(URBAN DESIGN-VIII)

GAGAN DEEP
GCAD/18/110
VIII-A
Contents

A. Objectives
B. Acknowledgement
C. List of plates
D. Chapters:

1. Introduction
i. London city
ii. Geography
iii. Climate
iv. Demographics
v. Architecture
2. History
i. Early history
ii. Modern city
3. Introduction to the Action areas
i. SOHO SQUARE
-History
-evolution
ii. GREENWICH MILLENIUM VILLAGE
-History
- Retail store
- redesign
4. Elements of Urban Design
i. Land
ii. Transport
iii. Infrastructure
iv. Building
v. Street
5. Theories in Urban Design
i. Figure Ground theory
ii. Linkage Theory
iii. Place theory
6. Open v/s Urban spaces
7. Scale and enclosure
i. Urban scale
ii. Urban enclosure
8. Circulation
i. Connectivity plan
9. Urban Morphology
i. City’s image
ii. Elements of city’s image
-Paths
- Edges
- Nodes
-Landmarks
10. Urban design guidelines and policies
11. Interesting facts about LONDON
E. Methodology
F. Conclusion
G. Bibliography
 OBJECTIVES

To comprehend an architect's function in the design and

administration of diverse aspects of urban form, as well as to
examine "Aesthetic Theory" and the principles of Spatial
Organization of such elements.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I'd want to thank everyone who assisted me with this

research, whether directly or indirectly. I am grateful to my
Faculty, Ar. Anisha Madaan, for her encouragement,
supervision, and support from the beginning to the end of the
process, which enabled me to build a knowledge of the text.
tremendously aided in the research I'd also like to thank and
acknowledge Gateway College of Architecture and Design for
giving me the opportunity to work on this document. I am
grateful to my instructors, mentors, and friends who have
shared their knowledge, ideas, and time to help me keep moving
forward and finish this document.
 CHAPTER-01

INTRODUCTION

1.1 LONDON
London is England's and the United Kingdom's capital and largest
city. It has been a prominent settlement for two millennia,
standing on the River Thames in south-east England at the head
of a 50-mile (80-kilometer) estuary down to the North Sea. The
ancient heart and financial centre of London, the City of
London, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains
mediaeval limits. Since the nineteenth century, "London" has
also applied to the metropolis around this centre, which
comprises the majority of Greater London, the region controlled
by the Greater London Authority.

As one of the world's major cities, London has a significant

impact on the arts, commerce, education, entertainment,
fashion, finance, health care, journalism, tourism, and
communications. Its GDP (€801.66 billion in 2017) makes it
Europe's largest metropolitan economy and one of the world's
major financial centres. It has the highest concentration of
higher education institutions in Europe, with Imperial College
London specialising in scientific and applied sciences, the
London School of Economics specialising in social sciences,
and the comprehensive University College London. London became
the first city to hold three Summer Olympics in 2012.

1.2 GEOGRAPHY

London is the United Kingdom's largest urban area and capital

city. It is situated in the southeast of the United Kingdom.
The London region is 1,579 square kilometres (610 square miles)
in size, with a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population
density of 4,542 persons per square kilometre. The London
Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration
encompasses an area of 8,382 square kilometres (3,236 square
miles), has a population of 12,653,500, and a population density
of 1,510 persons per square kilometre.

London is a port on the Thames River, which is navigable. The

river has had a significant impact on the city's growth. London
began on the north bank of the Thames, and for a long time, the
city's major focus was on the north side of the Thames. For many
centuries, the only bridge in or near the city was London Bridge.
When more bridges were built in the 18th century, the city
spread in all directions since the generally flat or slightly
rolling countryside was not an impediment to growth.
 1.3 CLIMATE

 In London's climate is characterised by a temperate oceanic

variant. This results in cold winters, pleasant summers, and
regular precipitation throughout the year. Meteorological
observations in London have a long history, with precipitation
records dating back to January 1697 at Kew Gardens.

 In the years that followed, strange observations were made in a

variety of locations. Greenwich has had an observing station
since 1841, giving London the longest continuous trustworthy
temperature series.

 Other stations include Heathrow, which opened in 1948,

Hampstead, which opened in 1910, Northolt, which opened in 1948,
and St James's Park, which opened in 1910.

 The hottest temperature ever recorded in London is 38.1 degrees

Celsius (100.6 degrees Fahrenheit) on 10 August 2003, while the
lowest is 16.1 degrees Celsius (3.0 degrees Fahrenheit) on 1
January 1962. [8] The lowest daily maximum temperature recorded
is 8.3 °C (17.1 °F), which occurred three times: on January 8,
1841, January 4, 1867, and January 12, 1987. [9] On July 29,
1948, the maximum day low temperature recorded was 23.3 °C (73.9
°F). This is also the highest minimum temperature ever recorded
in the United Kingdom during the month of July.
1.4 DEMOGRAPHICS

The Office for National Statistics analyses London's demography,

and data is produced for each of the Greater London wards, the
City of London and the 32 London boroughs, the Inner London and
Outer London statistical sub-regions, each of London's
Parliamentary constituencies, and Greater London as a whole. In
addition, data for the Greater London Urban Area is supplied.
Statistical data is generated on the population's size and
geographical distribution, the number of persons entering and
departing the country, and the number of people in each
demographic grouping.

ARCHITECTURE

The rich architectural heritage of London includes a wide range

of architectural styles from many historical periods. The
unusual architectural eclecticism of London originates from its
lengthy history, constant redevelopment, destruction inflicted
by the Great Fire of London and The Blitz, as well as official
protection of private property rights, which frequently
precluded large-scale state planning. This distinguishes London
from other famous European capitals such as Paris and Rome,
which are more architecturally homogeneous and follow a
universal pattern.
 The Romanesque central keep of The Tower of London, the great
Gothic church of Westminster Abbey, the Palladian royal
residence Queen's House, Christopher Wren's Baroque masterpiece
St Paul's Cathedral, the High Victorian Gothic of The Palace of
Westminster, the industrial Art Deco of Battersea Power Station,
the post-war Modernism of The Barbican Estate, and the
Postmodern skyscraper 30 St Mary Axe 'The Gherkin' are all part
of London's eclectic architectural heritage London, as the
capital of the United Kingdom, has the most important buildings
of the British state, such as the Palace of Westminster, which
serves as the centre of British democracy, and Buckingham
Palace, which serves as the official house of the British
monarch.

• The east-west divide is entrenched equally in the physical

fabric of London and in the psychology of Londoners. Its
significance, however, began to diminish in the later years of
the 20th century as port and manufacturing activity declined
and was replaced by white-collar work and residents.

• a simple concentric ring design that reflects the historical

phases of London's growth lies beneath the north-south and east-
west divisions. The City of London, a 1.1-square-mile (2.8-
square-kilometer) municipal corporation and borough of London,
 is in the centre, with its offices, shops, and public buildings.
The first ring enclosing that area, the suburban belt (called
as Inner London for statistical purposes), grew from the late
18th century until the outbreak of World War I.

• From a total population of 5.6 million in 1891, London grew by

3 million to its peak magnitude at the outbreak of World War
II. For several decades after the war, its population shrank by
approximately 2 million, to some 6.6 million in the mid-1980s.
The decline occurred for reasons common to all large cities of
its type.

CHAPTER-02

HISTORY

2.1 EARLY HISTORY

London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, has
a history that dates back over 2000 years. It has since grown
to be one of the world's most important financial and cultural
capitals. It has endured epidemic, devastating fire, civil war,
aerial bombardment, terrorist attacks, and riots.The City of
London is the historic centre of the Greater London metropolis
and its principal financial area today, albeit representing only
a small portion of the larger city.

During the Middle Ages, trade rose steadily, and London

flourished swiftly as a result. In 1100, the population of
London was slightly more than 15,000 people. It had expanded to
almost 80,000 people by 1300. Despite the fact that London lost
at least half of its inhabitants during the Black Death in the
mid-14th century, the city's economic and political importance
fueled a swift recovery despite subsequent epidemics. The city
of London's trade was organised into guilds, which effectively
controlled the city and elected the Lord Mayor.
 Medieval London was comprised of narrow and twisting streets,
and the majority of the buildings were constructed of
combustible materials such as timber and straw, making fire a
constant concern.

2.2 MODERN HISTORY

 18th century saw significant growth in London, reflecting an

expanding national population, the early stirrings of the
Industrial Revolution, and London's location as the heart of
the evolving British Empire.

 The Scottish and English Parliaments were merged by an Act of

Union in 1707, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. On his
birthday a year later, in 1708, Christopher Wren's masterwork,
St Paul's Cathedral, was completed. However, the first service
was held on December 2, 1697, more than ten years before. This
Cathedral was built to replace the original St. Paul's
Cathedral, which was completely destroyed in the Great Fire of
London. This structure is regarded as one of the This building
is considered one of the finest in Britain and a fine example
of Baroque architecture.

 George III purchased Buckingham Palace (then known as Buckingham

House) from the Duke of Buckingham in 1762. Architects such as
John Nash expanded it over the next 75 years.
 The coffeehouse, which became a popular site to debate ideas
during the century, was a phenomena of the time. As literacy
increased and the printing press advanced, news became more
readily available. During the century, Fleet Street became the
epicentre of the fledgling national press.

 Crime plagued 18th-century London. The Bow Street Runners were

formed as a professional police squad in 1750. Penalties for
crime were severe, with the death sentence being enforced even
for small offences. In the past, public hangings were prevalent.

CHAPTER-03

INTRODUCTION TO ACTION AREAS

3.1 SOHO SQUARE

Soho is a district in the City of Westminster in London's West

End. Originally a fashionable aristocratic quarter, it has been
one of the capital's principal entertainment districts since
the nineteenth century. Henry VIII transformed the area from
farmland into a royal park in 1536. It became a parish in its
own right in the late 17th century, when buildings for the
higher class began to be erected, notably the layout of Soho
Square in the 1680s. St Anne's Church was built in the late 17th
century and is still an important local landmark; other churches
in Soho include the Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, St
Gregory and St Patrick's Church.
Soho's status as a prominent London entertainment neighbourhood
originates from theatres like the Windmill Theatre on Great
Windmill Street and the Raymond Revuebar established by
entrepreneur Paul Raymond, as well as music clubs like the 2i's
Coffee Bar and the Marquee Club. Trident Studios was located in
Soho, and Denmark Street, which is adjacent, has housed various
music publishing houses and instrument shops during the
twentieth century. The independent British film business is
centred in Soho, which also houses Twentieth Century Fox's
British headquarters and the British Board of Film
Classification offices. Since the nineteenth century, the region
has been popular for eateries, including the long-standing
Kettne.

3.1.1 HISTORY

During the Middle Ages, the territory that is now Soho

belonged to the Abbot and Convent of Abingdon, as well as the
master of Burton St Lazar Hospital in Leicestershire, who ran
a leper hospital in St Giles in the Fields. Henry VIII
purchased the land in 1536 to create a royal park for the
Palace of Whitehall. The region south of what is now
Shaftesbury Avenue did not remain in Crown hands for long;
Queen Mary sold approximately 7 acres (2.8 ha) in 1554, and
the majority of the remaining land was sold between 1590 and
1623. Charles II sold a tiny 2-acre (0.81-hectare) tract of
property in 1676.

By the mid-18th century, the aristocrats who had lived in

Soho Square or Gerrard Street had relocated to more
fashionable locations such as Mayfair. According to historian
and topographer William Maitland, the parish is "so abounding
with French that it is an easy Matter for a Stranger to think
himself in France." Soho's identity originates in part from
the subsequent neglect by wealthy and fashionable London, as
well as the absence of reconstruction seen in neighbouring
neighbourhoods.

Since the 1980s, when the sex business declined in Soho, the
neighbourhood has become more residential. The Soho Housing
Association was founded in 1976 to provide affordable leased
housing. By the twenty-first century, it had amassed
approximately 400 flats. After decades of disrepair, St Anne's
Church on Dean Street was renovated, and a Museum of Soho was
formed. [13][27]

The Admiral Duncan bar on Old Compton Street, which serves the
LGBT community, was devastated by a nail bomb on April 30,
1999, leaving three people dead and 30 injured. The bomb was
the third planted by David Copeland, a neo-Nazi who was aiming
to incite ethnic and homophobic tensions by carrying out a
sedition plot.

3.1.1 LOCATION

Soho is approximately one square mile (2.6 km2) in size,

limited to the south by Shaftesbury Avenue, to the north by
Oxford Street, to the west by Regent Street, and to the east
by Charing Cross Road. [8] Apart from Oxford Street, all of
these streets are 19th-century urban enhancements, and Soho
has never been a properly recognised administrative unit.
Mayfair lies to the west, Fitzrovia to the north, St Giles and
Covent Garden to the east, and St James's to the south.
According to the Soho Society, Chinatown is located between
Leicester Square to the south and Shaftesbury Avenue to the
north.
3.2 GREENWICH MILLENIUM VILLAGE

 The first Millennium Village is a model concept for the

development of long-term new settlements. Greenwich
Millennium Village Limited, a consortium comprised of
Countryside Properties PLC and Taylor Wimpey Developments
Limited working together with the Homes & Communities Agency
and Moat Housing Group, is developing the Village on the
eastern side of Greenwich Peninsula.
 Greenwich Millennium Village is being created with cutting-
edge technology and in accordance with industry best
practises.
 Long-term collaboration agreements are being formed with
suppliers in order to encourage them to invest in research
and innovation as well.
 Two of the five phases were well underway as of March 2006.
GMV will contain 2,956 residential units (30% affordable),
6,548 square metres (70,396 square feet) of office space, and
2,325 square metres (25,000 square feet) of retail space when
it is completed in 2013. Parks, a primary school, a health
clinic, a member-operated yacht club, and a community centre
are among the civic components.

3.2.1 HISTORY

 Oil began pouring from the North Sea oilfield of the United
Kingdom in 1975, and by the mid-1990s, Britain was a net
exporter of both oil and gas. However, the trend swiftly
reversed, and by the end of the decade, domestic oil and
gas production was dropping while prices were rising.
Furthermore, the media was saturated with reports outlining
global warming and anticipating energy, potable water, and
developable land shortages.

 As a result, when the Labour Party was restored to power

in 1997, after 18 years in opposition, the nation as a
 whole was ready to go in a sustainable direction. Sir John
Egan of the Department of Trade and Industry initiated the
"Rethinking Construction" initiative.

 Lord Richard Rogers led a task team tasked with determining

how to reuse brownfields while encouraging regeneration.
Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott felt that the 25.8-
hectare (63.8-acre) Greenwich Peninsula property would be
a good location for showcasing their ideas.

 The EP announced an international design and development

competition to create GMV as a "tangible living model" that
would demonstrate improved ideas of urban planning and best
construction methods. The competition brief was based on
an outline master plan approved by the municipality of
Greenwich.

 The word "sustainable" appeared frequently in all connected

publications, and it had a distinctively European sense.
Europeans think that in order for a project to be
sustainable, it must not only be ecologically conscious and
financially viable, but it must also foster a feeling of
community, which can be achieved in part by having a varied
variety of people ("mixed tenure").

 Prior to the arrival of the first wave of competition bids

at EP headquarters, cleanup efforts were well underway.

 (In the end, the agency spent approximately £225 million

on remediation, servicing, landscaping, transportation
network improvements, and master planning.) Other aspects
of the peninsula master plan were also coming into focus.

3.2.2 LOCATION

 The village is located on the River Thames's southern banks,

approximately one mile upstream (west) of the Thames
 Barrier and next to the purpose-built Greenwich Peninsula
Ecology Park, cycling lanes, and recreational spaces. The
Millennium Primary School, a GP practise, and a few stores
are currently located in the village. The Greenwich Yacht
Club, located east of the settlement near Peartree Wharf,
is a modern structure sponsored by English Partnerships.
The town is located south of the O2 dome complex, with
commercial buildings to the south.

3.2.3 DESIGN

 The GMV was envisioned as a contemporary—and sustainable—

version of a typical English hamlet, and it proved difficult
to represent, first in elevations and then in plaster,
concrete, wood, steel, and glass. The fundamental
architectural task was to build a town on a desolate site,
connect it to existing social institutions and
infrastructure, and endow it with the ability to evolve
organically into a self-managing society that evinced
"respect for human dignity, equality, and freedom."

 As a result of these issues, GMV should be dense and diverse

to begin with. In England, new housing developments average
24.7 units per hectare (ten units per acre). In London, the
figure might be as high as 123.5 units per hectare (50
 units per acre). GMV is estimated to average 185.25 units
per hectare once completed (75 units per acre). This density
will not only fill a "vacuum," but it will also prevent
sprawl and establish a residential base to support future
phases of retail and commercial space. The designer devised
numerous methods for increasing diversity.

 In the first phase, the master plan includes a landscaped

town square (which has yet to be developed as of March
2006). The square will be surrounded by cafés, stores, and
restaurants, as well as outdoor markets and musical
performances. The plaza lies at the intersection of West
Parkside and John Harrison Way, and it marks the end of the
peninsula's green-space spine. Other pedestrian walkways
connect it to the Southern and Ecology parks (on the south
and east sides, respectively), as well as the Thames River
(further to the east). The remainder of Phase I, which was
completed in September 2003, consists of Ecology Park,
Southern Park, and a cluster of 299 flats in three buildings
designed by Erskine Tovatt.
 GMV is similar to other Erskine Tovatt–designed
communities. High boundary walls to the north, combined
with overhanging weeping roofs, deflect winter winds and
produce milder microclimates in sheltered courtyards.
Balconies, terraces, huge windows, and covered galleries
connect the interior walls to the courtyard. The Village's
stylish, warm, and whimsical atmosphere is meant to be
created by the creative use of colour, materials,
articulation, and various building heights and depths.
 CHAPTER-04

ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

4.1 LANDUSE

 Multifamily Housing

 Office, Retail

 School

 Health Clinic

 Community Center

 Affordable Housing

 Workforce Housing

 Townhouses

 Condominiums

4.2 TRANSPORT

 The Village promotes environmentally friendly modes of

transportation such as walking and cycling, and it is well
connected to London's newest and greatest public
transportation.
 To reduce pollution, there will be no cars and traffic will
be tightly monitored.

 In this part of London, public transportation has been

greatly enhanced. Buses connect the Village to the new North
Greenwich underground station. It is only a short travel
on the Jubilee Line into Central London and one stop to
Canary Wharf from there.
4.3 INFRASTRUCTURE

 The structures are constructed with environmentally

friendly materials. When possible, recycled and locally
made materials are used. Significant reductions in
construction waste are achieved by maximising off-site
prefabrication and sorting and recycling materials.
 Greenwich Millennium Village has embraced the BREEAM Rating
Scheme. This evaluation technique seeks to demonstrate how
increased environmental performance may be accomplished
through smart design rather than high capital cost
solutions.
 Greenwich Millennium Village's environmental performance is
measured on a scale of Pass to Excellent, and it has
received the mark of Excellent on every phase to date,
making it the first significant private development in the
UK to do so.

4.4 BUILDING

 The architectural style of a community helps to define its

identity.
 Buildings address the roadway and pedestrian routes,
forming a unified urban wall.
 Higher density generates activity and observation, which
improves the safety and security of inhabitants and
pedestrians.
 Buildings are placed and spaced to take use of as much
solar gain, natural light, and ventilation as possible.
 A variety of family sizes can live here due to the variety
of dwelling unit sizes.
4.5 STREET

 Throughout the property, a network of different pedestrian

walkways connects spaces and provides access to the site's
borders and neighbouring community.
 Alleys are transformed into pedestrian-friendly linkages
thanks to the use of high-quality pavement materials.
 Streets have separate lanes for cars, bicycles, and
pedestrians.
 A screen wall is repurposed as a living green wall that is
sustainable and provides vitality, seasonal variation,
sound absorption, and identity.
 Separated, dedicated bus lanes promote Usage of public
transportation
 CHAPTER-05

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

5.1 FIGURE GROUND THEORY

Paths

Streets, walkways, transit lines, waterways, cycling lanes,

and railroads are all examples of paths. Roads: TIL, Highways
England, and the 32 London boroughs, as well as the City of
London, share responsibility for administering London's road
network - Routes in red The red routes of London connect to
form a network of key roads. They account only 5% of the
city's highways yet carry up to 30 percent of all traffic The
A40 or A406 (North Circular Road) are key arteries at the core
of London's road network. They are usually denoted by a
single or double red line and form the TLAN.
CYCLE PathS

Cycle Superhighways are cycle paths that stretch from the

outskirts of London into and through the heart of the city.
They provide safer, faster, and more direct routes into the
city and may be the finest and quickest way to commute to
work. East-West Pedestrian and Bicycle Superhighway The East
West Cycle Superhighway is now available in both directions to
bicycles. The path spans through downtown London, from Tower
Hill to Lancaster Gate. Minor finishing work will be carried
out until the summer of 2018. North-South Bicycle Highway The
North-South Cycle Superhighway (CS6), when completed, will
offer bicycles with a safe and direct route through central
London between Elephant and Castle and King's Cross
WALKWAYS

These seven routes comprise the Walk London Network, one of

the world's largest walking networks. These routes are
deliberately designed to be easily accessible by public
transportation, and you can walk as little or as far as you
like by breaking them up.

CHAPTER-06

OPEN VS URBAN SPACES

land-use planning, urban green space refers to open-space

areas designated for parks and other "green spaces," such as
plant life, water features (also known as blue spaces), and
other types of natural environment. [3] The majority of urban
open spaces are green, however other types of open areas do
exist on occasion. The urban open space landscape can range
from playing fields to well maintained areas to relatively
natural landscapes.

Urban greening initiatives are critical for regenerating

neighbourhoods, lowering healthcare costs, and improving
quality of life. People who live in cities and towns often
have poorer mental health than those who live in less densely
populated locations. Urban green spaces are pieces of nature
in cities that are intended to alleviate a problem.

The majority of studies on the subject concentrate on urban

green spaces. This was described by the WHO as "any urban land
that is covered with vegetation of any kind

When conducting research, some experts use the term "urban

open space" to refer to a broader range of open spaces.
According to one definition, "As the polar opposite of
development, urban open space is a natural and cultural
resource that is not identical with 'unused land' or 'park and
recreation areas.'
 CHAPTER-07

SCALE & ENCLOUSURE

7.1 URBAN SCALE

PICCADILLY CIRCUS

Fletcher Priest Architects has received planning clearance for

a design to revitalise one of London's most unique and popular
areas — the Piccadilly Lights and the historic Rainbow Corner.
The 24-hour city block, which borders Piccadilly Circus,
Shaftesbury Avenue's Theatreland, and Soho's Denman Street,
draws 100 million visitors per year. Fletcher Priest's design
softly envelops the site with a folding geometric covering of
ceramic tiles, resulting in a roof-top environment of creative
offices that open onto terraces with panoramic views of
central London.
For more than 60 years, the Piccadilly Circus island site has
been a planning problem, with a number of architectural
concepts failing to get approval. Since the 1950s, the empty
space behind the Piccadilly Lights has sat dormant. In 2012,
Land Securities, Europe's largest property business,
commissioned Fletcher Priest to create a concept that could
transform the ostensibly unused space behind the Lights into
marketable offices, retail, and residential space while
maintaining the lights and existing shops fully operating.

SOUTH BANK THAMES

A masterplan for the South Bank Centre location was created in

2000. The main features included a new administration building
for staff, the removal of delivery vehicle access to the south
of the Hungerford Bridge approach viaduct and east of the
Hayward (via Waterloo Bridge), the creation of three new
public spaces around the RFH (Festival Riverside, Southbank
Centre Square, and Festival Terrace), and the modification of
the Queen Elizabeth Hall undercroft and the lower two levels
of the Hayward to provide a frontage onto Southbank C.
In accordance with the designs, a new glass-fronted structure
was constructed in 2006-7 to provide office space for
Southbank Centre personnel as well as a variety of new shops
and eateries. This was built between the RFH and the
Hungerford Bridge approach viaduct. New restaurants and stores
along the Royal Festival Hall's low level Thames elevation
replaced an older cafeteria area and accompanied
pedestrianisation of this facade, which was achieved by
removing the circulation road. The Festival Hall auditorium
was modified between 2005 and 2007, and the natural acoustics
were improved to match the needs of classical music.
CHAPTER-08

CIRCULATION
 CHAPTER-09

URBAN MORPHOLOGY
9.2. ELEMENTS OF CITY IMAGE

 PATHS

JUBILEE WALKWAY

GREEN CHAIN WALKWAY

 EDGES

 Throughout London's Boundary

 Every district's boundary
 The Thames River
 The River Thames has served as an economic resource, a
maritime route, a boundary, a supply of fresh water, a
source of food, and, more recently, a recreational
facility.
 Trade: A port is located along the Thames and serves as a
transportation hub.
 Watersports are popular on the Thames, with several clubs
encouraging participation and organising racing and inter-
club events. Rowing, sailing, skiffing, kayaking, canoeing,
and other activities took place at the Olympics 2012.
  NODES

Roundabout on Old Street

It is located on the border of Hackney and Islington. It is a

junction system located at the intersection of Old Street and
City Road. TFL announced a pop-up retail space to enhance
revenue due to an increase in passenger numbers utilising the
station. As a result, the St. Agnes Well shopping complex was
built in the roundabout's underpass in the centre.
 LANDMARKS

BIG BEN

LONDON BRIDGE
 CONCLUSION

It Urban design, is the “manipulation of the physical

environment” in a way that:

•Addresses the way people perceive and behave in their

surroundings,

•Considers the implications of form-giving actions (including

the environmental and ecological consequences) at a range of
scales (sometimes from the individual to the regional),

•Pursues multiple objectives for multiple clients (including

affected members of the public), and

•Is conducted through an explicit decision-making process that

offers the public the opportunity to participate in a
meaningful way, identifies goals and objectives, analyzes
existing conditions, explores alternate concepts and
solutions, evaluates options with respect to project goals and
public values, selects the preferred alternative or combines
preferred elements into a synthesized concept, and includes an
implementation strategy.

It helps in city growth:

•It carries a set of implicit values that all applicable urban

design activities should pursue.

•It provides a useful checklist for designers, planners,

engineers, and other practitioners to use such that they are
addressing urban design’s inherent values (as noted above).

•It describes a rational participatory process and provides a

clear methodology for applying urban design concepts.
 BIBLOGRAPHY

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