SYSTEMATICS:

VASCULAR SEED
PLANTS
PREPARED BY: BATIANCILA,
CAPANANG, GELIG, OCAMPO, SALAZAR
OBJECTIVES

DISTINGUISHING FEATURES
01 INTRO ABOUT VASCULAR
SEED PLANTS 02 OF VASCULAR SEED
PLANTS

EXPLAIN THE PHYLOGENY

03 EVOLUTIONARY
HISTORY 04 OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF
VASCULAR SEED PLANTS
VASCULAR PLANTS
The term ‘vascular‘ is derived from the Latin word
vāsculum, vās, meaning “a container and column”;
the overall meaning of vascular is a small vessel.
Compactly, vascular plants are those plants that
contain vascular tissues such as xylem (important
for transporting water) and phloem (essential for
transporting minerals and nutrients).
 VASCULAR SEED
PLANTS
● The vascular seed plants include all the seed-containing plants,
angiosperms (flowering plants) and gymnosperm.
● The vascular seed plant has vascular tissues such as xylem and
phloem.
● Vascular seed plants are sophisticated plants that have a
transportation function via xylem and phloem. Throughout the plant,
glucose (made during photosynthesis), gases, water, minerals, and
nutrients are circulated.
● Vascular seed plants are eukaryotes. They differ from prokaryotes in
that they have nuclei and other membrane-bound cellular
components.
● Other common features include stems, leaves, and roots that keep the
plant together and offer support.
Classification of Vascular Seed Plants

GYMNOSPERM ANGIOSPERM
Seed-bearing plants Flowering plants
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES
OF GYMNOSPERM AND
ANGIOSPERM
 Characteristic of Gymnosperm
● They do not produce flowers.
● Seeds are not formed inside a fruit. They are naked.
● They are found in colder regions where snowfall occurs.
● They develop needle-like leaves.
● They are perennial or woody, forming trees or bushes.
● They are not differentiated into ovary, style and stigma.
● Since stigma is absent, they are pollinated directly by the wind.
● The male gametophytes produce two gametes, but only one of them
is functional.
● They form cones with reproductive structures.
● The seeds contain endosperm that stores food for the growth and
development of the plant.
● These plants have vascular tissues which help in the transportation
of nutrients and water.
● Xylem does not have vessels and the phloem has no companion
 Characteristic of Angiosperm
● Flowers are present in all angiosperms at some point in their lives.
The blooms act as the plant's reproductive organs, allowing it to
exchange genetic information.
● Angiosperms have small pollen grains that spread genetic
information from flower to flower.
● All angiosperms have stamens.
● Angiosperms have significantly smaller female reproductive organs
than non-flowering plants, they can generate seeds much faster.
● Angiosperms have carpels that enclose developing seeds that may
turn into a fruit.
● A great advantage for angiosperms is the production of endosperm.
EVOLUTIONARY
HISTORY
GYMNOSPERM
● The earliest seed plants to develop were gymnosperms. The Upper Devonian
Series rocks include the first seedlike bodies (about 382.7 million to 358.9 million
years ago). A lot of morphological alterations were required throughout the
formation of the seed habit.

● The Mississippian Period is a subset of the Carboniferous Period (about 358.9

million to 323.2 million years ago).

● The extinct division Progymnospermophyta is thought to be ancestral to seed

plants. The best-known progymnosperm is the Devonian Archaeopteris, originally
assumed to be a fern, with wedge-shaped subdivided leaflets known as pinnules
and sporangia borne on appendages in between the pinnules.
ANGIOSPERM
● Undisputed fossil data place angiosperms' huge arrival and diversification in the
middle to late Mesozoic epoch. Angiosperms (meaning "seed in a vessel") develop a
flower with male and/or female reproductive organs. Flowering plants originally
originated in the Lower Cretaceous, around 125 million years ago, and were quickly
diversifying by the Middle Cretaceous, about 100 million years ago, according to
fossil evidence.

● Although various explanations have been proposed to explain the unexpected

abundance and diversity of flowering plants, none has won the support of
paleobotanists (scientists who study ancient plants). However, new findings from
comparative genomes and paleobotany have given some insight on the
development of angiosperms. Angiosperms are not descended from gymnosperms,
but rather from a sister clade (a species and its descendants) that evolved
concurrently with gymnosperms.
 GYMNOSPERM
The term "Gymnosperm" is derived from the Greek words "gymnos" (naked) and "sperma" (seed),
thus the term "Naked seeds." Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants, but unlike
angiosperms, they do not produce fruits. These plants generate cone-like structures on the
surface of scales or leaves, or at the ends of stalks.
 Gymnosperm
Order Group

● CYCADALES
● GINKGOALES
● GNETALES
● PINALES ( conifer I)
● CUPRESSALES ( conifer II )
 Order: CYCADALES
● The plant body is sporophytic, and the sporophyte is differentiated
into well-developed roots, columnar and generally un-branched stem
and pinnately compound leaves.
● Circinate vernation can be seen on young leaves.
● The wood has a manoxylic odor. Mucilage canals can be seen in both
the pith and the cortex. The leaf trace is diploxylic in nature.
● Plants are always dioecious, and their reproductive organs are often
cone-shaped. Cones are often located near the terminal or lateral
ends of the body.
Cycas
 Order: CYCADALES
● The microsporophylls in male cones are positioned on the cone axis
and create a tight structure. Microsporangia are located on the
microsporophyll abaxial side.
● Megasporophylls are foliage leaf-like structures with a sterile terminal
part. In the center area of the megasporophylls, many ovules (2-8) are
arranged.
● They have a stocky cylindrical stem possessing a crown of very large
palm-like leaves. They possess naked seeds on modified leaves
(sporophylls) and are thus true gymnosperms. Cycodophyta
 Family Cycadaceae
● The Cycadaceae are woody, unbranched or sparsely branched,
palmlike, dioecious, seed-bearing trees or shrubs with think, pithy
stems.
● The leaves are alternate, spiral arranged in a cluster at the summit of
the stem, frondlike, pinnately compound, usually stiff, often with
sharply pointed leaflets that have a single midvein (without laterals)
and exhibit circinate vernation.
● The ovules and seeds are born naked on the petioles of reduced leaves
that are loosely clustered at the stem apex of female plants. Cycads
● Seeds are typically large.
 Family Zamiaceae
● Plants are perennial, evergreen and dioecious.
● They have subterranean to tall and erect, usually unbranched,
cylindrical stems, and stems clad with persistent leaf bases.
● Leaves are simply pinnate, spirally arranged, and interspersed with
cataphylls.
● Leaflets are sometimes dichotomously divided, and occur with severa
sub-parallel, dichotomously branching longitudinal veins; they lack a
mid rib.
● The seeds are angular, with the inner coat hardened and the outer
coat fleshy. They are often brightly colored, with 2 cotyledons. Encephalartos
 Order: GINKGOALES
● Trees that are tall and well-branched, with short and long
shoots. However, some of the earliest fossil members lacked
both short and long shoots.
● Wood contains pycnoxylic acid. Large, leathery leaves that are
fan-shaped or strap-shaped. They are frequently deeply
divided.
● The leaves frequently have dichotomous venation. Male
organs are axillary in position and are unbranched and Ginkgo biloba
catkin-like.
 Order: GINKGOALES
● Micro-sporangiophores are found in male organs. Each
microsporangiophore has 2 to 12 pendulous microsporangia.
● Spermatozoids move and have spiral bands of flagella.
● Ovules are found on axillary axes that are either branching or
unbranched. They range in size from 2 to 10.
● The seeds are big. Each seed has a fleshy outer layer and a
rocky inner layer.
Ginkgo biloba
 Order: GNETALES
● Small trees or shrubs or climbing shrubs, sparsely
branched and usually dioecious.
● Simple, opposing, net-veined leaves, scale-like
leaves, or long strap-shaped leaves.
● True vessels are present in the secondary wood.
● 'Flowers' that have a distinct perianth.
● Micro-and mega-sporangiate strobili compound.
● The ovule's single integument gets extended like a
tube.
● Embryo with two cotyledons.
Gnetum gnemon
● Copious endosperm.
 Family Ephedraceae
● Generally shrubs, sometimes clambering vines, and
rarely, small trees.
● They spread by the use of their rhizomes.
● The stems are green and photosynthetic
● Leaves are opposite or whorled
● The plants are dioecious
● The female strobili also occurs in whorls, with
bracts which fuse around a single ovule.
● There are generally 1-2 yellow to dark brown seeds
per strobilus.
Ephedra viridis
 Family Welwitschiaceae
● Tumboa plants constituting the only species, have
deep taproots and resemble giant radishes 60 to
120 cm in diameter and projecting about 30 cm
above the ground.
● the only leaves produced during the plant’s life are a
pair of cotyledons (seed leaves), which generally
wither less than 18 months after the seed
germinates, and a pair of inconspicuous scalelike
leaves that protect the stem tip.
● some individual specimens of Welwitschia have
been estimated to be 1,500 to 2,000 years old.
Welwitschia mirabilis
 Order: PINALES
● Almost all have needle-shaped or scale-like leaves
and are evergreen.
● They often have straight trunks with horizontal
branches that vary in length from bottom to top
more or less consistently, giving the trees a conical
shape.
● Distinguished by the presence of staminate or
pollen-producing cones; the majority possess
ovulation or seed-producing cones. Pinus sylvestris
 Family: Pinaceae
● Pinaceae are mostly evergreen trees or shrubs that
yield resin, a viscous substance. The bark is either
thin or thick, and scaly.

● Most of the genera have resin canals or tracheids.

The distance between branches is determined by
the length of the internodes.

Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii)
 Order: CUPRESSALES
● These are generally evergreen trees or shrubs with
tiny, scaly leaves and distinct male and female
cones, which can be found on different trees.
● The seed cones are often woody or leathery in
texture, with one to many seeds hidden under each
scale.
● Distinctive aerial roots that brace the trees upright
in the water.
● They are considered deciduous. Sequoia sempervirens
● 198 species
 Cupressales Family Group

● These are generally evergreen trees or shrubs with

tiny, scaly leaves and distinct male and female
cones, which can be found on different trees.
● The seed cones are often woody or leathery in
texture, with one to many seeds hidden under each
scale.
● Distinctive aerial roots that brace the trees upright
in the water.
● They are considered deciduous.
 Family Araucariaceae

● consist of monoecious or dioecious trees.

The roots are endomycorrhizal. The leaves are
evergreen, simple, spiral or opposite, and
broad to acicular.
● The pollen cones are relatively large, with
numerous microsporophylls, each with 5–20,
pendant (inverted) microsporangia; pollen is
not saccate..

Araucaria angustifolia
 Family Podocarpaceae

● The Podocarpaceae are distinctive in being

usually dioecious trees, with linear, elliptic, or
subulate to scale-like leaves, the seed cones
with ovuliferous scales bearing one ovule,
entire cone often reduced to one seed,
sometimes borne on a fleshy receptacle, the
seed often enveloped by a fleshy epimatium

Podocarpus
macrophyllus
 Family Sciadopityceae

● Description. An evergreen tree to 20-30(35) m

tall and up to 1 m dbh, with dense, heavy
branching and luxuriant foliage, single- or
multi-stemmed.
● Bark thick soft red-brown, stringy. Shoots
orange-brown, glabrous, dimorphic (long or
short); buds ovoid, 3-4 mm, only produced at
the shoot apices.

Sciadopitys verticillata
 Family Taxaceae

● The Taxaceae are distinctive in being

evergreen trees or shrubs with linear to
acicular, spiral to decussate leaves, the pollen
cones with peltate microsporophylls each
bearing many (2–16) microsporangia, the
mature seed cones reduced to one seed, the
seed arillate, cotyledons two.

Taxus baccata
 Family Cupressaceae

● both exists as tall and erect trees. These trees

have a single, clearly marked main axis, with
strong, high lateral axes.
● They are mostly evergreen, but some species
of Taxodiaceae are deciduous.
● Cupressaceae also has several species that
are shrubs.

Cupressus
sempervirens
 ANGIOSPERM
The term "angiosperm" comes from the Greek words angeion ('container, vessel,') and sperma
('seed,') and refers to plants that generate seeds within a fruit. Vascular plants are
angiosperms. They have stems, roots, and leaves, among other things. Angiosperm seeds are
located in flowers, unlike gymnosperm seeds found in conifers and cycads. In an ovary, which
is commonly found in a flower, angiosperm eggs are fertilized and mature into a seed.
 Angiosperm
Group

● MAGNOLIIDS
● MONOCOTS
● COMMELINIDS
● EUDICOTS
 MAGNOLIDS
● a group of flowering plants. Until recently, the group included about
9,000 species, including magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon,
avocado, black pepper, tulip tree and many others.
● have two cotyledons, so they were originally placed with the dicots.
● a large group of plants, with many species that are economically
important as food, drugs, perfumes, timber, and as ornamentals, among
many other uses. Magnolia obovata
● produce essential oils in their leaves, bark, or wood.
● Most magnoliids have features of a relatively archaic nature: in the
flowers, the usually unfused carpels are surrounded by either many
petals or none at all
 MAGNOLIDS
● Magnoliids occupy a wide range of habitats and are found in most
countries. They occur in most habitats where other flowering plants exist,
except in salt water, where only a few specialized angiosperms can
survive. Magnoliids include short, medium, and tall trees.
● Biochemically, magnoliids are characterized by the presence of
benzylisoquinoline or aporphine alkaloids, which are secondary
metabolites with a defensive function and are rare in other groups.
 MAGNOLIDS ORDER

● CANELLALES
● PIPERALES
● LAURALES Magnolia obovata Piper aduncum

● MAGNOLIALES

Laurus nobilis
Magnolia
 MONOCOTS
● are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which
typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon.
● Historically, this feature was used to contrast the monocots with the
dicotyledons or dicots which typically have two cotyledons; however modern
research has shown that the dicots are not a natural group, and the term can
only be used to indicate all angiosperms that are not monocots.
● The embryo consists of a single cotyledon, usually with two vascular bundles.
● The cotyledon, the primordial Angiosperm leaf consists of a proximal leaf base Wheat

or hypophyll and a distal hyperphyll. In monocots the hypophyll tends to be the

dominant part in contrast to other angiosperms
 MONOCOTS

● Most monocots are herbaceous annuals or perennials that shoot each

season from an underground storage organ (bulb, corm or rhizome)
although some do form small woody trees.
● The leaves are usually long and slender and have parallel venation. The
floral parts are usually in 3's. When the perianth is petaloid (showy) there
are usually two whorls, each of 3 parts. In the grasses, sedges and rushes,
Wheat
the perianth may be much reduced or absent.
 MONOCOTS ORDER

● ACORALES
● ALISMATALES
● DIOSCOREALES
● PANDANALES
● LILIALES
● PETROSAVIALES
● ASPARAGALES
 COMMELINIDS

● The Commelinids are a monophyletic assemblage of

monocots, as evidenced by morphological and
molecular data. The Commelinids are characterized by
an apparent chemical apomorphy, the presence of a
class of organic acids (including coumaric, diferulic, and
ferulic acid) that impregnate the cell walls. These acids
can be identified microscopically in being Typha latifolia
UV-fluorescent
 COMMELINIDS ORDER

● ARECALES
● POALES
● COMMELINALES
● ZINGIBERALES
● DASYPOGONACEAE

Major clades of the commelinid monocotyledons, modified from APG III (2009) with selected
apomorphies shown.
 EUDICOTS
● The eudicots are a large, monophyletic assemblage of
angiosperms, comprising roughly 190,000 described species,
or 75% of all angiosperms. The monophyly of eudicots is
well-supported from molecular data and delimited by at least
one palynological apomorphy: a tricolpate or
tricolpate-derived pollen grain.
● Tricolpate pollen grains evolved from a monosulcate type,
Helianthus annuus
which is considered to be ancestral in the angiosperms, as
well as for many seed plant clades.
 EUDICOTS ORDER
● RANUNCULALES ● FABALES ● SANTALALES ● BORAGINALES
● PROTEALES ● ROSALES ● BERBERIDOPSIDALES ● AQUIFOLIALES
● TROCHODENDRALES ● CUCURBITALES ● CARYOPHYLALLES ● ASTERALES
● BUXALES ● FAGALES ● CORNALES ● ESCALLONIALES
● GUNNERALES ● GERANIALES ● ERICALES ● BRUNIALES
● DILLENIALES ● MYRTALES ● ICACINALES ● APIALES
● SAXIFRAGALES ● CROSSOMATALES ● METTENIUSALES ● PARACRYPHIALES
● VITALES ● PICRAMNIALES ● GARRYALES ● DIPSACALES
● ZYGOPHYLLALES ● SAPINDALES ● LAMIALES ● CERATOPHYLLALES
● OXALIDALES ● HUERTEALES ● VAHLIALES
● CELASTRALES ● MALVALES ● SOLANALES
● MALPIGHIALES ● BRASSICALES ● GENTIANALES
EUDICOTS ORDER
 ROSIDS
● The Rosids (Rosidae) comprise a very large group
of eudicots. Recent molecular studies verify the
monophyly of this group.
● No clear nonmolecular apomorphies unite the
Rosids. Members tend to have perianths with
unfused parts and a stamen merosity greater than
that of the calyx or corolla, but there are many
exceptions. Generally, Rosids have bitegmic,
crassinucellate ovules, distinguishing them from
the Asterids, which largely have unitegmic,
Cladogram of the orders of the Rosids
tenuinucellate ovules.
 ASTERIDS
● The Asterids are a major group of eudicots,
comprising a large percentage of angiosperms in
total.
● Asterids are generally united by three major
characters. One of these common features is
chemical: the presence of iridoid compounds. In
addition, most Asterids have a sympetalous corolla
and unitegmic, tenuinucellate ovules. It isn't clear
if any of these features are apo-morphic for the
entire group, as there is some variation and
Cladogram of the orders of the Asterids
certainly homoplasy within.
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