 Spot is larger then 6 mm in
 Metastasized (moves)
diameter
to other parts of the
body
 Skin cancer is the most common
type of cancer
 Basal cell carcinoma
 Least malignant