z

x
y
Gate
For the 2D gate with
arbitrary shape we
have the potential in
space :
2
( , ) 0 for 0 z z o V = = r
Two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG)
z z
x
y
Gate
Gate
( , ) x y = r
Laplace equation:
potential o
0
1. Derivation
Boundary Condition

( , 0) ( : the region of gate)
0
g
V
o
eO

= O

eO

r
r
r
0 as z
z
o c
=
c
z
x
y

Make Fourier transformation : (2-D)

1

( , ) ( , ) =( , )
2

( , ) ( , )
i
x y
i
z z e d q q
z z e d
o o
t
o o

=
=

q r
q r
r q q q
q r r
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
( , ) ( )

1 ( , )
2

1 1 1 ( , )

( , ) ( , )
2 2 2

1 ( , )

( ( , )) 0
2
i
x y
i i i
x y
i
z
x y z
z
q q e d
z
z
q z e d q z e d e d
z
z
z e d
z
o o
o
o o
t
o
o o
t t t
o
o
t

c c c
V = + +
c c c
c
= +
c
c
= +
c
c
= =
c

q r
q r q r q r
q r
r
q
q
q
q q q q q
q
q q q
Find the form of :

( , ) r o q
= 0
2
2
2

( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , 0)
z
z z z e
z
o o o o

c
= =
c
q
q q q q q
By the property of convolution:
*
( ) ( ) ( )
2
f g
F F f F g
t
=
Note: Here F define as the fourier transform from real space to
fourier space
( ) F g
( ) F f
1
, ( , 0)
2
z
i
f e e d g o
t


= =

q
q r
q r

( , ) ( , 0)
z
z e o o

=
q
q q

( ) ( ) ( ) ( *g/2 ) F F f F g F f o o t = = =
Hence
We have
( )
* 1
( ) ( , 0)
2 2
1 1
( ) ( , 0)
2 2
z
i
f g
f d
e e d d
o o
t t
o
t t
'
' ' '
= =
' '
=

q
q r r
r r r r
q r r
Take polar coordinates:
( )
2
cos( )
0
z q z
i iqr
e e d e e d qdq
t
u o
u

=

q
q r
q
0
2 ( ) J qr t
Bessel function :
0
J
2
cos
0
0
1
( )
2
iz
J z e d
t
|
|
t

=

It becomes a Hankel transform:
0
2 2 3/ 2
2
2 ( )
( )
q z
z
e J qr qdq
z r
t
t

=
+

Hankel transform is one dimensional transform with Bessel function

as kernel.
0
0
F(q)=2 ( ) (2 ) f r J qr rdr t t

( ) f r ( ) F q
ar
e

2 2 2 3/ 2
2
(4 )
a
q a
t
t +
2 2 3/ 2
1
2 ( )
z
i
z
e e d
z r t


=
+

q
q r
q
Hence we have
And hence the potential is
2
2 3/ 2
1
( )
2
( )
z
d
z
o o
t
' '
=
'
+

r r
r r
2
2 3/ 2
1
( , ) ( )
2
( )
( , )
z
z d
z
x y
o o
t
' '
=
'
+
=

r r r
r r
r
y
x
w w
d
Gate 1
V
G
Gate 2
V
G
Find the potential in
space by
Note:
By the symmetry of the
gates we only need to find
(x,0,z)
J. H. Davies, I. A. Larkin, and E. V. Sukhorukov, J. Appl. Phys.
77, 4506 (1995).
2. Demonstration
( , 0) x = r
( , ) x y
' ' '
= r
2
2 3/ 2
1
( , , ) ( )
2
( )
z
V x y z d
z
o
t
' '
=
'
+

r r
r r
/ 2 / 2
2 2 2 3/ 2 2 2 2 3/ 2
/ 2 / 2
( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
d w d w
G G
d w d w
zV zV
dy dx dy dx
z x x y z x x y
+ +

' ' ' '
+
' ' ' '
+ + + +

Gate 1 Gate 2
Set
Then
Boundary Condition:
0 as z
0 as x
0 as z or x
V
z
V
x
V
c

c
=

Gate1:
/ 2
2 2 2 3/ 2
/ 2
( ( ) )
d w
G
d w
z
V dy dx
z x x y
+

' '
' '
+ +

( ) f x
'
( )
| |
| |
2 2 2
2 2 2 3/ 2
2
3 3/ 2
0
/ 2 / 2
2 2
0 0
/ 2
2 2 2 2
0
( ) ( )
( ( ) )
2 / tan , 0, / 2
(1 / )
1 2
=2 d = cos
sec
2 2 2
sin
( )
z
f x dy z x x k
z x x y
z
dy y k
k y k
d
k k
k k z x x
t t
t
u u t
u u u
u
u

' ' '

= + =
' '
+ +
' '
= = e
'
+
= = =
'
+

/ 2
1 1 2
2 2
/ 2
2
( , , ) 2 ( )
( )
d w
G G
d w
z
V x y z V dx V
z x x
u u
+

'
= =
'
+

1
2
1
2
/ 2 / 2
2 2 2 2
/ 2 / 2
2
/ 2
2 2 2
/ 2
1 2
2 2

( )
2 2 sec
/ tan
(1 ( / )) 1 tan
2 2( )
d w d w x
d w d w x
d w x
d w x
z z
dx dh h x x
z x x z h
z z
dh d h z
z h z z
d
u
u
u
u
u
u u
u
u u u
+ +

+

' '
= =
'
+ +
= = =
+ +
= =

1
1
/ 2
tan ( )
d x w
z
u

+
=
1
2
/ 2
tan ( )
d x w
z
u


=
1
1
1
2
/ 2
tan ( )
Gate1
/ 2
tan ( )
d x w
z
d x w
z
u
u

In the same way we have

gate2:
2 1 2
( , , ) 2 ( )
G
V x y z V o o =
1
1
1
2
/ 2
tan ( )
Gate2
/ 2
tan ( )
d x w
z
d x w
z
o
o

1 2 1 2 1 2
2 ( )
G
V V V V u u o o = + = +
It satisfy the boundary condition
z=1 nm
Case for
d=50 nm
w=10 nm
z=5 nm
x
y
w
d
w