Unit 3: The Self From the Perspective of Psychology

Eddie Boy B. Trongco

Instructor I
College of Arts and Sciences – Department of Social Sciences
Mariano Marcos State University
Learning Objectives
• Discuss the different psychological influences, factors and forces that
shape the self.
• Compare and contrast how the self has been represented across the
different disciplines and perspectives.
• Demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the
development of one’s self and identity by developing a psychological
theory of the self.
 Question about Human Nature

Psychology is the systematic and scientific

study of Individual thoughts and behavior.
Goals of psychology:
To describe
To explain
To predict
To modify
Personality – Enduring patters of thoughts,
feelings and behavior
Nurture vs. Nature
Uniqueness Vs.
Universality
Equilibrium Vs. Growth
Optimism Vs. Pessimism
 The Psychoanalytic Approach pioneered by
Sigmund Freud
• Psychodynamic/ Psychoanalytic
approach- this approach holds that
behaviors are influenced by
unconscious processes. According to
this approach, we are victims of
unconscious sexual and aggressive
instinct that constantly influence our
behavior. Likewise, this approach
assumed that childhood experiences
shape our personality later in life.
Anxiety: a threat to the Ego
Anxiety – To Freud, a feeling of fear and dread without and obvious
cause
Three types:
1. Reality Anxiety – Involved a tangible danger in the real world.
2. Neurotic Anxiety – unconscious fear of being punished for
impulsively displaying ID – dominated behavior.
3. Moral Anxiety – Conflict between the ID and Superego. It is a fear of
one’s conscience. Your superego will retaliate by causing you to feel
shame or guilt.
 Psychosexual Stages of
Development
Stages Ages Characteristics

Oral Stage Birth – 1 Mouth is the primary erogenous zones;

pleasure derived from sucking; ID is
dominant.

Anal Stage 1–3 Toilet training(external Reality) interference

gratification received from defecation.
Phallic Stage 4–5 Incestuous fantasies; complex; anxiety;
super ego development
Latency 5 – Puberty Period of sublimation of sex instinct.

Genital Adolescence – Development of sex-role identity and adult

Adulthood social relationship.
Nature of Human according to psychoanalysis
 Analytical Psychology
Carl Jung

Analytical Psychology – is a combination of person’s pass and childhood

experiences determines future behavior but also believe that we can
shaped by our future aspirations too.
 Assumption Jung Freud

Nature and purpose of the A generalize source of A source of psychic energy

Difference libido psychic energy motivating a
range of behavior.
specific to sexual
gratification.

between
Jung and Nature of the Unconscious A storehouse of repressed
memories specific to the
individual and our ancestral
A storehouse for
unacceptable repressed
desires specific to the
Freud past. individual.

Cause of behavior Past experiences in addition Past experiences, particularly

to future aspiration in childhood.
 Jung relates Physics in understanding Psychic
Energy:
• The Principle of Opposite – Existence of the
opposites or polarities in physical energy.
Ex. Heat vs. cold, creation vs. decay.
• Principle of equivalence – Physical Principle
of conservation of energy. Energy expanded
in bringing about some condition is not lost
but rather is shifted to another.
• Principle of entropy – equalization of energy
differences. Ex. Heat will flow from the
hotter object to the colder object until they
are in equilibrium at the same temperature.
The Theory of libido – the propose of psychic energy was to motivate
the individual in a number of important ways, including spirituality,
intellectuality and creativity. It was also an individual’s motivational
source for seeking pleasure and reducing conflict.
Jung theory of the unconscious
• The Personal Unconscious – compared to pre conscious reservoir of
material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or
supressed.
Complexes – core pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions
and wishes organized around a common theme. Ex. Person have
complex about power or status, does he / she will invest seeking for
achievements or run for election to gain authority over the other.
The Collective Unconscious – it accumulates personal experiences
of the human and pre human species in the collective
unconscious. This heritage is passed to each new generation.
Archetypes – is the ancient experiences contained in the
collective unconsciousness
• The Persona – is the mask that we portray each day. This role we
play is necessary for everyday survival.
• The Anima / Animus archetypes – Human are essentially
bisexual. Anima is the psych contains feminine side of a male
while animus is the masculine psych of a female.
• The Shadow – most powerful and dark side archetype, we
conform to live harmoniously to our society and so we
suppressed or fight this shadow.
• Self Archetype – represent unity, integration, harmony. Helps to
balance our personality.
• The hero, the mother, and wise old men are other archetypes.
 Attitudes and Functions Personality outcome
Extraverted Thinking Logical, objective, dogmatic

Extraverted Feeling Emotional, Sensitive, sociable

Came out Extraverted Sensing Outgoing, pleasure seeking, adaptable

with a Extraverted Intuiting Creative, able to motivate others and to

seize opportunities
personality Introverted Thinking More interested in ideas than in people

assessment : Introverted Feeling Reserved, undemonstrative, yet capable of

deep emotion
Introverted Sensing Outwardly detached, expressing themselves
in aesthetic pursuits
Introverted Intuiting More concerned with the unconscious that
with everyday reality
Nature of Human
 Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler
• It focuses on the uniqueness of each person
and denied the universality of biological
motives and goals ascribed to us by Sigmund
Freud.
• Our personalities are shaped by our unique
social environment and interaction, not by the
effort of satisfying our biological needs.
• The conscious is our core of personality. We
are actively involved in creating our selves and
directing our future.
Inferiority Feelings – a normal condition of all people and presents as a
motivating force in behavior.
Compensation –a motivation to overcome inferiority. To strive
for higher levels of development.
Inferiority complex – a condition that develops when a person in
unable to compensate the inferiority feelings. People with inferiority
complex have poor opinion for themselves and feel helpless and unable
to cope with daily demands.
Striving for superiority – the urge towards perfection or completion
that motivates each of us. Strive for superiority is an effort to perfect
ourselves, and to make it complete or whole.
Superiority complex – whenever the source of complex, a person may
tend to overcompensate of their abilities. Involved exaggerated of one’s
ability and accomplishments.
Style of life refers to the unique pattern of characteristics and behavior by
which we strive for perfection.
Four Basic style of life:
• The dominant or ruling type – Show little social awareness. Person
behaves without regards for others.
• The getting type – expect to receive satisfaction from other.
• The avoiding type – makes no attempt or effort to face life’s problem.
• The socially useful type – cooperates with other people and act in
accordance with their needs.
The first three basic style of life lack the Social interest – Our innate
potential to cooperate with other people to achieve personal and societal
goals.
 Order in the Family Traits Inclination
First Born Leader, responsible types, May become authoritarian
needs to mange, needs or strict. Feels power is right
control, focus because of his responsibility
Birth order Second born / Middle Peace keeper, need to
over his younger siblings.
Need other in order to

influence belong, compromisers succeed and will go far to

keep relationship intact.
More competitive
personality Only Child Achievers, wanting of
recognition, secretive
Likes being the center of
attention. Often has difficulty
sharing with peers
Youngest Creative, fun, impatient Enjoy life, sometimes can be
hedonistic, but impact
everyone, wanting to
surpass other.
Nature of Human
 The life – Span approach
• Erik Erikson suggested that personality
continues to develop in a succession of
eight stages over the entire lifespan.
• Focus emphasis on Ego than on ID. The
Ego is an independent part of the
personality.
• Canter's on search for an Ego Identity.
• Also recognized the impact on
personality of cultural and historical
forces.
Epigenetic principle of maturation – Human development governed by a
sequence of stages that depend on genetic or hereditary factor. The social and
environmental forces to which we are exposed influence the way in which the
genetically predetermined stages of development are realized.

Crisis – the turning point faced at each developmental stages.

Basic strengths – satisfaction resolution of the crisis at each developmental crisis.

Basic weakness – unsatisfactory resolution of development crisis

Maldevelopment -
 Stages Age Adaptive/ Basic Strength Crisis
Maladaptive
Infancy Birth - 1 Trust vs. Mistrust Hope Withdrawal

Early childhood 1–3 Autonomy vs. doubt Will Compulsion

Psychologica Play Age 3–5 Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose Inhibition

l stages of School Age 6 – 11 Industry Vs. Inferiority Competence Inertia

development Adolescence 12 – 18 Identity vs. Role

Confusion
Fidelity Role
Repudiation
Young 18 – 35 Intimacy vs. Isolation Love Exclusivity
Adulthood
Adulthood 35 – 55 Generativity vs. Care Rejectivity
Stagnation
Old age 56 above Ego Identity Vs. Wisdom Disdain
Despair
Humanistic Approach
• Human Interest and values are
of much primary importance
• Emphasize human strengths
and aspirations, conscious free
will and the fulfilment of our
potential
• Concerned with growth and
self-actualization.
Abraham Maslow – each person is born with the same instinctive needs that
enables us to grow, develop and fulfil our potentials.
Characteristics of needs
• Deficit (deficiency) needs – lower needs; failure to satisfy them
produces a deficiency in the body
• Growth (being) needs – higher needs; they involved the realization
and fulfillment of human potential
• Aesthetic needs – desire for beauty and order.
• Cognitive needs – innate needs to know and to understand.
Carl Roger’s Self Actualization
- Current feelings and emotions have a greater impact on personality.

• Self has two subsystem:

• Self-concept – all aspect of identity that are perceived in awareness
• The ideal self – views self as we would like to be or aspire to be.
Development of the self in childhood:
Positive regard – Acceptance of love and approval from other people.
Unconditional positive regard – approval granted regardless of a person’s behavior
Positive self regard – condition under which we grant ourselves acceptance and
approval
Condition of worth – worthy of approval only when we express desirable behavior
and refrain from expressing those that bring disapproval from other.
Mandala
Art
Therapy
Thank you!