1.1.

Background

Earthquakes are perhaps the most unpredictable and devastating of all natural disasters. They
not only cause great destruction in terms of human casualties, but also have a tremendous
economic impact on the affected area. An earthquake may be defined as a wave like motion
generated by forces in constant turmoil under the surface layer of the earth (lithosphere),
travelling through the earth’s crust. It may also be defined as the vibration, sometimes violent,
of the earth’s surface as a result of a release of energy in the earth’s crust. This release of
energy can cause by sudden dislocations of segments of the crust, volcanic eruption, or even
explosion created by humans. Dislocations of crust segments, however, lead to the most
destructive quakes. In the process of dislocation, vibrations called seismic waves are
generated. These waves travel outward from the source of the earthquake at varying speed,
causing the earth to quiver or ring like a bell or tuning fork. In every field in the world
conservation of energy is followed. If the energy imposed on the structure by wind and
earthquake load is fully dissipated in some way the structure will vibrate less. Every structure
naturally releases some energy through various mechanisms such as internal stressing,
rubbing, and plastic deformation. Therefore, it has become important to strengthen structures
enough to bear the loads without collateral damage. During an earthquake, energy is
incorporated in the structure. The load bearing elements i.e. beam, column and joints dissipate
the energy. Due to inelastic deformations, damages can be witnessed in structure. Hence there
is need for damping system which could be incorporated in the structure in order to dissipate
input energy. With the conception of idea of energy dissipation supplemental damping devices
were introduced. Fundamental principle behind supplemental damping devices is to reduce
demand on the load bearing elements for energy dissipation. The objective behind installation
of supplemental devices in the structure is to dissipate the input energy and consequently limit
the damages in the load bearing elements. Figure depicts building fitted with supplemental
damping system.

Although earthquake resistance design are available today. However, many structures
around the world have been raised that do not comply with the provisions of the earthquake
resistant design. These structures may be vulnerable under severe ground motion, the reason
being insufficient ductile detailing and deterioration of material with time. Beside this,
earthquake resistant design codes advocate the concept of ductility elements of structure. Due
to introduction of ductility, elements of structure undergo inelastic deformation resulting into
damages. It is quite perplexing that in order to avoid damages in the structure, ductility is
promoted which again results into damage. Exorbitant amount of money is spent to repair
these damages in the structural components. Therefore, it is imperative to propose such a
system that can mitigate the demand on structural components for energy dissipation and
consequently lead to mitigation damages. With this objective, dampers are introduced in order
to reduce energy dissipation demand on structural elements. Due to advancement of research
in the field of supplemental systems, the demand for installation of such devices in old and
new constructions has burgeoned. Various damping systems have been explained in detail in
following section.

So far, the damping systems or control systems have been used in global response mitigation
of structures. There is modicum of literature available on damping system influencing local
performance. The dampers are usually installed at elements for improvement of global
behavior. However continuous improvement in local behavior of components can ameliorate
the global behavior of structure. RC beam column joint is most vulnerable location in RC
structure. This study will focus to develop a damping device for ameliorating the seismic
performance of damper on local behavior. The damper is fabricated with the purpose to limit
the damages in the beam column joint by dissipating the input energy. Thus, reducing the
energy dissipation demand on the beam, column and joints.

1.2 ENGERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEMS

Earthquake makes the structure to vibrate about the mean position just like a pendulum. The
amplitude of the vibrating structure gradually decays with time. This happens due to the
elastic straining of the material and internal friction when a solid deforms. This is called
inherent damping in a structure. In case of buildings, cracks in concrete, friction between
frame and masonary contribute to the damping of vibrations. The value of inherent damping of
RCC structure is very low. It is 5-10% of the critical damping. Hence, this gives rise to the
necessity for an external damping system that could dissipate the energy and subsequently
attenuate the damages in the RCC structure. The external damping systems classification is
depicted in the figure . This classification is very broad one.
The energy dissipation systems are majorly categorized in three main groups:

a. Active damping system

b. Passive damping system

c. Hybrid damping system

1.2.1 Active damping system

In active damping system external source of energy is required to dissipate the input energy.
This system is not very much reliable And popular because at the time of earthquake there
may be power cut down due to extreme shaking of the ground leading to damage of electrical
utilities that are laid underground. Therefore, its application is still dubious. Figure illustrates
the configuration of active damping system installed in a structure.

Sensors are incorporated to measure the excitation frequency or the response of the structure.
The devices are attached in the system in order to produce the necessary forces based on the
algorithm to oppose external forces. The actuators Produce the required external force with aid
of external source of energy. This force opposes the input force due to systematic event and
hence aids in nullifying the ill effect.

1.2.2 Passive damping system

Another major damping system is the passive damping system. This is much admired and has
been installed at a number of locations around the world. This system does not need any
external source of power to operate and can effectively dissuade the energy. This system
encompasses a range of material and devices to display the energy. The passive damping
system can reduce the systematic response and can also be used as a means to retrofit the old
structures. This consists of three types viz bass isolators, energy dissipators and tuned
dampers. These devices operate on the principle of using friction sliding, shear deformation of
metals and movement of fluid through orifice. Figure is an outline of the configuration of
structure fixed with a passive energy damping system.

1.2.2.1 Base isolation

Base isolation is an approach which alleviates ground acceleration by changing the natural
frequency of the structure. This approach reduces the fundamental frequency of structure
lower than the frequency of earthquake excitation. Thus, dissipates the energy. Laminated
rubber bearing and rubber bearing with lead core are examples of bass isolators.
1.2.2.2 Tuned damper

Tuned damper also known as harmonic absorber devices consist of mass, spring and a damper
to reduce the amplitude of vibration of the structure. The tune damper is generally mounted on
the structure. The idea behind that tuned damper is to match the frequency of the vibration of
the damper with the structure so that when structure vibrates the tuned mass damper vibrate
out of face with respect to the structure. In this way the response of structure can be reduced. It
was installed in Taipei tower in China. Tuned dumpers are of two kinds. One is the tune mass
damper and the second is tuned liquid mass damper. The difference between the two is that the
mass is replaced by the liquid in case of later. Generally used liquid is water.

12.2.3 Energy dissipaters

Energy dissipaters are the devices which assist in dissipation of mechanical energy of a
structure by converting it into heat. The popular energy dissipation devices are viscoelastic
dampers, viscous dampers, yielding dampers and fictional temples. In viscous dampers, liquid
force to move from one chamber to another due to external movement. The movement of
liquid causes friction hence, energy is dissipated. In case of viscoelastic dampers, some
viscoelastic material such as rubber is sandwiched between steel plates. Due to shear or
extensional deformation of viscoelastic material energy is converted into heat. Therefore,
input energy is dissipated. Yield dampers work on the principle of inelastic deformation of
metals especially mild steel. Failure is pre-defined in yielding dampers as the damper is
allowed to yield before any structural element yiels. During yielding of damper energy is
dissipated. Similarly in friction dampers, friction interface slide by each other to produce
friction resulting in dissipation of energy. These devices can be replaced after earthquake
event in case any damage has been witnessed. The installation of such devices in structure is
uncomplicated. Post-earthquake these can be replaced effortlessly. Energy dissipaters are very
effective in reducing the response of the structure. This led to the increased application of the
energy dissipaters in the structure around the world.

1.2.3 Hybrid damping system

Hybrid damping device consists of combination of passive and active damping part. Figure
illustrates the configuration of hybrid damper. Hybrid damping system can be used
successfully to produce synergic effect of passive and active system. Since sensors are
involved in this system which relies on power supply which requires power to develop the
algorithm. Therefore, some limitations still exist in this system.
1.3 Cyclic loading
Cyclic loading is a type of dynamic load as it is a function of time which is applied in the
laboratory to study the effects of dynamic loads coming on the structure when subjected to
Ground Vibrations. A structure undergoes fatigue due to continuous fluctuating stresses,
strains, displacements, forces arising due to the cyclic nature of the earthquake or vibrations
due to machines. This leads to fatigue in the structure and causes degradation of the
strengthening materials. Therefore, for determining the ultimate capacity of a structure cyclic
loading needs to be applied because under monotonic loading the structure does not undergo
fatigue and will never reach its ultimate capacity.
1.3.1 Techniques of application of cyclic loading

Cyclic Load on the element can be applied by two techniques:

a. Displacement Controlled Loading

b. Load Controlled Technique

 In DCL a Lateral Load is applied whose amplitude is increased by a constant amount

in each cycle. In one cycle the displacement is repeated the prescribed amount of
times.
 The amplitude of displacement is larger after the yielding of the element.
 It is carried out at a constant drift ratio for each cycle and the drift ratio increases for
further cycles.

Lateral Cyclic Loading History is based on ACI Committee 374.1-05.

 Increase Lateral Displacement.

 Increase the no of cycles in each displacement.
 The lateral displacements obtained are multiples of lateral displacements determined.
 The elastic behavior should be started to be ascertained at drift ratio of 0.2% for first
cycle.
 For testing under critical condition no axial load should be provided in the column.
 Displacement range is up to 150 mm for both push and pull.
 At least three full cycles should be observed at each drift ratio with addition of single
half cycle for evaluation of stiffness degradation. At the end of three cycles for each
drift ratio pause for analyzing the behavior of specimen and formation of cracks can be
monitored and recorded.

Another way to apply DCL is testing the specimen in two phases.

 It can be done only for concrete and additional strengthening materials such as FRP
wraps.
  It cannot be applied for steel because a yielded reinforcement cannot be restored.
 In Phase-1 specimens are tested up to a certain value of drift ratio from base position.
 In Phase-2 the specimens are re-tested from base position up to their failure.
 This helps in investigating the specimen that has already been damaged up to some
extent.
 The most common threshold point is the 5% drift ratio because the specimen reaches
its design capacity at that value.

1.3.2 Typical Structural Response to Ground Vibrations

A structure should be able to dissipate a large amount of energy during any laterally induced
movements especially an earthquake. This dissipation in energy is achieved in the form of
inelastic rotations. In reinforced concrete members, the inelastic rotations spread over definite
regions called as plastic hinges. During inelastic deformations, the actual material properties
are beyond elastic range and hence damages in these regions are obvious. Beam-column joints
in RC frame structures are generally expected to experience greater reversed cyclic action
such as an earthquake thus subjected to a large shear action and inelastic rotations that leads to
serious damage and stiffness degradation of the structures Liang et al 2016.
1.4 Strengthening/Retrofitting

Strengthening/Retrofitting refers to the incorporation of new technology or features to older

systems to enhance their performance. Specifically, in civil engineering retrofitting refers to
the process of strengthening of older/pre-seismic code designed buildings so as to make them
earthquake resistant and new buildings that are damaged due to the seismic loads so as to
make them safe to use. Although, one thing is to be noted that there is no such thing as an
earthquake proof structure but the seismic performance can be greatly enhanced by proper
modification to the existing structure. Retrofitting is needed to maintain the structural safety
and reliability of structures that have very serious design and detailing deficiencies. Most of
the buildings that require retrofitting were designed before the early 1970’s in the pre-seismic
code period. They were designed to only carry the Gravity Loads and they lack or are very
poorly ductile detailed at the BCJ required to carry and transfer the seismic loads. Retrofitting
of undamaged structures called as strengthening is also done so as to increase the strength and
stiffness of those structures that are liable to deterioration. It is also required because of the
changing seismic hazard level, loads, design methods and serviceability requirements. It is
more economic and immediate remedy to problems rather than replacement.

Seismic Retrofit concentrates on certain Performance Objectives:.

 Public Safety: It is the most important objective and the main aim is to protect human
lives. Therefore, the structure should not collapse and should provide time for the
occupants to exit during an earthquake.
 Structure Survivability: The structure may require extensive repairing before it is safe
to be used again.
 Structure Functionality: If the primary structure is undamaged the repairs required are
only cosmetic.

Various Retrofitting strategies have been developed which include:

 Increasing the global capacity of the structure i.e., strengthening of the structure as a
whole which is generally achieved by addition of shear walls.
 Increasing the local capacity of the structural elements individually i.e., enhancing the
ductility, stiffness and strength.
 Reducing the seismic demand of the structure by the introduction of Base Isolators i.e.,
damping.

1.4.1 Methods of Strengthening/Retrofitting

To improve the performance of pre-seismic codes designed and detailed structures, the
researchers developed various strengthening/retrofitting techniques and advanced concrete
materials.
The seismic retrofit techniques available are:

a. Structure Level Retrofit (Global Retrofitting Technique)

b. Member Level Retrofit (Local Retrofitting Technique)

1.4.1.1 Structural Level Retrofit

Structure-level retrofits are commonly used to enhance the lateral resistance of existing
structures. Such retrofits for RC buildings include:

 Adding Structural (shear) walls or Infill Walls

 Steel Bracing
 Seismic Isolation or Base Isolation
 Elastic-plastic dampers
 Tuned Liquid dampers

1.4.1.2 Member level Retrofit

The member-level retrofit approach can provide a more cost-effective strategy than structure
level retrofit because only those components needed to enhance the seismic performance of
the existing structure are selected and upgraded. The member level retrofit approaches
include:

 Ferro-cement
 Jacketing of Beams
 Jacketing of columns
 Jacketing of BCJ
 FRP Wrapping

1.5 Friction damper

1.6 Aim

To develop an affordable friction damper in order to mitigate the damages in a beam-column

joints and to compare the response of beam-column joint installed with proposed damper with
conventional joint under cyclic loading.

1.7 Objective

1. To design and develop an effective and affordable frictional damper with waste rubber
tire on steel friction interface.
2. To install proposed damper at beam-column joint interface and to compare its cyclic
behavior with conventional specimen.
3. To evaluate the influence of proposed damper in lateral resistance and energy
dissipation of beam column joint under cyclic loading.
 Chapter 2

Literature review

2.1 GENERAL

From centuries the earthquake catastrophe has resulted in loss of lives and damage to the
structures especially buildings. In order to mitigate these ill effects, the earthquake resistant
design for buildings was introduced. The introduction of these design codes made awareness
towards strengthening the RCC framed structures. The RCC framed structures were provided
with ductility in order to with stand the dynamic loading and to limit the cracks. Therefore, the
concept of supplemental damping was introduced at the same time in order to separate the
load bearing elements from the energy dissipating system. The demand on load bearing
elements for energy dissipation was reduced as damping system now fulfill the demand. Many
researchers in this field have done studies in order to provide a better solution for safeguarding
the structure. Following is the research and development in this domain.

2.1 literature review

Filiatrault & cherry (1987) stated that in case of friction damper devices, amount of energy
dissipated is the product of the slip load and the slip displacement. For higher values of slip
displacement, the amount of energy dispelled would be very low as no slippage will occur.
Also in case of small slip load value the product will turn out to be very small. Between these
two extreme conditions there lies an optimum value of slip load corresponding to which the
energy dissipation shall be maximum. The author postulated that slip load was structural
property and was independent of ground motion and time history. However, this research was
in preliminary phrase. Concrete proofs had to be still obtained in through further research. The
friction damped braced frame was excellent in reducing the response under stimulated
earthquake tested in shake table test.

Fitzgerald(1989) proposed that in order to prevent the inelastic buckling in bracings the idea
of slotted bolt connection (SBC) can be an alternative of energy desperation. SBC’s are
concentric bracing member connection where slip displacement occurs at slotted bolt holes.
The author credits the spring washers for maintaining a constant tension force in the bolts.
Even after so many cycles of loading the slotted connection was able to produce a large
rectangular hysteresis due to the spring washers. Care should be taken while designing SBC so
that no concentric connections are presented to produce unnecessary movement. Therefore,
two angle section back to back are recommended to be used.
Aiken (1993) conducted an experimental study on various types of energy dissipation devices
and compared their performance. Friction dampers attached at the bracing frame were tested.
The size of the damper was determined according to non-linear time history analysis. Initial
data of slip load was taken from past research. Damper efficiency was not affected by loading
frequency, amplitude and temperature as in case of viscoelastic damper. The damper activated
at large excitation unlike other damper. The hysteresis behavior of friction damper was found
to be regular and large rectangular area. This indicated good extent of energy dissipation.

Cherry and Filliatrault (1993) studied novel fiction damper proposed by Paul and Marsh in
1982 with braced frame in the structure. The performance of the friction damped brace frame
with conventional movement resisting frame was compared. The friction device was placed at
an intersection of Cross bearings. The device was featured with slotted friction brake lining
pads. The device is only slipped at severe ground motions at a predefined slip load before
yielding of any structural component. The fundamental dynamics of the structure are altered as
a result of change in the natural frequency of the structure. The mechanical energy dissipated
by the friction dampened braced frame can be obtained by multiplying supplied with the
maximum displacement due to the slip load for all frictional devices installed in the structure.
The determination of optimum slip load was obtained through the relative performance index
(RPI). At minimum value of RPI the load was considered as slip load. The guidelines for
design of friction damper based on optimum load we are also put forward.

M.C.Constantinu(1994) stated that in order to attenuate the ill effects of the earthquake it is
necessary to understand the concept of input energy and its distribution by the structure. The
input energy during an earthquake gets disturbed in the form of kinetic and potential energy.
Since, the structure stops vibrating after sometime. This happens due to the presence of
inherent damping originating from the material which assists in pacifying the amplitude of
vibrations consequently ceasing the structural vibration motion. Therefore, to boost the
performance of the structure, damping systems can be introduced in order to dissipate the
energy instead of dissipating the energy by the load-bearing elements. The energy equation
presented by Uang is as follows

Ei = Ek + Es + Eh +Ed

Where Ei is the input energy during an earthquake event, E k is the absolute kinetic, Es is the
recoverable elastic strain energy, Eh is the irrecoverable energy dissipation by the structure
system through inelastic or both forms of action, Ed is the energy dissipated by the
supplemental damping system
Reinhorn et.al(1995) concluded that use of supplemental devices for the lightweight
reinforced concrete frames can be done effectively. Friction dampers possess damping
property and stiffening attribute as well. The author averred that at low excitation the damper
will incorporate stiffness to the bracing however at high excitation the friction damper will
tend to boost the strength. Friction interfaces are generally made up of metals. An important
observation was made by the author that during service period, steel on steel and brass or
copper on steel surfaces can cause corrosion. This can create problems on efficiency of
friction interfaces in the long run. Therefore, quest is for such a material which can eliminate
this problem so that the durability of the friction dampers can we increased.

Douglas Way (1996) averred that moment resisting frames are provided in order to resist the
lateral loads. Moment resisting frames were designed keeping in mind the idea of ductility.
However, introduction of ductility leads to inelastic deformation in the elements of the
structure. Failure of welded connections between beam flange and column was observed in
steel moment resisting frames. A friction device consisting of lead bronze interface with
stainless steel stressed with a bolt was used.. The rotation at the joint forces the slippage at
beam flange having these frictional interfaces hence, dissipating the energy. Douglas Way
found that 90% of the energy was dispelled by these frictional connections. He also concluded
that welded connection can be replaced thoroughly with slotted bolted connection.

Pall A.S and Pall P (1996) inferred that various merits that give frictional dampers an edge
over the other type of dampers are non-dependency on temperature and velocity incorporation
of stiffness. Unlike yielding dampers these devices do not need to be exchanged post-
earthquake. These dampers are made to slip at a predetermined slip load under a severe
earthquake before the yielding of the main structural elements. The resonance is avoided in
case of frictional dampers. The frictional dampers pioneered by Paul and later 143 friction
devices were installed at library of Concordia University. The other locations where Paul
fiction install it include Canadian space agency headquarter, Ecole Polyvalente (Sorel), Casino
de Montreal and many other popular places. The authors concluded with Pall friction damper
were effective in dissipating the energy. These devices reduced the cost in initial phase of new
construction and retrofitting. Besides, ease of installation is another major advantage.

Mualla and Belev (2002) proposed a new type of frictional damper having easy
manufacturing and installation. The novel economic damper was first tested and later installed
in 1/3 model frame with the help of pre-stressed rods to assess the efficacy of damper in
reducing the response of the structure. Trials with materials such as brass, highly frictional
material, friction pads were done. However, brass was chosen as fiction surface due to its easy
availability. The effect of parameters such as cyclic loading, excitation frequency,
displacement amplitude, bolt force was evaluated. Modeling was done based on bilinear force
displacement relationship in single degree of freedom system. The damper was able to
dissipate 89% of input systematic energy at 3 Hz frequency and 0.8 kn load. Owing to the
chosen material outstanding reduction in the input energy was observed.

Moreschi and Singh inferred that in order to design friction dampers gradient based
approaches may not be very much accurate as the behavior of metallic and friction devices is
non-linear even if the structure remains leaner. Hence, genetic algorithm approach was used
for choosing optimal parameter. The amount of energy dissipation by the friction damper is
dependent upon the slip load. Besides, the location of the friction damper in a structure will
also decide the energy dissipated by the damper. Generally, force deformation behavior is
modeled using bilinear curve. Hence, assuming such behavior design of damper installed in
bracing frame of the structure was carried out and important parameters were defined. From
the analysis it was concluded that two parameters essential for damper design were slip load
and stiffness ratio. Stiffness ratio is the ratio of bracing stiffness to the structure stiffness.

Morgan and Kurama (2004) came up with a new kind of fiction damper for precast post
tension beam column joint. The gap opening at a pre-cast beam column joint helps to dispel
the energy. By applying the friction damper at the beam column joint the gap opening is
utilized to initiate the slip force in the damper. The slip of friction interfaces leads to the
dissipation of energy at the joint and mitigate the damage. Additionally, stiffness of specimen
was found to improve. As a result of this damper, energy dissipation was seen to increase as
compare to the conventional specimen. Installation of such dampers is very easy and can be
replaced and changed post-earthquake. The damper plates helped to confine the concrete in the
joint area and thus reducing the damage.

Paul 2004 proposed that in modern structures the mitigation of damages in the structure is not
the sole motive. To reduce the non-structural damage and consequently reducing the cost
should also be considered. Important buildings such as hospitals, communication centers,
schools, police stations need to be operational urgently post-catastrophe. Hence this raises
need to incorporate reliable energy dissipaters in the structure so least damages are faced by
the structure. 20 to 30% damping of the critical damping can be offered by the damping
devices while the inherent damping is only 5%. In fictional dampers, slip load is an important
parameter which should be tuned to alleviate the response of the structure. At very high or
very lower slip load, the response of the structure is high. Therefore, slip load should be
chosen at an optimum range. This optimum slip load can result into minimum response.
Therefore, knowing the value of optimum slip can help to reduce the response to minimum.
The author also compared different energy dissipation devices with Pall friction damper and
stated the advantage of friction damper over the others.

Pasquin et.al(2004) carried out rehabilitation of a 10 story Eaton’s building built with
concrete and steel frames in 1925 in Montréal. Friction damper was chosen as an alternative to
rehabilitate the structure as the conventional techniques like bracing and shear walls obscure
the architectural design. The objective behind installation of friction dampers was to introduce
sufficient energy dissipation and thus reduce the structural and nonstructural damages. The
energy dissipation done by dampers also compensated the ductility. Around 161 dampers were
installed with aid of diagonal and chevron bracings. These devices are designed to slip at large
seismic activity and dispel energy before yielding of any other structural elements. Dampers
were not designed to excite during winter. Resonance was not exhibited in the damped
structure because of the disparity between the natural time period and amplitude of vibration.
The guidelines for design of these devices state that response of the structure ought to be
assessed for design base earthquake and maximum considered earthquake.

Hakimi et.al.(2004) carried out a study on pall friction damper installed at the center with the
help of chevron bracing. The pall friction damper comprises of simple design and low-cost as
compared to other two dampers. In this friction plates are attached together with high strength
tight bolts. Due to rotation and axial deformation the kinetic energy is converted into heat
energy. Hence, in this way energy is dispelled. Aspect ratio of damper should be in accordance
with the aspect ratio of bracing for enhancing efficiency of damper. Author concluded that
proportional aspect ratio of damper and bracing system will lead to maximum dissipation of
energy. Using this damper two school buildings where we rehabilitated.

Min et al put forward the analytical design procedure of friction damper with bracing for a
one story structure to provide a desired damping. The study was carried out in order to
determine the damping ratio and the force produced in friction damper for the site
performance level. The coulomb’s damping force was replaced with equivalent viscous
damping force in order to determine the design parameter. The steps involved in design
procedure of friction damper include determination of desired response factor, target damping
ratio for desired response reduction, friction force ratio, amplitude of the harmonic loading,
friction force required by damper and verify the performance. Using these design steps, the
author verified the method with 10 real-time earthquake data. He concluded that design
procedure could be used for designing a friction damper device.
CHAPTER 3

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLY

3.1 GENERAL

This chapter encompasses the idea of conception of propose damper, procedure of fabrication
of damper and the experimental set up followed to evaluate efficiency of damper.
Methodology to be followed to accomplish aim and objectives is illustrated in figure 3.1. The
flowchart shows step-by-steps followed to achieve the defined aims and objectives. It depicts
the whole procedure to be meticulously followed in order to gain the desired results. Process
of fabrication of proposed friction damper is shown in detail in this section. Construction of
beam column joint is also depicted with various important steps involved in it. Testing setup
and procedure that is supposed to be followed in order to determine the various cycling test
results are shown in section.

For isolator damper test separate setup is to required where proposed fiction damper
properties can be tested. The friction coefficient and energy dissipation efficiencies are two
important parameters to be assessed in the isolated damper test experiment. Setup for testing
of beam Column joint with install of damper is also illustrated in the section below.

3.2 Modeling of Friction Damper

3.3 Fabrication of damper

It was inferred after pursuing various literatures that friction interface is generally made up of
steel on steel, brass or copper on steel or other metallic surfaces. However, a limitation was
observed that while using such metallic surfaces such as friction interfaces in friction damper
there is high likelihood of occurrence of corrosion. With passage of time these metallic
surfaces corrode and it may become cause of reduced energy dissipation performance of the
friction dampers. To eliminate this problem, a material which is free from corrosion can be
used as friction interface. Rubber tire is one such material free from corrosion which has been
opted for testing in this experimental study. Objective behind using rubber is to make use of
this auto mobile industry waste for friction purpose. Owing to its low cost, the cost of damper
can also be reduced.

Based upon available literature it was found that rubber could also be used as a friction
interface. Next step was to fabricate the friction material. This kind of fabrication has not been
mentioned in prior literature. Attempting to make fiction interface out of rubber was new
experience. Ability of rubber to impart damping to the structure is better and comparable to
other efficient material. Hence, in this experiment rubber tires are chosen as fiction material.
The waste rubber tire strip is shown in figure.

3.4 Isolator damper test

For isolated testing of damper separate set up was made. The setup is shown in figure.
Capacity of loading screen was 70 T. To dump a place where placed upright

3.5 Experimental Setup

For isolated testing of damper separate set up was made. A base plate was fixed with bolts to
the bottom stand. The stand was made using two I-sections welded from bottom and on upper
side a plate with bolt holes was slotted. Steel bracings were provided to make the stand rigid.
The plates were fixed very firmly so that they do not move during the cycling loading. The
center plate was fixed with the hydraulic jack directly. The setup was in vertical position as
depicted in figure.

3.5.1 Testing program

3.6 Beam Column joint construction
3.7 Casting of Beam column joint

Beam column joint casting includes various steps which needs to be meticulously followed in
order to gain the desired strength. Mix ratio should take in forecasting was 1222. Casting was
done manually and not by using any mixer. Various steps involved in Beam column joint
casting are

i. Caging
ii. Form work
iii. Batching
iv. Mixing
v. Concreting
vi. Curing

The first step towards casting beam column joint is the caging. Caging needs to be done by
technician with proper supervision. Bars length should be checked properly. Shortage in
length of part may result into encourage failure during testing. Therefore, sufficient anchorage
length should be provided. Details should be provided in compliance with the standard codes.
Casing can be shown in figure

After caging formwork is the next step to be performed. The formwork was greased before
moving the casing inside. Offset of 25mm was given for clear cover. Formwork is illustrated
in figure

Volume batching was done for casting Beam column joint.

Mixing was done manually without the help of any mixer. Therefore, more errors are bound to
take place.

After mixing, concrete is placed in the formwork with proper compaction. For compaction
needle vibrator was used. Finished concrete is shown in figure. After 24 hours the demolding
is done. And the beam column joint is ready for curing.

Curing is done for 28 days with the help of gunny bags. The controls specimen i.e. cubes and
cylinders are also taken for curing. The samples are tested on completion of 28 days under
universal testing machine for determination of compressive strength gained by the beam
column joint space man. Curing with gunny bag is shown in figure

3.8 Installation of Damper at Beam Column Interface

Beam column joint installation is key step among all the procedures. Important step during
installation of damper is the appropriate position of the damper. The holes were drilled using
drill bit. If the damper is placed with some eccentricity then the efficacy of damper will
reduce. Also, such situations can lead to reverse effect in performance of beam column joint.
For installation of damper in the beam column joint interface a base plate of 25mm thickness
was used so that load transfer is uniform in the elements.

Anchorage of damper with beam and column is of cardinal significance. The bolt chosen for
encourage in this experiment were the wedge type anchor bolts. Diameter of the bolt was 20
mm. Using wedge anchor bolt it was assured that connection of damper with concrete will not
get loosen at any stage. However there is possibility that propagation of cracks may take place
along the bolt which may affect the efficiency of the damper at latter stage. If connection is
appropriately done in the beam column joint the potential efficiency of the damper can be
expected. Therefore, making tight and intact connection is very important step in installation
of damper at beam column interface.

3.9 Experimental setup

The beam column assemblages are subjected to half cycle causes static loading. The column is
exposed to the monotonous loading imitating gravity load. The beam column assemblages are
held in upright position. The cycle loading is applied at the beam and. The column is
supported with a hint support from the bottom end which is connected to a strong reaction
floor. Laterally the column is supported by two roller supports at near the top and bottom
portion over the height of column. The experimental set up for testing beam column
assemblage in the frame is illustrated in figure. The experiment is carried out in a 75 T loading
frame, mounted with a hydraulic jack of 50 T capacity for applying cyclic loading at the beam
end. The cycling loading is applied to Beam at a distance of 160 mm from the end. The static
load on the column is provided with jack. The static load adapter for the columns basement is
20 Kn.

3.9.1 testing program