Tanare, Abigaylle Althea E.
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TISSUE
Tissues (tish′ūz) are collections of specialized cells
and the extracellular substances surrounding them.
Histology study of tissue.
Extracellular matrix the composition of the
noncellular substances surrounding the cells.
A biopsy (bī′op-sē) is the process of removing tissue
samples from patients.
autopsy (aw′top-sē) is an examination of the organs
of a dead body.
EMBRYONIC TISSUE
Approximately 13 or 14 days after fertilization, the
embryonic stem cells that give rise to a new
individual form a slightly elongated disk consisting of
two layers, the epiblast and the hypoblast.
The suffix- blast means bud or germ.
endoderm (en′dō-derm), the inner layer, forms the
lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives.
mesoderm (mez′ō-derm), the middle layer, forms
tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels.
ectoderm (ek′tō-derm), the outer layer, forms the
skin.
a portion of the ectoderm called neuroectoderm
(noor-ō-ek′tō-derm) becomes the nervous system.
neural crest cells Groups of cells that break away
from the neuroectoderm during development.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Epithelial (ep-i-thē′lē-ăl) tissue, or epithelium (ep-i-
the′lē-ŭm), covers and protects surfaces, both
free, or apical (ap′i-kăl), surface where cells are
exposed and not attached to other cells.
 a lateral surface where cells are attached to
other epithelial cells.
 basal surface attached to a basement
membrane.
FUNCTION
 Protecting underlying structures.
 Acting as a barrier.
 Permitting the passage of substances.
 Secreting substances.
 Absorbing substances.
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cells.
Stratified epithelium consists of more than one layer
of cells.
 only the basal layer attaches the deepest
layer to the basement membrane.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a special
type of simple epithelium.
 The prefix pseudo- means false.
THREE TYPES OF EPITHELIUM
Squamous (skwā′mŭs) cells are flat or scalelike.
Cuboidal (cubelike) cells are cube-shaped—about as
wide as they are tall.
Columnar cells tend to be taller than they are wide.
Nonkeratinized (moist) stratified squamous
epithelium , found in areas such as the mouth,
esophagus, rectum, and vagina, consists of living
cells in the deepest and outermost layers.
keratinized (ker′ă-ti-nīzd) stratified squamous
epithelium, found in the skin.
a unique type of stratified epithelium called
transitional epithelium lines the urinary bladder,
ureters, pelvis of the kidney, and superior part of the
urethra.
goblet cells, which are specialized columnar
epithelial cells.
Desmosomes have some relatively strong adhesive
structures.
Hemidesmosomes attach epithelial cells to the
basement membrane-like one-half of a desmosome.
Tight junctions hold cells together and form a
permeability barrier.
adhesion belt of glycoproteins is found just below
the tight junction.
gap junction is a small, specialized contact region
between cells.
specialized cell-to-cell connections called
intercalated disks.
Glands are secretory organs.
Tanare, Abigaylle Althea E.
present. Glands with ducts are called exocrine (ek
′sō-krin) glands.
no ducts; these are called endocrine (en′dō-krin)
glands.
Hormones secreted into the bloodstream and
carried throughout the body.
multicellular glands Most exocrine glands are
composed of many cells.
unicellular glands some exocrine glands are
composed of a single cell.
goblet cells are unicellular glands that secrete
mucus.
Simple glands have a single, nonbranched duct.
Compound glands have multiple, branched ducts.
tubular, tubules (small tubes).
acinar (as′i-nar) or alveolar shaped in saclike
structures.
merocrine (mer′ō-krin) secretion most common type
of secretion.
Apocrine (ap′ō-krin) secretion involves the release of
secretory products as pinched off fragments of the
gland cells.
Holocrine (hol′ō-krin) secretion involves the
shedding of entire cells.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Connective tissue is a diverse primary tissue
type that makes up part of every organ in
the body.
 Connective tissue is diverse in both
structure and function.
FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Enclosing and separating other tissues.
 Connecting tissues to one another.
 Supporting and moving parts of the body.
 Storing compounds.
 Cushioning and insulating.
 Transporting.
 Protecting.
CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Blasts create the matrix.
cytes maintain it.
clasts break it down for remodeling.
Osteoblasts form bone. (osteo means bone)
osteocytes maintain it.
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osteoclasts break it down.
Collagenous- tough, flexible, resist, stretching.
Fibroblasts are cells that form fibrous connective
tissue.
fibrocytes maintain it.
Chondroblasts form cartilage.
chondrocytes maintain it.
Adipocytes (ad′i-pōs-sītz), also called adipose (ad′i-
pōs; fat) cells, contain large amounts of lipid.
Mast cells play important roles in inflammation.
White blood cells, or leukocyts, continuously move
from blood vessels into connective tissues.
Macrophages are large, phagocytic cells found in
some connective tissue types.
Platelets are fragments of hemopoetic cells
containing enzymes and special proteins.
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells are a type of
adult stem cell that persist in connective tissue.
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue has
three major components: (1) protein fibers, (2)
ground substance, and (3) fluid. The ground
substance consists of non-fibrous protein and other
molecules.
Collagen (kol′a-jen) fibers consist of the protein of
collagen.
Reticular (re-tik′ū-lār; netlike) fibers are very fine
collagen fibers and therefore not a chemically
distinct category of fibers.
Elastic fibers consist of the protein elastin (e-las′tin).
ground substance consists of nonfibrous molecules.
Hyaluronic (hī′ă-loo-ron′ik; glassy appearance) acid is
a long, unbranched polysaccharide chain composed
of repeating disaccharide units.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CLASSIFICATIONS
proteoglycan (prō′tē-ō-glī′kan) monomer is a large
molecule that consists of a protein.
a protein core attached to many long
polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans
common glycosaminoglycan is chondroitin (kon-drō
′i-tin) sulfate.
link proteins to a long molecule of hyaluronic acid to
form a proteoglycan aggregate.
Tanare, Abigaylle Althea E.
Adhesive molecules in the ground substance hold
the proteoglycan aggregates together.
chondronectin is in the ground substance of
cartilage.
osteonectin is in the ground substance of bone.
fibronectin is in the ground substance of fibrous
connective tissue.
Embryonic connective tissue is called mesenchyme
The major source of remaining embryonic
connective tissue in the newborn is in the umbilical
cord, where it is called mucous connective tissue, or
Wharton’s jelly.
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
Loose (less fiber, more ground substance)
Dense (more fiber, less ground substance)
3 LOOSE
Areolar- “loose packing” material of most organs and
other tissues.
Adipose- under the skin
 Yellow adipose tissue is by far the most
abundant.
 brown adipose tissue is found in specific
areas of the body, body, such as the axillae
(armpits), the neck, and near the kidneys.
Reticular- kidney and spleen.
 Reticular cells produce the reticular fibers
and remain closely attached to them.
DENSE
Dense regular- one-direction
Dense irregular- multiple directions.
Dense regular elastic connective tissue consists of
parallel bundles of collagen fibers and abundant
elastic fibers.
 nuchal (noo′kăl; back of the neck)
 ligament, which lies along the posterior of
the neck.
Dense irregular connective tissue contains protein
fibers arranged as a meshwork of randomly oriented
fibers.
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Cartilage (kar′ti-lij) is composed of cartilage cells
within an extensive and relatively rigid matrix.
cartilage is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular
connective tissue called the perichondrium.
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the cartilage cells are called chondrocytes
spaces in which they are located are called lacunae
Hyaline (hī′ă-lin) cartilage has large amounts of both
collagen fibers and proteoglycans
Fibrocartilage has more collagen fibers than
proteoglycans
Elastic cartilage has numerous elastic fibers in
addition to collagen and proteoglycans dispersed
throughout its matrix
Bone is a hard connective tissue that consists of
living cells and mineralized matrix.
Osteocytes (os′tē-ō-sītz), or bone cells
Spongy bone has spaces between trabeculae
Compact bone is more solid
with almost no space between many thin layers, or
lamellae.
FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Blood is unusual among the connective tissues
because the matrix between the cells is liquid.
Hemopoietic (hē′mō-poy-et′ik) tissue forms blood
cells.
hemopoietic tissue is found in bone marrow
Red marrow is hemopoietic tissue surrounded by a
framework of reticular fibers.
Yellow marrow consists of yellow adipose tissue and
does not produce blood cells.
MUSCLE TISSUE
muscle tissue is it contracts, or shortens, with a force
and therefore is responsible for movement.
Skeletal muscle is what we normally think of as
“muscle”
Skeletal muscle cells are striated (strī′āt-ed), or
banded, because of the arrangement of contractile
proteins within the cells
Cardiac muscle is the muscle of the heart.
They are
often branched and connected to one another by
intercalated (in-ter′kă-lā-ted; inserted between)
disks, which contain specialized gap junctions and
are important in coordinating cardiac muscle cell
contractions.
Smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow organs.
NERVOUS TISSUE
Tanare, Abigaylle Althea E. BSN-107

Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and

nerves and is characterized by the ability to conduct
electrical signals called action potentials.

Neurons, or nerve cells, are the conducting cells of

nervous tissue.

cell body contains the nucleus and is the site of

general cell functions.

Dendrites (den′drītz) usually receive action

potentials.

The axon (ak′son) usually conducts action potentials

away from the cell body.

Multipolar neurons have multiple dendrites and a

single axon

Bipolar neurons have a single dendrite and an axon.

Pseudounipolar neurons have only a single, short

process that extends from the cell body and then
divides into two branches.

Glia (g′lē-ă; glue) are the support cells of the brain.