Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mac I CH 3
Mac I CH 3
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The Consumer Price Index
• Consumer price index (CPI)
– Measure of the overall level of prices
– Measure of the overall cost of goods and
services
– Bought by a typical consumer
– Bureau of Labor Statistics
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Calculating CPI
1. Fix the basket
– Which prices are most important to the
typical consumer
– Different weight
2. Find the prices
– At each point in time
3. Compute the basket’s cost
– Same basket of goods
– Isolate the effects of price changes
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Calculating CPI
4. Chose a base year and compute the CPI
– Base year = benchmark
• Price of basket of goods & services in current
year
• Divided by price of basket in base year
• Times 100
5. Compute the inflation rate
CPI in year 2 - CPI in year 1
Inflation rate in year 2 100
CPI in year 1
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Table 1
Calculating the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation
Rate: An Example
This table shows how to calculate the consumer price index and the inflation rate for a
hypothetical economy in which consumers buy only hot dogs and hamburgers.
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Table 1
Calculating the Consumer Price Index and the Inflation
Rate: An Example
This table shows how to calculate the consumer price index and the inflation rate for a
hypothetical economy in which consumers buy only hot dogs and hamburgers.
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as 6
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Consumer Price Index
• Inflation rate
– Percentage change in the price index
• From the preceding period
• Producer price index, PPI
– Measure of the cost of a basket of goods
and services bought by firms
– Changes in PPI are often thought to be
useful in predicting changes in CPI
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 1
The Typical Basket of Goods and Services
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Additional Table 1
Thailand CPI in 2012
line Description weight Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May.
1 ALL COMMODITIES 100.00 101.02 101.39 101.99 102.42 102.82
2 FOOD AND NON - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 33.48 102.20 102.35 103.02 103.69 105.15
3 RICE, FLOUR AND CEREAL PRODUCTS 3.44 101.86 102.13 101.97 102.13 102.04
4 MEATS, POULTRY AND FISH 6.35 101.99 100.49 98.62 100.28 102.18
5 EGGS AND DAIRY PRODUCTS 1.77 98.22 99.30 99.88 98.63 99.79
6 VEGETABLES AND FRUITS 3.95 99.36 100.50 104.16 106.68 111.70
7 SEASONINGS AND CONDIMENTS 1.77 105.37 105.42 105.33 105.32 105.35
8 NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 1.76 101.29 101.59 101.84 102.03 102.58
9 PREPARED FOOD AT HOME 8.97 104.83 105.31 106.10 106.22 107.20
10 FOOD AWAY FROM HOME 5.46 102.15 102.32 103.76 103.89 104.20
11 APPAREL AND FOOTWARE 3.06 100.28 100.33 100.76 100.74 101.03
12 HOUSING AND FURNISHING 24.14 101.15 101.21 101.37 101.42 101.43
13 MEDICAL AND PERSONAL CARE 6.54 100.54 100.60 100.69 100.86 100.89
14 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 25.54 99.47 100.67 101.80 102.36 101.60
15 RECREATION AND EDUCATION 6.03 100.15 100.13 100.13 100.14 100.32
16 TOBACCO AND ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 1.20 100.18 100.18 100.26 100.35 100.48
17 NON-FOOD AND BEVERAGES 66.52 100.26 100.79 101.34 101.60 101.32
18 RAW FOOD AND ENERGY 26.91 100.59 101.64 102.90 104.14 104.81
19 RAW FOOD 15.52 100.68 100.66 101.14 102.41 104.79
20 ENERGY 11.40 100.43 103.55 106.35 107.54 104.86
21 EXCLUDE RAW FOOD AND ENERGY 73.09 101.18 101.29 101.62 101.73 102.02
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
GDP deflator versus CPI
• GDP deflator
– Ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP
– Reflects prices of all goods & services
produced domestically
• CPI
– Reflects prices of goods & services
bought by consumers
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
GDP deflator versus CPI
• GDP deflator
– Compares the price of currently produced
goods and services
• To the price of the same goods and services
in the base year
• CPI
– Compares price of a fixed basket of goods
and services
• To the price of the basket in the base year
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 2
Two Measures of Inflation
This figure shows the inflation rate—the percentage change in the level of prices— as
measured by the GDP deflator and the consumer price index using annual data since 1965.
Notice that the two measures of inflation generally move together.
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Additional Figure 1
Two Measures of Inflation in Thailand
Inflation Rate
(percent per year)
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00 Year
-2.00
-4.00
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Interest rates in the U.S. Economy
• Nominal interest rate
– Always exceeds the real interest rate
– U.S. economy has experienced rising
consumer prices in every year
• Inflation is variable
– Real and nominal interest rates do not
always move together
• Periods of deflation
– Real interest rate exceeds the nominal
interest rate
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 3
Real and Nominal Interest Rates
This figure shows nominal and real interest rates using annual data since 1965. The nominal
interest rate is the rate on a 3-month Treasury bill. The real interest rate is the nominal interest
rate minus the inflation rate as measured by the consumer price index. Notice that nominal and
real interest rates often do not move together.
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Additional Figure 2
Real and Nominal Interest Rates in Thailand
Interest Rates (percent per month)
2
Year
0
Mar-05
Mar-06
Mar-07
Mar-08
Mar-09
Mar-10
Mar-11
Mar-12
Mar-13
Jul-05
Jul-06
Jul-07
Jul-08
Jul-09
Jul-10
Jul-11
Jul-12
Jan-05
Jan-06
Jan-07
Jan-08
Jan-09
Jan-10
Jan-11
Jan-12
Jan-13
Sep-05
Sep-06
Sep-07
Sep-08
Sep-09
Sep-10
Sep-11
Sep-12
Nov-05
Nov-06
Nov-07
Nov-08
Nov-09
Nov-10
Nov-11
Nov-12
May-05
May-06
May-07
May-08
May-09
May-10
May-11
May-12
May-13
-2
-4
-6
-8
Nominal interest rate Real interest rate
This figure shows nominal and real interest rates using monthly data since Jan 2005. The
nominal interest rate is the rate on a 3-month Treasury bill. The real interest rate is the nominal
interest rate minus the inflation rate as measured by the consumer price index.
Source: Bank of Thailand
21