FORM 4 KSSM

2.0 CELL BIOLOGY

AND ORGANISATION
2.3 Living Processes in
Multicellular Organisms
Pupils are able to :
● 2.3.1 Correlate the uniqueness of specialized cell structures with their
functions in multicellular organisms.
● 2.3.2 Identify specialized cells in multicellular organisms.
● 2.3.3 Analyze the density of certain organelles with the functions of
specialised cells in multicellular organisms.
● 2.3.4 Describe the effects of deficiency, absence or failure in the
function of an organelle of certain cells in multicellular organisms.
 Cell Organisation
Cell Specialisation In Multicellular Organisms

Multicellular organisms have more than one cell.

Each type of cell is different in size, shape and structure.

To perform their task effectively, cells will go through

differentiation process and specialisation.

For example: Nerve cells have long, thin fibres called axons
which conduct nerve impulse.
Cell
specialisation
in Humans
 Red Blood Cell

• Biconcave shape
• No nucleus
• Optimize transportation of oxygen
to all body cell efficiently
 White Blood Cell

• Change shape easily so that they

can move through the walls of
blood vessels and migrate to the
sites of injuries to fight infections
• Helps white blood cells in
destroying pathogens which
invade the body
 Sperm Cells

• Have tail to enable it to swim

• Has high density of
mitochondria
• Head has chromosome that
carries one set of chromosome
from the male parent
 Epithelial Cells

● Epithelial cells with simple glands are found in the intestines

● Epithelial layer is highly folded with secretory cells arranged compactly to
increase the surface area for mucus secretion
Nerve Cells

● Have long, thin fibres called axon

that carry nerve impulses
throughout the body
 Muscle Cells

• Muscle cells are usually long

with multinuclear striated
fibers that contract and relax
to produce movement
If sperm cells do not have
mitochondria, how is their
function affected?
Cell
specialization
in Plants
Sieve-tube elements

• Cylindrical tube arrange end to end

• Transport organic materials from
leaves to storage organs such as
fruits and roots
 Xylem Vessels

• Long, continuous hollow tubes to transport water and mineral

salts from the roots to other parts of the plant
• Cell wall of xylem is thickened with lignin to provide support and
mechanical strength to the xylem vessels
 Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll cells

• Palisade mesophyll • Spongy mesophyll

cells consists of long cells are loosely
cylindrical cells, arranged in the leaf
arranged vertically with lots of air spaces
and closely together in between
below the epidermis • This allows for the
• Each cell has high exchange of gases
density of chloroplast between interior of the
• The arrangement leaf and the mesophyll
facilitates maximum cells during
absorption of photosynthesis and
sunglight for cellular respiration
photosynthesis
 Guard cells

• Modified lower epidermal cells with thicker cell wall on the inner
side than the outside
• Control the opening and closing of stoma
 Root hair cells

• Long projection
• Increase surface area for absorbtion if water and mineral
salts
 Cell Organisation In Humans
● Tissue = a group of cells that have same structure and function to carry out
specific function.

Tissues

Epithelial Nerve
tissue tissue

Muscle Connective
tissue tissue
 Epithelial lining
of skin - Epithelial lining Epithelial lining of trachea Epithelial lining of
of glands has cilia and secrete mucus. small intestine – absorb
protective nutrients

Consist of epithelial cells arranged in a continuous layer,

tightly interconnected.
Lining the outer surface (skin, and hollow surfaces
(digestive tract, respiratory tract )
Epithelial tissue
Structure of an epithelial tissue is adjusted to its function.
> protection, secretion and absorption
Example: Epithelial lining of skin protect underlying cells
from infections.

Some has hair-like projection (cilia). Ex : epithelial cell

that coat the trachea.
 EC on trachea EC on esophagus

EC on blood vessel EC on kidney duct EC on small intestine

 Epithelial Tissues
The epithelial tissue at the surface of the skin
and linings of the mouth and oesophagus
The epithelial tissue at linings of body cavities,
heart, blood vessels and lungs
The epithelial tissue at the lining of small
intestine
Epithelial tissue at the lining of glands, ducts
and kidney tubules.
Epithelial tissue at the lining of trachea
Adaptations and Functions
• Forms a protective barrier against
infections, mechanical injuries, chemicals
and dehydration
• Cells are thin, flattened and arranged single
layer that allows exchange of gases
between alveoli and the blood in the
capillaries to take place efficiently
• Absorbs nutrients after completed digestion
• Goblet cells secrete mucus into digestive
tract
• Certain epithelial tissues are modified to
form glands in the skin (sweat glands/
sebaceous glands)
• Elongated cells with hair-like projections
(cilia) which sweep impurities away from
lungs
• Secretes mucus that trap dust particles
Muscle tissue Made up of cells called muscle fibres.

Most abundant tissue in the body.

3 types of muscle Smooth muscle

tissues

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle
Skeletal Muscle
➢ Can be found in arms
and legs
➢ Involved in voluntary
movement.
➢ Consists of bundles of
long cells called
muscle fibers
➢ The arrangement of
contractile
units(sarcomere)
along the fibers gives
the cells a striped
appearance
➢ Also called as striated
muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Found in the wall of
heart.
Contract to pump
blood to all parts of
body.
Striated like skeletal
muscle
Carry out
unconscious task
;contraction of heart
Smooth Muscle
➢ Can be found in
blood vessels,
intestines, bladder
➢ Responsible for
involuntary body
activities –
churning action,
constriction of
arteries
➢ Lacks striation
➢ Spindled-shaped
 Connective tissue
Specialized connective tissue

Blood cells Adipose tissue Cartilage Bone

Strong, flexible
Produce in bone Acts as an energy connective tissue. Provides
marrow. reserve. protection and give
Provides support to
Function : Found in dermis of support to the
the nose, ears and
regulate, transport skin. body.
bones at joints.
and protection Prevent bones from
wearing out
 Connective tissue
Specialized connective tissue

Loose connective tissues

- On the space between Fibrous connective tissues
organ. - Has lot of collagen that are
- Connects to the tissues below it tightly pack to form tendon
- Fix the organ on their and ligament
position.
 ❑ Cartilage
❑ Loose
connective
tissue

❑ Fibrous ❑ Adipose
connective
tissue
tissue

❑ Bone
❑ Blood
 Nerve Tissue

Made up of neurones or nerve cells.

Send and receive impulse to
A cell body and nerve fibers called
coordinate body’s activities.
dendrites and axons
3 types of neurons
 Cell Organisation
A group of different tissues that work
together to perform a particular function.
Organ
Examples: Heart, skin, kidneys, eyes and
ears.

Epithelial cells Epithelial tissue

Skin
Muscle cells Muscle tissue
Formation of Human Skin
SMOOTH MUSCLE EPITHELIAL CELLS

CONNECTIVE TISSUE NERVE

TISSUE
 Several organs which work together to do
a specific function.
System
Human body has 11 major system.

Skeletal Muscular Circulatory Digestive Excretor

system system system system y system

Nervous Reproductive Lymphatic Endocrin Respiratory

system system system e system system
 Tissue
Organization In
Plants

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 Plant Tissues

Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue

Composed of small cell with thin walls, Consists of mature cells that are either
large nuclei , dense cytoplasm and no undergoing differentiation or have
vacuoles already undergone differentiation

Lateral
Apical Ground tissues Vascular Tissues
meristematic
meristematic
tissue located
tissue located
in the
at the tips of Dermal Tissues
peripheral areas
roots and the
of stem and
buds of shoots
roots
Permanent Tissues
Dermal Tissues

❖ Form epidermis, the outermost layer

that covers the stems, leaves and
roots of young plants
❖ Cell walls are covered by a cuticle to
protect the plant tissues and
excessive loss of water

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Permanent Tissues
Vascular Tissues

❖ Xylem tissue – transport water and

mineral salts from roots to other parts of
the plants
❖ Cell walls of xylem are thickened with
lignin to provide support and mechanical
strength

❖ Phloem tissue – transport organic

substances such as sucrose synthesized
at the leaves to all parts of the plants

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Permanent Tissues
Ground Tissues
- Parenchyma Tissue

❖ Stores starch, protein and water

❖ Carries out photosynthesis
❖ Generally have large central vacuole

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Permanent Tissues
Ground Tissues
- Collenchyma Tissue

❖ Provides support to young, non

woody stems
❖ Thicker primary walls than
parenchyma cells
❖ Living and flexible, elongating with
stems

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Permanent Tissues
Ground Tissues
- Sclerenchyma Tissue

❖ Provides support to and mechanical

strength to all mature parts of the
plants
❖ Thick secondary wall, strengthen by
lignin
❖ Mature sclerenchyma cannot
elongate and occurs in region of
plants that have stopped growing
length
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 Cell Organisation
Organs And Systems In Plant

Organ in
plants

Leaf Stem Root Flower

Flower

Fruit
System in
plants Shoot Stem
syste
m
Leaf
Root system Shoot system

Consist of taps roots Consist of stems,

and lateral roots of leaves, buds, flowers Root
plant. and fruit. syste Root
m
 Density of certain cell components and specialized cell function

Types of cell Cell component found Function

in abundance
Need energy to swim towards
Sperm cell
Mitochondrion uterus and fallopian tube
Site of cellular Contract and relax to enable
Muscle cell ( flight muscle ) respiration that movement
generates ATP
Meristematic cell To carry out cell division
Palisade mesophyll cell Absorb sunlight for
Chloroplast
Spongy mesophyll cell photosynthesis

Synthesis and secrete

Pancreatic cell Rough Endoplasmic digestive enzyme
Reticulum, Golgi
Goblet cell in intestinal epithelium Apparatus Produce mucus
and respiratory tract
Smooth Endoplasmic • Detoxification of drugs
Liver cell Reticulum, Golgi • Metabolism of
apparatus carbohydrates
Quiz
WHAT HAPPEN TO THE CELLS IF THERE IS DEFICIENCY , ABSENCE
OR FAILURE IN ANY OF THE CELL COMPONENT?

CELL COMPONENT IMPACT TO THE CELL

Break down component cells, microorganisms and toxic

Lysosome
substances cannot be ………………….. ………………….

Mitochondria No ………………………… is generated

………………...………….. process cannot occur. Organic

Chloroplast
substances cannot be synthesized and …………………………..
gases is cannot release.

………………………… cannot be synthesised . Cannot repair the

Ribosomes
………………. tissues and building ………………..