Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology

 Optimistic View
 Gemeneinschaftsgefuhl – “Social Interest” – or
feeling oneness with human kind
o Sole criterion of human values
 People are motivated by social influences and
striving for superiority and success
 Blessed with organ inferiorities (only our
motivation for future goals)
 Striving for superiority – personal superiority
over others
 Striving for success – motivated by social interest
 Final goal – umbrella term for striving for
superiority and success.
 Organ dialect – deficiencies express direction of
individual’s goal.
 Style of life – flavors of a person’s life “all that
compose the person”
 Creative power – places people in control of their
lives (a person can choose to who will be)
 4 or 5 years old – final goal become established
in a person.
 Fictional Finalism – conglomeration of ideas (be
kind to go to heaven)

Factors in Maladjustment/ Abnormality

  Exaggerated physical deficiency – overly
concerned with selves
 Pampered style of life (spoiled)– lies at the heart
of most neuroses, weak social interest;
-parasite relationship with parents
 Neglected style of life – unwanted, abused, and
mistreated.

Safeguarding Tendencies
 Excuse – “yes” “but” ; “if only”

 Aggression
o Depreciation – undervalue other, over
value self.
o Accusation – blame othes, seek revenge
o Self-accusation – self torture and guilt.
 Withdrawal – through distance
o Moving backward
o Standing still
o Hesitating
o Constructing obstacles

Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology

  No. 1 and No. 2 personality
 No 1 – false self “extraverted self” – personality
since childhood.
 No 2 personality – true self “introverted self” –
personality discovered during middle life.
 Individuation – state of being perfectly balance.
 Conservative principle – tendency to cling to the
narrow consciousness of childhood to avoid
problems of the present time of life

Levels of the Psyche

1. Conscious
Ego -center of consciousness
Self – center of personality
2. Personal Unconscious – repressed and forgotten
experience – Unique to everyone and based on
individual experience.
3. Collective unconscious – ancestral past of all aspects;
same for all people. – from one generation to another
4. Archetypes – ancient or archaic images from
collective unconscious
Self-archetypes – mother of all archetypes
 Persona – personality shown to the world.
 Shadow – darkness and repression.
First test or courage – realization of shadow.
 Anima – feminine side of men - illogical,
irrational and emotional side of men
 Animus – masculine archetype of women –
logical and rational side of woman
 There’s a man and a woman inside of us,
Second test of courage – acquaintance with
anima and animus.
 Great mother – fertility, destruction, rebirth
Nurturing and nourishing side
Destructive side
 Wise Oldman – wisdom and meaning -
involves of mysteries of life
 Hero -powerful person who vanquish evil
Hero must have tragic flaw “weakness”
 Self-inherent tendency to move towards
growth.
Self-realization
Mandala – ultimate symbol of life
Yin Yang symbol of opposing elements of
psyche

Harry Stacks Sullivan: Interpersonal theory

 Personality develops in social context, without other
people, humans would have no personality
 Eidetic personification – imaginary friends
 Emphatic linkage – Mother’s anxiety transfers to the
baby.

Levels of Cognition
 Prototaxic level – earliest and most primitive
experience of infants. Babies can only know what
they feel.
 Parataxic – assumes cause and effect relationship
between 2 events occurred coincidentally.
Example: Superstitions belief
 Syntaxic Level – meaningful interpersonal
communication.
There’s understanding that’s why there’s meaningful
conversation

Karen Horney: Psychoanalytic Social

 Culture, not anatomy, is the reason of gender
differences. (same with Adler)
 Culture and early childhood experiences plays a
leading role in shaping personality.
 Basic hostility – unsatisfied needs for safety and
satisfaction
 Basic Anxiety – feeling of being isolated and
helpless in a hostile world.
Defenses against Basic Anxiety
 Affection – like companionship not love
 Submissiveness – submit yourself to
powerful organization not to feel alone
 Power, Prestige and Possession
 Withdrawal – emotionally detached from
others.
  Neurotic happens if it prevents you to form
relationship with other

Erik Erikson: Post-Freudian Theory

Stages of Psychosocial development
Infancy
 Basic trust vs. Mistrust
 Basic Strength: hope
 Core Pathology: withdrawal
Early Childhood
 Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
 Basic Strength: Will
 Core Pathology: Compulsion
Play Age
 Initiative vs. Guilt
 Basic Strength: Purpose
 Core Pathology: Inhibition
School Age
 Industry vs. Inferiority
 Basic Strength: Competence
 Core Pathology: Inertia
Adolescence
 Identity vs. Identity confusion
 Basic Strength: Fidelity
 Core Pathology: Role repudiation
Young Adulthood
  Intimacy vs. Isolation
 Basic Strength: Love
 Core Pathology: exclusivity

Adulthood
 Generativity vs. Stagnation
 Basic Strength: Care
 Core Pathology: Rejectivity
Old Age
 Integrity vs. Despair
 Basic Strength: Wisdom
 Core Pathology: Disdain

Carl Rogers: Person-Centered Theory

 Client Centered therapy
 Self-Concept – Who you really are
 Ideal self – who you wish to be
 Self-concept and ideal self must be congruent /
aligned.
 Unconditional positive Regard – accept the
person wholeheartedly without waiting in return.

Barriers to Psychological Health

 Conditions of worth – they are only loved if they
meet those people’s expectations and approval.
 Incongruence – gap between self-concept and
ideal-self.
Distortion – misinterpreting an experience
 Denial – refusal to perceive an experience into
awareness
Disorganization

May: Existential Psychology

 Dasein – being in the world, existing
Modes:
1. Umwelt – environment/object around us.
2. Mitwelt – our relationship with other people
3. Eigenwelt – relationship with our self
 Nonbeing – nothingness
Example: Death

Gordon Allport: Psychology of the Individual

 Emphasizes the uniqueness of an individual
 Disposition theorist
 Personality is dynamic organization within the
individual of those psychophysical system that
determine his characteristic behavior and
thought.

Erich Fromm: Humanistic Humanistic

Psychoanalysis
  Humanities separation from the natural world
 Human Dilemma – people separated from the
natural worlds, but acquired the facility to reason.
 Existential Dichotomies – questions about self-
existence.
Existential Dichotomies
1. Between Life and death
2. Humans are capable to achieve self-
realization, but life is too short to reach it.
3. Humans are ultimately alone but cannot
tolerate isolation.
Humanistic Psychoanalysis
 People separated from, nature (producing
loneliness and isolation called basic anxiety)
 Stripped off of powerful instincts.
 Develop the facility to reason forces us to solve
dichotomies
 Existential dichotomies
 In love, 2 people become one yet remain two
Human Needs
1. Relatedness – union with another
3 Ways of relating with others
1. Submission – submit yourself to another
person
 2. Symbiotic relationship – mutual beneficial
(give and take) e.g dominant and submissive
relationship.
3. Love – only route to become united with the
world
2. Transcendence – urge to rise above a passive and
accidental existence – finding purpose/meaning
in life through
How to find meaning in life?
 Creativity,
 Malignant aggression – killing for reasons
other than for survival.
3. Rootedness – to feel at home
4. Self-Identity – to be aware of as a separate
identity.
5. Frame of orientation – road map to make their
way into the world. All people must have object
of devotion or final goal.
 Burden for freedom – results in basic anxiety
(feeling of being alone in the world
Mechanisms of Escape
1. Authoritarianism – give up independence and
fuse with others
o Masochism
o Sadism
 Positive freedom – free but not alone,
spontaneous activity
Character orientations:
  Non productive character orientations
1. Receptive – source of all good lies outside
self, receive things.
2. Exploitative – source of good lies outside, but
aggressively takes what they desire.
3. Hoarding – save what have been obtained.
They think that the world and person as object.
4. Marketing – see themselves a commodities. “I
am as you desire me”
 Productive Orientation – most healthy of
personality types.
1. Work
2. Love
Biophilia – passionate love in all that is alive
3. Thinking/reasoning/thought

Personality Disorders
1. Necrophilia – love of death (human law
enforcement)
2. Malignant narcissism – preoccupied with oneself;
hypochondriasis, moral hypochondriasis
(preoccupation with guilt), neurotic claims
(extraordinary claims due to some especial
privilege they truly believe they deserve)
3. Incestuous symbiosis (mother fixation) – extreme
dependence on mother/surrogate
4. Syndrome of decay – 3 personalities
 5. Syndrome of growth – love, bibliophilic and
positive freedom

Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory

 Seduction theory – child’s seduction by a parent.
He thrown out the seduction theory
 Father of Psychoanalysis
 Jean Martin Charcot – hysteria (paralysis of the
body)
 Josef Breuer – catharsis (talking them out, though
this freud developed the free association
technique )

Defense Mechanism
 Repression – most basic and the mother of the
defense mechanism because it is present to all
defense mechanism
 Reaction formation – disguised opposite of the
original form
 Displacement – directing unacceptable urges
onto a variety of people or objects
 Fixation – remaining into the present, more
comfortable state.
 Regression – reverting back to earlier stage, into
a more secure behavior.
  Projection – attributing unwanted feelings to an
external object
 Introjection – incorporating positive qualities of
another person in one’s ego
 Sublimation – substituting to a cultural or social
aim; helps both the individual and the social
group.

Henry Murray: Psychogenic Needs

 Thematic Apperception Test
 Set of universal basic needs.

Three famous Psychogenic needs

 Power
 Achievement
  Affiliation

George Kelly: Personal Construct theory

 A person as a scientist

Melanie Klein: Object Relation Theory

 Father of ORT: Sigmund Freud
 Less emphasis on biological, more on social
(interpersonal relationships) mother and child.
 Play therapy
 Maternal intimacy, nurturing of mother
 Prime motive of behavior: human contact and
relatedness