Name: Jayzelle C.

Delos Santos MA English Date: September 12, 2022

Subject: Methods of Research (9034) Teacher: Geraldine Diola Rodriguez

1. What is Research
 Research requires you to inquire or investigate about your chosen research topic by
asking questions that will make you engage yourself in top-level thinking strategies of
interpreting, analyzing, synthesizing, criticizing, appreciating or creating to enable
you to discover truths about the many things that you tend to wonder about the topic
of your research work.

2. Characteristics of Research
 Accuracy -it gives correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes and
bibliographical entries should honestly and appropriately documented and
acknowledge.
 Objectiveness -it must deal with facts, not mere opinion arising from assumptions,
generalization, prediction, or conclusions.
 Timeliness- it must work on a topic that is fresh, new, and interesting to the present
society.
 Relevance – its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving
problems affecting the lives of people in a community.
 Clarity – it must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using
simple, direct, concise, and correct language.
 Systematic -it must take place in an organized or orderly manner.

3. Characteristics of the Researcher

 Intellectual Curiosity – a good researcher never stops being inquisitive, exploring
new horizons of knowledge and information.
 Analytical Ability – ability to connect dots of individually observed phenomenon and
put it all together in the forms of meaningful conclusions.
 Innovativeness – a good researcher will observe the general principles and the
phenomena with a new and innovative perspective, new findings, inventions,
discoveries and relations.
 Adaptability – a good researcher always able to adapt to the new changes and
aligns/modifies his thinking and attitudes.
 Focus and Perseverance – the ability to stay steadfast in achieving research aims and
objectives despite of pitfalls in form of slow and round starts, rejection, revision and
dead ends.
 Integrity and Passion – these two qualities are the backbone of a good researcher.
Upholding good ethical considerations in doing your work and being passionate about
it despite challenges makes the researcher achieve the desired goals.

4. Values of Research to man

 Research improves quality of life
 Research improves innovation
 Research improves instructions and students’ achievement
 Research improves teachers
 Research improves man’s needs.
 Reduces the burden of work
 Responds to the country’s effort as economic recovery
 Train graduates to respond to the socioeconomic development of the society
5. Types of Research
 Qualitative research - is a method that collects data using conversational methods,
usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical.
This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think
in a particular way.
 Quantitative - methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic
way of investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with
measurable variables to explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.
 Mixed methods- this research is an approach to inquiry involving collecting both
quantitative and qualitative data, integrating the two forms of data, and using
distinct designs that may involve philosophical assumptions and theoretical
frameworks.
6. Classification of Research
 Library Research
- Ideal for descriptive research, the study of the present and historical research, the
study of the past
 Field Research
- Conducted in a natural environment, no changes are made in the environment
- Applicable to both descriptive and experimental
- Make use of library research for review of related literature
- Data are gathered through survey or experimentation
 Laboratory Research
- Conducted in artificial and controlled conditions by isolating or separating the
study in a specified thoroughly operationalized area.
- Purposes are to (a) test the hypothesis derived from theory; (b) control variance
under research conditions; and (c) discover the relations between the dependent
and independent variables.

7. The Variable
- Variables are “changing qualities or characteristics” of persons or things like age,
gender, intelligence, ideas, achievements, confidence, and so on that are involved
in your research study.
- “vary” which means to undergo changes or to differ from, variables have
different or varying values in relation to time and situation.

8. Types of Variables
- Independent Variables
Stimulus or cause variable chosen by the researcher to determine the
relationship of an observed phenomenon. Those that are manipulated or
operated
- Dependent Variables
Response variable or effect that is observed or measured to determine the

effect of the independent variable. Response variable or effect that is

observed or measured to determine the effect of the independent variable.

Other Types of Variables

- Extraneous Variables
 Are to be controlled by you as researcher or experimenter. The variable
exists as ‘nuisance variables’ whose potency or influence needs to go
down to prevent it from affecting the results negatively.
- Covariate Variables
Includes in the research study to create interactions with the
independent variable and dependent variables.
- Continuous Variables
Quantitative in nature and is used in interval or ratio scale
measurement.
- Attributes Variables
Characteristics of people intelligences, creativity, anxiety and learning
style.
9. Research Problem
- The ultimate goal of research is not only to propose ways of studying things,
people, places, and events but also to discover and introduce new practices,
strategies in solving a problem. The word ‘problem’ makes you worry and pushes
you to exert considerable effort in finding a solution for it. When you feel
perplexed or anxious about what to do about something that you are doubtful of or
about a question you are incapable of answering, you then come to think of
conducting research, an investigation, or inquiry. You consider research as the
remedy of getting over any problem.

10. Characteristics of Research Problem

1. Researchability – observation or data collection in the real world can provide the
answer.
2. Theoretically Important – research problems have varying level of importance
to different people in terms of their benefit.
3. Relevance – it is important to understand whether the findings of a research
problem can be useful in terms of their relevance to the situation.
4. Feasibility – concerns the possibility of whether the research problem can be
conducted in terms of the means, resources, cost and time to complete the study.

11. Sources of Research Problem

This are the common sources of Research Problem
- A reproduction of a previous related studies
- Personal experiences and interests of the researchers
- Related literature from one’s own area of interest
- Various theories in the discipline
- Daily problems
- Technological Development

12. Critiria of a Good Research Problem

A good research problem is measurable by using research instruments, apparatus or
equipment, as well as statistical tools to arrive at scientific and meaningful results.

1. Interesting - An interesting research problem attracts the attention of the

Researcher and other people to conduct the research project even without
incentive or research grant at all.
2. Innovative - It is advisable that a research problem is something novel, original,
and unique to attract the attention of the people and contribute to the economic
development of the country.
3. Cost-Effective - A good research problem should be economical and effective in
solving the needs and problems of the society; it should also augment
socioeconomic and health conditions of the people and many others.
 4. Relevant to the needs and problems of the people - Researchers must keep in
mind that they conduct research not for their personal aggrandizement but to solve
the needs and problems of the people.
5. Measurable and Time-Bound - good research problem is measurable by using
research instruments, apparatus or equipment, as well as statistical tools to arrive
at scientific and meaningful results.

13. Hypothesis
- Is a tentative explanation or an answer to a question about variables, their
relationships, and other facts involved in the research. Research always ends up
with a result. However, you are free to hypothesize; meaning, to infer, propose, or
guess about factual things related to the research. It is an inferential thinking that
makes you guess something based not only on whatever experience or factual
knowledge you have about such thing but also on conclusions that were logically
drawn by other research studies.
- A hypothesis has to be tested through analytical investigation to prove how true or
false it is. (Creswell 2014; Russell 2013)

14. Theoretical framework

- gives and explains the theories, principles, generalizations, and research findings,
which have some connection to your research study.
- Theoretical framework, on the other hand, makes people know and understand
evidence-based truths, concepts, speculations, and assumptions underlying each
aspect of the research and the relationships of these research features with one
another.

15. Conceptual framework

- is a graphical presentation of your concepts or ideas on the basic structure or
components of your research as well as on the relationships of these elements with
one another. It is a graph or non-prose material, specifically, a schematic diagram
that shows a well-ordered element of the research.
- Conceptual framework shows the organization, order, and direction of your
research study. It is an essential initial activity of your research because by means
of a schematic diagram, explained verbally as well, it enables the readers to obtain
a general understanding of the research. It gives people a notion on the research
activities you want to perform, on the manner you want to carry these activities
out, and on the knowledge, you have to prove your familiarity with your research
topic or research problem. It also serves the purpose of clarifying concepts and
their relationships with one another in a research study.