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171

Structural behavior of cable anchorage zones in

prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridge
Byung-Wan Jo, Yunn-Ju Byun, and Ghi-Ho Tae

Abstract: Since the cable anchorage zone in a prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridge is subjected to a large amount
of concentrated tendon force, it shows very complicated stress distributions which can cause serious local cracks. Ac-
cordingly, it is necessary to investigate the parameters affecting the stress distribution, such as the cable inclination, the
position of the anchor plate, the modeling method, and three-dimensional effects. The tensile stress distribution in the
anchorage zone is compared to the actual design condition by varing the stiffness of spring elements in the local mod-
eling, and an appropriate position for the anchor plate is determined. The results provide elementary data for the stress
state in the anchorage zones and encourage more efficient designs.
Key words: finite element analysis, bursting stress, spalling stress, cable anchorage zone, cable-stayed bridge.

Résumé : Puisque la zone d’ancrage des câbles d’un pont suspendu en béton précontraint est sujette à d’importantes
forces concentrées près des câbles, cette zone présente des distributions de contrainte très compliquées qui peuvent cau-
ser de sérieuses fissures locales. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire d’étudier les paramètres affectant la distribution de
contrainte, tel que l’inclinaison des câbles, la position de la plaque d’ancrage, la méthode de modélisation et les effets
tridimensionnels. La distribution des contraintes de tension dans la zone d’ancrage est comparée aux conditions réelles
de conception en variant la rigidité des ressorts dans la modélisation locale et une position appropriée pour la plaque
d’ancrage est déterminée. Les résultats fournissent des données élémentaires pour l’état de contrainte dans les zones
d’ancrage et encouragent une conception plus efficace.
Mots clés : analyse d’éléments finis, contrainte d’éclatement, contrainte d’effritement, zone d’ancrage des câbles, ponts
suspendus.
[Traduit par la Rédaction] Jo et al. 180

Introduction bridge anchorage zone than for an ordinary prestressed

For the increased use of post-tensioning systems in large-
scale reinforced concrete structures, the development of a
proper anchorage system that will contain a large concen-
trated load is necessary. Ordinary design methods for the an-
chorage zone of post-tensioned concrete members are very
economical as yet. Localized failure or damage is frequently
observed due to lack of knowledge in the areas of anchor-
age-zone design and construction method. The increased in-
stallation of cable-stayed bridges is a worldwide trend due to
the recent development of design and construction methods.
While the role of the anchorage zone of a cable-stayed
bridge is critically important for load transmission and sta-
bility, this area requires more in-depth study. Since the con-
centrated load becomes much greater, and the load transfer
pattern becomes must more complicated for the cable-stayed
Received 25 July 2001. Revised manuscript accepted
30 November 2001. Published on the NRC Research Press
Web site at http://cjce.nrc.ca on 15 February 2002.
B.-W. Jo1 and G.-H. Tae. Department of Civil Engineering,
Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Y.-J. Byun. Sin-Sung Engineering, Seoul, Korea.
Written discussion of this article is welcomed and will be
received by the Editor until 30 June 2002.
1
Corresponding author (e-mail: joycon@hanmail.net).
structure, the development of fitting analysis and design
methods is required. This study explored the stress concen-
tration of cable anchorage zones, load path, and transverse
tension stress in the compression zone of the flexure cross
section. This study also evaluated design parameters for the
anchorage-zone stress, namely the angle of cable inclination,
location of anchor plate, analysis modeling, and three-
dimensional effects.
Failure mechanism of anchorage
For cable anchorage zones, large tensile stresses may exist
behind the anchor. These tensile stresses result from the
compatibility of deformations ahead of and behind the an-
chorage. Figure 1 illustrates the distinction between the local
and the general zone. The region subjected to tensile stresses
due to spreading of the tendon force into the structure is the
general zone. The region of high compressive stresses imme-
diately ahead of the anchorage device is the local zone. In
many cases, the general zone and the local zone can be
treated separately. However, for small anchorage zones such
as those in slab anchorages, local zone effects, such as high
bearing and confining stresses, and general zone effects,
such as tensile stresses due to the spreading of the tendon
force, may occur in the same region. Three critical regions
can be identified: (i) the region immediately ahead of the
load that is subjected to large bearing and compressive

Can. J. Civ. Eng. 29: 171–180 (2002) DOI: 10.1139/L01-087 © 2002 NRC Canada

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172 Can. J. Civ. Eng. Vol. 29, 2002

Fig. 1. (a) Local zone and (b) general zone. Fig. 2. Anchorage failure mechanism.

stresses; (ii) the bursting zone that extends over some dis-
tance ahead of the anchorage and is subjected to lateral ten-
sile stresses; and (iii) local tensile stress concentrations that
exist along the loaded edge, known as spalling stresses, in
spite of the fact that they do not cause any spalling of the
concrete. At some distance from the anchor, the stresses on
the cross section can be determined from ordinary bending
theory. Within this distance bending theory is not valid, be-
cause the ordinarily assumed linear strain distribution is dis-
turbed by the introduction of the concentrated anchorage
force. The region affected by this disturbance is the “anchor-
age zone”. Common zone means the region where spalling
stress and bursting stress are generated; beyond this region
the specimen will have a linear stress distribution. From the
results of analytical and experimental studies of many vari-
ables on the configuration of the plate and anchorage zone, a
much improved study of failure mechanisms of the anchor- total transverse tensile force, T, obtained by integrating the
age zone is available. This failure mechanism may be ap- bursting stresses, is
plied to the study of the failure mechanisms of conical-
formed and bell-formed anchor devices. The failure mecha- [1] T = 0.3∑ P(1 − a / h) + 0.5 ∑ Pu sin α
nism can be divided into four steps. The first step begins
with the development of tension stress forming longitudinal
cracks in a region that is one plate width away from the ap- in which P is the maximum prestressing force due to post-
plication of force. The second step begins with spreading of tensioning operation (kN), a is the anchor plate width (mm),
inclined cracks to the end face and the side face from the h is the depth of member, Pu is the factored tendon force
rim of a rectangular anchor plate or from a circumference a (N), and α is the angle of inclination of a tendon force with
radius distance away from a circular anchor. The third step respect to the centerline of the member.
occurs with the explosion of the side and commonly occurs
when inclined cracks develop rapidly upon the application
of the force. The fourth step comes after the failure when the The example structure
concrete crumbles to pyramidal shape and shear failure oc-
curs beneath the anchor plate. In this fourth instance, the The example structure for this study is the cable-stayed
failure or the stress condition of the shear failure mechanism bridge, which has some particular geometrical end configu-
can be obtained by calculating the bursting tension stress or ration when compared with an ordinary post-tensioned flex-
strain and the maximum shear stress. A possible mechanism ure member, shown in Fig. 3. There are twelve cables on
that generates failure in a conical- or bell-formed anchor can each end of the structure. These cables have inclinations var-
be classified as shown in Fig. 2. ied between 23° and 66° to the horizontal. Also, the jacking
Traditionally, the end anchorage zones of a cable-stayed force of each cable was found to be between 40.816 and
bridge have been designed using the results of elastic analy- 71.428 kN. Only the local effect was studied in the analysis
sis. Thus the amount of reinforcement required to control of the anchorage zone, and the influence of the other fea-
bursting stresses has been determined from elastic stress dis- tures (such as the member with a box-shaped cross section)
tributions. The amount of transverse reinforcement is chosen are omitted from the study. Figures 4a–4c show the cable
so that it is capable of carrying the tensile force obtained by anchorage zone configuration and the inclination of the ca-
integrating the tensile stress distribution. Usually, the stress bles Stay 1, Stay 6, and Stay 12, respectively. The deck of
in the reinforcement is limited to one-half the yield stress Stay 6 was modeled with plane stress elements, each of
and the reinforcement is uniformly distributed over the zone which has eight nodes with three degrees of freedom at each
of significant tensile stresses. A simple expression recom- node (Fig. 5). Boundary conditions at the vertical and the
mended by Leonhardt (1964) to conservatively estimate the longitudinal directions of the model are shown in Fig. 7.

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Jo et al.
Fig. 3. General cable-stayed bridge: (a) Olympic Grand Bridge and (b) typical cross section. All dimensions are in millimetres.
Anchorage analysis and results
Effect of boundry condition
The anchorage zone, the cable patterns, and the loading
conditions have an intricate influence on the cross section of
the structure and also on the overall structural system. At the
same time an irregular vertical restraint develops due to the
effect of the dead and live loads on the structure and the ver-
tical component of the cable jacking force. Because the lon-
gitudinal girder of a cable-stayed bridge is supported by
cables, and this in turn is connected to a pylon, the vertical
behavior of a member is similar to a spring-supported one
and is different from an ordinary rigidly supported one
(Roverts 1990; Fenwick and Lee 1990). Therefore, the
boundary condition on the top fiber of the floor, i.e., the up-
per edge of the anchorage cross section, varies with the jack-
ing force and the longitudinal location of each cable. The
vertical component of the stiffness also varies. To obtain
more realistic and accurate stress behavior and load flow,
this paper presents a complete two-dimensional structural
analysis of the example structure to calculate the jacking
forces of the cables and the vertical stiffness of the cables
due to vertical displacement of each anchor caused by dead
load. Figure 5 and Tables 1 and 2 show the jacking force, ca-
ble dimension, section properties, and structural model used
in this analysis.
Figure 6 shows the displacement aspect of the cable ten-
sion in Stay 6 as obtained in the analysis. Table 3 summa-
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173
rizes the stiffness at each anchorage as computed. As re-
gards the boundary conditions of the top of the anchorage
section, the distribution of stress and variation of the value
developed within the cross section due to the different stiff-
ness were explored from zero stiffness to complete fixity in
the vertical direction without reference to the computed full
rigidity. Figure 8 shows the results for Stay 1 and Stay 12.
The stress examined in this test is the rupture tensile stress
developed through the cable path. Figure 7 shows a two-
dimensional model of the anchorage area, which ignores the
influence made by the passage of the cable and the continu-
ity made by the rear end of the anchor block. Through the
above, it can be seen that as the rigidity increased the burst-
ing tensile stress decreased; also, at a certain large level of
rigidity the tensile stress did not develop at all, or rather a
compressive stress was observed. This can be interpreted
such as the bursting tensile stress acting perpendicular to the
cable path varies, the uppermost fiber of the anchorage cross
section is checked and this brings about the modification of
the main stress direction and a decrease of its value.
Through the above, it can be seen that through the proper
application of a restraint in the anchorage area, a consider-
able reduction of the concrete tensile force is achieved in the
cross section during the erection. After the completion, this
insures the integrity of the structure. Therefore, it can be
seen that a certain degree of integrity in concrete can be
achieved without exploding the stiffness of the anchorage
top fiber during the design stage and that amount varies with
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174 Can. J. Civ. Eng. Vol. 29, 2002

Fig. 4. Cable anchorage zone for (a) Stay 1, (b) Stay 6, and (c) Stay 12. All dimensions are in millimetres.

Fig. 5. Finite element modeling of the cable-stayed bridge system. the location of cable stays and the inclination angles of the
cables.

Effect of cable inclination

Generally, the post-tensioned tendon has an inclination
angle at the anchorage in most of the flexure members that
have a shape like a girder that is usually 20° or less. But in
the instance of a cable-stayed bridge where the top flange
(or deck) of the member is supported by cables, the cross-
sectional configuration is very complicated and thereby the
inclination angle between the longitudinal cross-sectional
axis and the tendon can be greater. The studies conducted
heretofore were mainly based on an inclination angle of 20°
or less. The edited data used in the design can give a dis-
torted outlook when the initial inclination angle becomes
greater. However, these facts are regarded as on the safe side
during the design computation. For example, the effect of an
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Jo et al. 175

Table 1. Jacking force at Stay 1, Stay 6, and Stay 12.

Tendon X-direction Y-direction

Stay θ force force force Area
No. (°) (kN) (T cos θ) (T sin θ) (mm2) Dimension
1 66.26 81.55 322.07 732.31 5550 37T15
6 37.64 109.89 853.63 658.33 7950 53T15
12 23.52 132.62 1192.91 519.19 9150 61T15

Table 2. Section properties. Fig. 7. Two-dimensional modeling (Stay 1 anchorage).

Inertia Torsional
Area moment constant
Division (mm2) (mm4) (mm4)
Deck (concrete box) 1783.5 244 550 665 950
Pylon 1 (el. 0-2500 mm) 1158.2 254 260 239 020
Pylon 2 (el. 2500-24 200 mm) 1311.3 191 210 199 740
Pylon 3 (el. 24 300-77 600 mm) 601.5 50 170 47 170

Fig. 6. Deformed shape of cable-stayed bridge loaded by unit

load in Stay 6.

Figure 9 shows a diagram for eq. [2]. To explore the effects

when the inclination angle becomes greater than that in gen-
eral practice, analyses were made on five selective locations
on anchorage zones. Bearing area and load sizes varied
slightly in each sample location of the actual structure exam-
ined. To keep the variable number consistent, the bearing
Table 3. Vertical stiffness at Stay 1, Stay 6,
plate area Stay 12 was used consistently. An identical load
and Stay 12.
was used throughout the test for each location. In light of the
Vertical above, the boundary condition was established where the up-
Stay Deflection force Stiffness per fiber of the anchorage was not restrained to secure the
No. (mm) (kN) (kN/mm) required safety from the analysis. Figure 10 shows the burst-
ing stress developed in the cable tendon through its path in
1 0.0084 4.354 51.935
this analysis. From Fig. 10, it can be learned that as the ca-
6 0.604 1.186 1.962
ble inclination angle increased, the maximum bursting stress
12 0.1 4.661 13.609
increased as did the slope of variation in tensile stress. From
Fig. 10 it can be seen that the variation in tensile stress was
largely between 20° and 50°. Beyond that it became moder-
inclination angle of the tendon is corrected as is eq. [2] ate. The tensile stress was twice the value at 70° as that at
(AASHTO 1994), when the bursting stress is calculated with 20°. This force was obtained by integrating the stresses per-
an inclination angle of a tendon of –5 - 20°. That is a safety pendicular to a line going from the middle of the anchor to a
factor of 10-15%, but the case of an inclination angle larger point located in a section at a distance h/cosα from the an-
than –5 - 20° is not studied sufficiently. chor. In general, the transverse force increases with the in-
creased inclination of the tendon. Figure 11 also shows the
T burst = 0.25∑ Pu (1 − a / h) + 0.5 ∑ Pu sin α
values given by a conservative estimate using the proposed
[2]
simplified formula, eq. [3], in which the effect of the inclina-
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176
Fig. 8. Bursting stresses for various vertical stiffnesses at Stay 1
and Stay 12.
tion of the tendon on the transverse (bursting) force is esti-
mated as one-half the transverse component of post-
tensioning force. Figure 11 indicated that variations of the
tensile stress were increased in a cable inclination angle with
20° - 50°, the augmentation of tensile stress was rather de-
creased by over 50°. Also, tensile stress value was more
than twice that under 20° or 70°.
[3] T burst = 0.15∑ P(1 − a / h) + 2∑ P sin α
It can be ascertained that the increase of bursting stress is af-
fected by the increase of moment developed by the amplifi-
cation of distance between the cable jacking force
application point and the load application point of the re-
strained surface. Also, it can be thought that the shifting lo-
cation of the maximum bursting stress is due to the
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expansion of stress toward the interior of the cross section as
the cable inclination angle decreases.
Influence of anchor plate location
Because it is difficult to develop sufficient prestress force
with a single tendon, it is a general practice to place several
anchorages or to move around anchorage position to obtain a
desired force. The stress developed inside the cross section
shows rather a complex form depending on the pile up or
dispersion of various stresses developed by the number and
(or) location of anchorage site(s). Accordingly, this study
looked into the variation of stress conditions in a sample
with two anchorages in horizontal directions by varying the
anchor plate locations. The cross section of the analysis
model is the section cut at the anchorage in the anchor block
thickness direction (Fig. 12). Figure 13 shows the analysis
result of the internal stress when the distance, s, between the
center line of the cross section and the center line of the an-
chorage is 550 cm. Figure 14 shows the bursting stress de-
veloped in the section through the center line of the anchor
plate from the above analysis. Figure 15 shows the spalling
stress between the anchor plates that develops through the
center line of the cross section. Each tensile stress is ex-
pressed as the ratio to the applied stresses and is
dimensionless. The change in stresses is shown by varying
the centerline distances of the anchor plates. The height of
the section is 1800 mm. Figure 16 shows the changes in the
maximum bursting stress and the maximum spalling stress
relative to the distance from the anchor plates. Figure 14
shows variation in the bursting stress within the anchor plate
cross section. It can be seen from this that, as the distance
between “s” lessens, the value of the maximum bursting
stress decreased and the slope of the stress variation flat-
tened. The variation of the tensile stress between the two ex-
tremes of “s” was observed to be 40%. Meanwhile, the
increase in the bearing stress at the edge of the bearing plate
was seen with the decrease of the “s” distance. From the
above, it can be inferred that as the distance between “s” in-
creased, the tensile stress would increase and the bearing
stress would decrease. Therefore, it is important to consider
both the values of the maximum bursting stress and the bear-
ing stress when positioning the anchorages. Figure 15 shows
spalling stress developed between the anchor plates. It can
be seen that as the distance between the anchor plates wid-
ened, the tensile stress increased and the magnitude was
about 30%. It can be learned that as it moved farther away
from the anchor plate, tensile stress diminished rapidly. At a
point a plate distance away, the variation in the tensile stress
became gradual, and the distribution of stress within the
cross section became uniform. The variation in spalling
stress directly under the anchor plate was intense depending
on the spacing of the anchorages, but at one tenth of a plate
distance away essentially no variation was observed. It is ev-
ident from the study that the optimum spacing of the bearing
plate should be approximately the plate’s size apart or
slightly less. When there are several anchorages, the value of
spalling stress becomes much greater than that of bursting
stress, and the range of the variation also becomes greater.
Therefore a close examination of the spalling stress at the
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Jo et al.
Fig. 9. Notations for an inclined tendon.
Fig. 10. Bursting stresses due to the cable inclinations.
critical area is required (see Fig. 16). A three-dimensional
modeling of the anchorage zone was carried out in order to
supplement deficiencies found in the two-dimensional mod-
eling and to more accurately access the internal characteris-
tics of the member. The three-dimensional modeling was
carried out for Stay 1 and Stay 6 as was done for the two-
dimensional modeling. Due consideration was taken for the
opening, for the tendon and the boundary condition of the
backside of the member was treated as a hinge. From the re-
sults of the two-dimensional analysis, it is evident that a re-
straint on the top surface would bring about a decrease in
the internal tensile stress. This would portray a safe side of
the structure when obtaining data for design purposes. For
these reasons, the boundary condition was set so the restraint
acted only on the back face as in the two-dimensional case.
Figure 17 shows an example of the three-dimensional analy-
sis as applied to Stay 1. The anchorage internal stress pattern
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177
Fig. 11. Maximum bursting stresses due to the cable inclinations
and proposed simplified formula.
and the center of the tendon spalling stress distribution ob-
tained from the three-dimensional analysis for Stay 1 and
Stay 6 are shown respectively in Fig. 18 and Fig. 19. From
the above it was learned that the three-dimensional analysis
produced slightly more moderate values. In the case of
Stay 1, the maximum bursting stress for the two-dimensional
analysis was found to be 0.225 versus 0.172 from the three-
dimensional analysis. The two-dimensional value was 24%
greater. In the case of Stay 6, the two-dimensional value of
0.18 versus 0.17 from the three-dimensional analysis puts
the two dimensional 6% greater. From the above, it can be
concluded that in order to avoid extra bother in the design
and to obtain the safety of the anchorage area the two-
dimensional analysis alone is quite satisfactory.
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178
Fig. 12. Modeling geometry of anchor block in thickness direction.
Fig. 13. Maximum principal stress contour (s = 5500 mm).
Conclusions
The following are the conclusions reached from the stud-
ies of the stress properties of the cable- stayed prestress con-
crete bridge made above.
(1) In an analysis of the anchorage area, while conscious of
the specific qualities of the cable-stayed bridge, it is
found that the vertical directional stiffness increased as
the bursting stress lessened. When the stiffness attained
a certain level, the cross section showed no tensile stress
or some compressive stress.
(2) The internal stress in the block region will give slight
variance with the shift in the cable inclination angle,
bearing plate area, and its position. If the stiffness of the
upper edge is not taken into consideration in the design,
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Fig. 14. Bursting stresses due to the different positions of the
anchor plate.
Fig. 15. Spalling stresses due to the different positions of the an-
chor plate.
that would only throw off the computation of stress by
10% and hence is considered safe.
(3) The maximum bursting stress value varies with the verti-
cal stiffness. When the stiffness becomes 10.194 kN/mm,
the bursting stress falls off rapidly until it reaches
101.937 kN/mm and then the variance tends to taper off.
Therefore, it can be concluded that vertical directional
stiffness should be held at 10.194 kN/mm or above in
order to effectively regulate the tensile stress developed
within the anchorage cross section.
(4) The stress configuration within the member is influ-
enced by the cable inclination angle at the anchorage.
When the inclination angle becomes acute, the maxi-
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Fig. 16. Transverse stresses due to the relative distances from the
anchor plate.
Fig. 17. Three-dimensional modeling for Stay 1.
mum bursting stress increases; when the inclination an-
gle is moderate, the maximum stress falls off and the
rate of the drop is rapid.
(5) The placement of the bearing plates should be such that
it will minimize the tensile stress developed within the
anchorage. The spacing should be a bearing plate size
apart or slightly less.
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179
Fig. 18. Variation of bursting stresses for Stay 1.
Fig. 19. Variation of bursting stresses for Stay 6.
(6) The three-dimensional analysis showed slightly less val-
ues for the anchorage than the two-dimensional one.
Therefore, to avoid the hassle in the analysis and to en-
sure the safety in the design, it was concluded as suffi-
cient to adopt the two-dimensional results only.
References
AASHTO. 1994. LRFD bridge design specifications. American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,
Washington, D.C.
Burdet, O. 1990. Analysis and design of post-tensioned anchorage
zones concrete bridges. Ph.D. thesis, Unversity of Texas at Aus-
tin, Austin, Tex.
Fenwick, R.C., and Lee, S.C. 1990. Anchorage zones in pre-
stressed concrete members. Magazine of Concrete Research,
38(135): 55–60.
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180 Can. J. Civ. Eng. Vol. 29, 2002

Leonhardt, F. 1964. Prestressed concrete, design and construction. ky vertical stiffness

Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Inc., Berlin and Munich. LE length of bridge (mm)
Roverts, C. 1990. Behavior and design of local anchorage zones in n stay number
post-tensioned concrete. M.Sc. thesis, University of Texas at P maximum prestressing force due to post-tensioning op-
Austin, Austin, Tex. eration (kN)
Pu factored tendon force (N)
s distance from section center to anchorage zone center
List of symbols
line
a the anchor plate width (mm) Tburst tensile force in the anchorage zone acting ahead of the
dburst distance from anchorage device to the centroid of burst- anchorage device and transverse to the tendon axis (N)
ing force, Tburst (mm) α angle of inclination of a tendon force with respect to the
e eccentricity of the anchorage device or group of devices center line of the member
in the direction considered (mm) β the angle between horizontal surface and cable stay
h depth of member member

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