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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Probability & Statistics 1

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11 Students investigated the prices in dollars ($) of 1 litre bottles of a certain drink

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at 24 shops in a town and at 16 shops in surrounding villages. Denoting the town

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prices by t and the village prices by v, the students’ data are summarised by the
totals Σ(t − 1.1) = 1.44 and Σ( v − 1.2) = 0.56.

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Find the mean price of 1 litre of this drink at all the shops at which the students
collected their data.
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KEY POINT 2.4
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A set of data can be coded by multiplication as well as by addition of a constant.

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For ungrouped data,

Suppose the monthly take-home salaries of four teachers are $3600, $4200, $3700 and

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1  Σ( ax − b ) 
$4500, which have mean x = $4000. x= + b.
a  

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What happens to the mean if all the teachers receive a 10% increase but must pay an extra
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For grouped data,

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$50 in tax each month?
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1  Σ( ax − b ) f 
To find their new take-home salaries, we multiply the current salaries by 1.1 and then subtract 50. x=  + b.
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Σf
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a 

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The new take-home salaries are $3910, $4570, $4020 and $4900. These formulae can
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3910 + 4570 + 4020 + 4900 be summarised by
= $4350.

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The mean is
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4 writing

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The original data, x, has been coded by multiplication and by addition as 1.1x – 50. 1
x = × [mean(ax − b) + b].
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The mean of the coded data is 4350, which is equal to (1.1 × 4000) – 50, where 4000 = x.
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Data coded as ax – b has a mean of ax − b.

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To find x from a total such as Σ( ax − b ), we can find the mean of the coded data, then undo
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‘– b’ and undo ‘ × a ’, in that order. That is:

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40
Σ( ax − b ) can be
x = (4350 + 50) ÷ 1.1 or 1 × (4350 + 50) = 4000.
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1.1 rewritten as aΣx − nb.

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WORKED EXAMPLE 2.11

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The total area of cloth produced at a textile factory is denoted by Σx and is measured in square metres. Find
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an expression in x for the area of cloth produced in square centimetres.

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Answer
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1m = 100 cm
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We convert the measurements

1m 2 = 1002 cm 2 = 10 000 cm 2
of x from m 2 to cm 2 .
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Total area, in square centimetres, is Σ10 000 x or 10 000Σx.

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WORKED EXAMPLE 2.12

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mean
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For the 20 values of x summarised by Σ(2 x − 3) = 104, find x.

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Answer
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104
= 5.2 We first find the mean of the coded values.
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20
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5.2 + 3 Knowing that 2 x − 3 = 5.2, we undo the ‘ – 3’ and

x= = 4.1
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2 then undo the ‘ × 2’, in that order, to find x.

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Chapter 2: Measures of central tendency

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I (2×-3)

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② 2-2×-23=104

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FAST FORWARD

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Σ(2 x − 3) = 104 Alternatively, we can expand the

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2 Σx − (20 × 3) = 104 brackets in Σ(2 x − 3), which allows
(20×3)=104
We will see how to
25th

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us to find the value of Σx. use coded totals such
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Σx = 82
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225×-60=104 Σ( ax − b )2 to find
=Ix.-
82
x= = 4.1 I measures of variation in
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20

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2I✗= 104+60=164
Chapter 3, Section 3.3.

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161-0=4-1
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EXERCISE 2D Ix
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1 The masses, x kg, of 12 objects are such that x = 0.475. Find the value of Σ1000 x and state what it represents.
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2 The total mass of gold extracted from a mine is denoted by Σx , which is measured in grams. Find an

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100012
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expression in x for the total mass in:
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a carats, given that 1 carat is equivalent to 200 milligrams
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1000

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b kilograms.
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1000
3 The area of land used for growing wheat in a region 5.7
is denoted by Σw hectares.
=
5700
Find an expression in w for the
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0.475=2-12
2
total area in square kilometres, given that 1 hectare is equivalent to 10 000 m .

.tl#IX=XitXntXz-..tXy--5.7y
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4 Speeds, measured in metres per second, are denoted by x. Find the constant k such that kx denotes the speeds
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in kilometres per hour.
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41
5 The wind speeds, x miles per hour (mph), were measured at a coastal location at midday on 40 consecutive
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days and are presented in the following table.
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Speed ( x mph) 15 < x < 17 17 < x < 20 20 < x < 24 24 < x < 25
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No. days ( f ) 9 13 14 4
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Abel wishes to calculate an estimate of the mean wind speed in kilometres per hour (km/h). He knows that a
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distance of 5 miles is approximately equal to 8km.

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a Explain how Abel can calculate his estimate without converting the given boundary values from miles per
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hour to kilometres per hour.

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b Use the wind speeds in mph to estimate the mean wind speed in km/h.
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6 Given that 15 values of x are such that Σ(3x − 2) = 528, find x and find the value of b such that
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Σ(0.5x − b ) = 138.
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7 For 20 values of y, it is given that Σ( ax − b ) = 400 and Σ( bx − a ) = 545. Given also that x = 6.25, find the value
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of a and of b.
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P 8 The midpoint of the line segment between A and B is at (5.2,–1.2).

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Find the coordinates of the midpoint after the following transformations have been applied to A and to B.
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 
a T: Translation by the vector −7 .
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Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution

 ity
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Chapter 2: Measures of central tendency

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FAST FORWARD

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Σ(2 x − 3) = 104 Alternatively, we can expand the

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2 Σx − (20 × 3) = 104 brackets in Σ(2 x − 3), which allows We will see how to

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Σx = 82 us to find the value of Σx. use coded totals such
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82 Σ( ax − b )2 to find
x= = 4.1 measures of variation in
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20

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Chapter 3, Section 3.3.

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(3×-7)
EXERCISE 2D

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I (3×-2)=528
5,2¥
=

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1 The masses, x kg, of 12 objects are such that x = 0.475. Find the value of Σ1000 x and state what it represents.
=
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2 The total mass of gold extracted from a mine is denoted by Σx , which is measured in grams. Find an

£312

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expression in x for the total mass in:

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-2-2=528
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a carats, given that 1 carat is equivalent to 200 milligrams
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b kilograms.
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3 Ix Iz 528

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3 The area of land used for growing wheat in a region is denoted by Σw hectares. Find an expression in w for the
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total area in square kilometres, given that 1 hectare is equivalent to 10 000 m 2.

SIX (2×15)=5 =
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4 Speeds, measured in metres per second, are denoted by x. Find the constant k such that kx denotes the4speeds
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in kilometres per hour.

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41
3-2×-30=528
5 The wind speeds, x miles per hour (mph), were measured at a coastal location at midday on 40 consecutive
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days and are presented in the following table.

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322=558
Speed ( x mph) 15 < x < 17 17 < x < 20 20 < x < 24 24 < x < 25
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No. days ( f ) 9 13 14 4
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Ix Abel £3T ✗
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186¢
distance of 5 miles is approximately equal to 8km.
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a Explain how Abel can calculate his estimate without converting the given boundary values from miles per

2-3+27
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hour to kilometres per hour.

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b Use the wind speeds in mph to estimate the mean wind speed in km/h.

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6 Given that 15 values of x are such that Σ(3x − 2) = 528, find x and find the value of b such that
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Σ(0.5x − b ) = 138.
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7 For 20 values of y, it is given that Σ( ax − b ) = 400 and Σ( bx − a ) = 545. Given also that x = 6.25, find the value

2-(0.5×-6)=138
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of a and of b.
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b=
-3¢
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P 8 The midpoint of the line segment between A and B is at (5.2,–1.2).

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138
Ibof the midpoint
0,522Find the coordinates
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after the following transformations have been applied to A and to B.

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=
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 
a T: Translation by the vector −7 .
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( 186) (6×15)=138
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0.5
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Isb 138
93
=
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Isb 95
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Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution

 ity
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Chapter 2: Measures of central tendency

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FAST FORWARD

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Σ(2 x − 3) = 104 Alternatively, we can expand the

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2 Σx − (20 × 3) = 104 brackets in Σ(2 x − 3), which allows We will see how to

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Σx = 82 us to find the value of Σx. use coded totals such
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82 Σ( ax − b )2 to find
x= = 4.1 measures of variation in
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20

wrpeet

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. Chapter 3, Section 3.3.

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EXERCISE 2D

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1 The masses, x kg, of 12 objects are such that x = 0.475. Find the value of Σ1000 x and state what it represents.
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2 The total mass of gold extracted from a mine is denoted by Σx , which is measured in grams. Find an

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expression in x for the total mass in: noo

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a carats, given that 1 carat is equivalent to 200 milligrams 12s a = soo → a =
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b kilograms.
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125 3 The areaZob

of land used
= 400
for growing ~wheat in a12s
region isa denoted by20 b = Find
Σw hectares. an expression in w for the
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total area in square kilometres, given that 1 hectare is equivalent to 10 000 m .
" 209 + 125 b = 545
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4 Speeds, measured in metres per second, are denoted by x. Find the constant k such that kx denotes the speeds
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in kilometres per hour.

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5 The wind speeds, x miles per hour (mph), were measured at a coastal location at midday on 40 consecutive
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days and presented

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Speed ( x mph) 15 < x < 17 17 < x < 20 20 < x < 24 24 < x < 25
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No. days ( f ) 9 13 14 4
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Abel wishes to calculate an estimate of the mean wind speed in kilometres per hour (km/h). He knows that a
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distance of 5 miles is approximately equal to 8km. a- -41 /

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a Explain how Abel can calculate his estimate without converting the given boundary values from miles per
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hour to kilometres per hour.

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gI=2¥
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b Use the wind speeds in mph to estimate the mean wind speed in km/h.
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6 Given that 15 values of x are such that Σ(3x − 2) = 528, find x and find the value of b such that
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Σ(0.5x − b ) = 138.
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7 For 20 values of y, it is given that Σ( ax − b ) = 400 and Σ( bx − a ) = 545. Given also that x = 6.25, find the value
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of a and of b.
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P 8 The midpoint of the line segment between A and B is at (5.2,–1.2).

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Find the coordinates of the midpoint after the following transformations have been applied to A and to B.
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 
a T: Translation by the vector −7 .
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Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution

cÉ
2- ×

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2-25=133
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Chapter 2: Measures of central tendency

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0

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4 The following graph illustrates the times taken by 112 people to complete a puzzle.

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med
-1¥
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= 56

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120
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-C Cumulative frequency

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(No. people)

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80
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60
?

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40

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0
2 4 4.4 6 8 10

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Time (min)
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a Estimate the median time taken.

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b The median is used to divide these people into two groups. Find the median time taken by each of the
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groups.
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5 The masses, m kilograms, of 148 objects are summarised in the following table.
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Mass ( m kg) m<0 m < 0.2 m < 0.3 m < 0.5 m < 0.7 m < 0.8
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cf 0 16 28 120 144 148 47

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Construct a cumulative frequency polygon on graph paper, and use it to estimate the number of objects with
masses that are:
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a within 0.1kg of the median

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b more than 200 g from the median.

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6 A teacher recorded the quiz marks of eight students as 11, 13, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19 and 20.
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They later realised that there was a typing error, so they changed the mark of 11 to 1.
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Investigate what effect this change has on the mode, mean and median of the students’ marks.
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7 The following table shows the lifetimes, to the nearest 10 days, of a certain brand of light bulb.
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Lifetime (days) 90–100 110–120 130–140 150–160 170–190 200–220 230–260

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No. light bulbs ( f ) 12 28 54 63 41 16 6

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a Use upper class boundaries to represent the data in a cumulative frequency graph and estimate the median
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lifetime of the light bulbs.

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b How might the manufacturer choose a value to use as the average lifetime of the light bulbs in a publicity
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campaign? Based on the figures in the table, investigate whether it would be to the manufacturer’s
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advantage to use the median or the mean.

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Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution