FeEDBACK Session

LM-1362
PROF. DR. BONILLA, M.
parallelism
PARALLELISM
Parallel sentence elements in grammar are just like parallel lines in geometry: they face
the same direction and never meet.
More precisely, in grammar, it’s less about meeting and more about balance. Parallelism
in grammar is defined as two or more phrases or clauses in a sentence that have the
same grammatical structure.
Which sentence places correlative conjunctions logically to
create parallel structure?
a. Please tell the performers we were impressed by both the concept and the
execution.
b. Please tell the performers we were impressed both by the concept and the
execution.
ANSWER – NOUN PHRASES
a. Please tell the performers we were impressed by both the concept and the
execution.
b. Please tell the performers we were impressed both by the concept and the
execution.
Which sentence places correlative conjunctions logically to
create parallel structure?
a. All the interviews were either conducted on set or in the studio.
b. All the interviews were conducted either on set or in the studio.
ANSWER – PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
a. All the interviews were either conducted on set or in the studio.
b. All the interviews were conducted either on set or in the studio.
Which sentence places correlative conjunctions logically to
create parallel structure?
a. As you can imagine, I both was relieved to find my keys and exasperated to
discover them in a pocket I had already searched twice.
b. As you can imagine, I was both relieved to find my keys and exasperated to
discover them in a pocket I had already searched twice.
ANSWER – PAST PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
a. As you can imagine, I both was relieved to find my keys and exasperated to
discover them in a pocket I had already searched twice.
b. As you can imagine, I was both relieved to find my keys and exasperated to
discover them in a pocket I had already searched twice.
Which sentence places correlative conjunctions logically to
create parallel structure?
a. We aim not only to demonstrate the work’s unprecedented influence in its
own time but also its surprising relevance today.
b. We aim to demonstrate not only the work’s unprecedented influence in its
own time but also its surprising relevance today.
ANSWER – NOUN PHRASES
a. We aim not only to demonstrate the work’s unprecedented influence in its
own time but also its surprising relevance today.
b. We aim to demonstrate not only the work’s unprecedented influence in its
own time but also its surprising relevance today.
Which sentence places correlative conjunctions logically to
create parallel structure?
a. Try creating parallel structure either by shifting the placement of the
correlative conjunctions or by adapting the sentence elements they join.
b. Try creating parallel structure by either shifting the placement of the
correlative conjunctions or by adapting the sentence elements they join.
ANSWER – ADVERBIAL PHRASES
a. Try creating parallel structure either by shifting the placement of the
correlative conjunctions or by adapting the sentence elements they join.
b. Try creating parallel structure by either shifting the placement of the
correlative conjunctions or by adapting the sentence elements they join.
hedging
HEDGING
Academic English is characterized by its use of cautious language, not being overly confident or direct in making
statements. This helps to avoid being “wrong”—especially considering that only facts are 100% are right. Opinions
aren’t; they need support and/or cautious language. This is a difficult skill to master in writing and speaking,
especially for Academic English.
10 WAYS TO HEDGE
1. ‘tend to’ for suggesting this is the way people usually (but not always) behave: Women tend to be
more cautious when driving in built-up areas.
2. modal verbs to say that something is possible rather than definite: This may show that the results
are conclusive: We might/may/could see a significant rise in extreme weather events if nothing is
done to combat global warming
3. ‘cautious’ adverbs, adjectives, and quantifiers (e.g., possibly, probably, sometimes, generally, commonly,
likely, unlikely): Social media bullying is probably the most worrying trend in recent years.
4. Hedging expressions: On balance, As a rule, To some extent, Up to a point, In some/many respects, In
a/one sense, More or less …
10 WAYS TO HEDGE
5. ‘appearance’ verbs (e.g., appear, seem, look): There appears to be a link between social media and adolescent
depression.
6. ‘weak’ verbs (e.g., suggest, indicate): A 2005 study suggested/indicated that teenage boys who use social media
often suffer from low-self esteem.
7. These adverbs:
Apparently (= it appears that...) Graduates are apparently finding it difficult to get a job
Arguably (= it could be argued that...) Graduates are arguably better off than non-graduates
Supposedly (= it is generally supposed that…) Young people are supposedly fitter than old people.
Not necessarily (= not always) Young people are not necessarily fitter than old people.
10 ways to hedge
8. Use ‘it….that’ expressions: It is often thought that…/ It has been argued that... /It is possible to
argue that.../It has been suggested that…/It seems fair to say that…
9. Refer to other people: Most people would agree that.../Some people say that.../ Those in favor
believe that.../Proponents/Opponents of (e.g., hunting) believe that...
10. Use ‘weakening adverbs’ (e.g., slightly, fairly, quite, rather, approximately, relatively): It is quite
difficult to define what makes a ‘good’ driver. I’m quite a good driver! I’m quite good at
driving.
HEDGE THE EXAMPLES BELOW.
1. Example: People aged under 25 use the internet more frequently than older people.
Is that true for all younger/older people?
Answer: Typically, people aged under 25 tend to use the internet more frequently than older
people.
2. The practice of short selling brought about the collapse of Lehman Brothers.
(contributed)
3. The house fire was caused by a problem with the heater (apparently)
4. Politicians are dishonest. (somewhat)
5. Playing violent video games causes more aggression, bullying, and fighting. (You try it!)
PUNCTUATION
cOMMAS
1. Dependent clauses

2. FANBOYS

3. Correlative conjunctions