ROBERT HOOKE

- He examined a cork under a microscope.

-observed box-shaped structures, which he called “cells” as they reminded him of

the cells, or rooms, in monasteries. This discovery led to the development of the
classical cell theory.

MATTHIAS JACOB SCHLEIDEN

THEODOR SCHWANN

- They believed that cell is a present living organism especially in animal and plant
cell

-cofounded the cell theory. In 1838 Schleiden defined the cell as the basic unit of
plant structure, and a year later Schwann defined the cell as the basic unit of animal
structure.

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

-he published his now famous aphorism “omnis cellula e cellula” (“every cell stems
from another cell”).

CATEGORIES OF TISSUES
1. Connective tissue
➢ supports other tissues and binds
them together (bone, blood, and
lymph tissues).
Function ;
1. They attach organs and tissues
together.
2. They store fat in the form of
adipose tissues.
3. They help in repairing tissues.
4. They prevent the organs from
mechanical shocks.
5. The organs also help in defence.
➢ Characterized by the cells widely
separated from each other in a
matrix that is produced by the cells.
➢ Tissue protects and supports.
➢ Cell Matrix composed of two
regions )
● Ground
Liquid (sol), Gel, Gum or solid Fibers
● Non-elastic (= white or Collagen)
Elastic (= yellow fibers)
Types of Connective Tissue
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue Adipose
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
A.Loose Connective Tissue
( AREOLAR)
➢ Gel like ground with both elastic
and non-elastic fibers running
though the ground in many
directions.
-Wraps and cushions organs
-Under the skin
B. DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
➢ Nuclei and fibers arranged in
parallel rows.
-Tendons and ligaments
-Fibers mostly non-elastic
C. ADIPOSE ( FAT )
Function as storage cells for adipose
(lipids)
Adipose cells contain a large vacuole
which in the live cell contains lipids.
Cell nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed
out to edge of cell membrane
D. CARTILAGE
-Ground of matrix is gum like.
-Cells are found in Lacunae within the
matrix.
-Fibers may be elastic or non-elastic, or a
form of non-elastic called reticular(where
the non-elastic fibers of very thin)
➢ Hyaline Cartilage- example on the
ends of bones.
 ➢ Elastic Cartilage- example ear presence of a cell secretion called the
cartilage basement membrane.
➢ Non-elastic Cartilage- example
Named by:
nose cartilage.
-Cell shape -Other
E. BONE characteristics of the cells.

-Ground of matrix is Solid (Calcium ➢ A. Squamous,

carbonate). ) ➢ B. Cuboidal
-Has blood supply and nerves running ➢ C. Columnar
through the Haversian canal systems.
A. SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

F. VASCULAR TISSUE (BLOOD )

typically lines blood vessels and body
cavities and regulates the passage of
➢ Liquid matrix = plasma
substances into the underlying tissue.
- 90% water
Simple cuboidal epithelium: This type of
- 10% plasma proteins ,
epithelium is typically found in glandular
electrolytes,hormones,oxygen,gluc
(secreting) tissue and kidney tubules.
ose etc.
➢ Formed elements =
➢ Cells very thin, much wider than
-Erythrocytes 48billion(female) to
they are thick.
54 billion (male) cell / ml of blood
in humans. Mammals are
Simple Squamous Epithelium
enucleated while rest of the
Air sacs of respiratory.
vertebrates they have nuclei
Lining of blood vessels, heart and
-Leukocytes -about 7.5 million / ml
lymphatic tubes
of blood
-Platelets -blood clotting
Stratified Squamous Epithelium -Skin
-Vagina
2. Epithelial tissue
-Esophagus
➢ provides a covering (skin, the
-Mouth
linings of the various passages
inside the body).

B. CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
Characterized by:

-Cells tightly junked together -The Cells cube shaped- secretion and
absorption.
➢ Kidney tubules
➢ Duct and small glands
➢ Surface of ovary
C. COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Elongated cells, much longer than they
are wide.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
A single layer of cells that line the
digestive tract, gallbladder and excretory
ducts of some glands. Has microvilli at
surface for absorption.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium
Lines the bronchi, trachea, uterine tubes
and some of the uterus. Propels mucus or
reproductive cells by ciliary action
length of the muscle.
● Light meat, Dark meat— Slow
twitch, fast twitch muscle
Smooth Muscle (Visceral, involuntary)
● Cells are long and tapered.
● Organized into sheets of muscle.
Cardiac Muscle
● Intercalated disC
● Myogenic
● Branched
4. Nerve tissue
➢ is made up of nerve cells (neurons)
and is used to carry "messages" to
and from various parts of the body.
➢ Cells specialized to polarize and
depolarize.
➢ Cell is a neuron

3. Muscle tissue

➢ Muscle tissue includes striated

(also called voluntary) muscles that
move the skeleton, and smooth
muscle, such as the muscles that
surround the stomach.
➢ Tissue with cells having fibers
specialized for contraction.

Skeletal Muscle (Striated, voluntary)

● Parallel elongated cells (fibers)
● multinucleated and each cell is the