INTRODUCTION

TO STATISTICS
AE 9
Week 1
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1.Describe the range of application of

Statistics
2.Identify situations in which Statistics can
be misleading
3.Define Statistics
 WHAT IS STATISTICS?

STATISTICS refers to a range of

techniques and procedures for
analyzing, interpreting, displaying, and
making decision based on data. (Lane
D. , 2017)
 WHAT IS STATISTICS?

STATISTICS is the art and science

of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and
interpreting data. (Worku G. , &
Matebe,T., 2018)
 WHAT IS STATISTICS?
According to Worku G. , & Matebe, T. (2018), in
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS, the information
provided by collecting, analyzing, presenting, and
interpreting data gives the manager and decision
makers a better understanding of the business and
economic environment and thus enables them to make
more informed and better decision.
 Collecting

Making
Analyzing
Decision

STATISTICS

Making
Presenting
Conclusion

Interpreting
 Statistics

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics
 This Statistics involves the process
of collecting, analyzing, presenting
DESCRIPTIVE and interpreting data. This is just a
mere description of the collected
STATISTICS data analyzed and presented in a
scientific way.
 DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS

Example:
Table 1. Daily Allowance of 50 Freshmen
Amount Number of Students
Php 300.00 5
Php 250.00 7
Php 200.00 13
Php 150.00 20
Php 100.00 5
 This Statistics involves the process
of interpreting data and found out
INFERENTIAL something about the population
STATISTICS based on the given sample. This also
leads giving inference, making
conclusion and decision making.
 INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS

Example:
• Assessing the performance of the BSA 2 (based
on the selected BSA Second Year Student)
• Determining the relationship of the BSA 2’s
gender and performance in AE 9 class (based on
the gender and performance of one section)
 Data Collection Exploration of
Analysis
and Preparation Data

Explore
Descriptive Relationship
Collect Data
Statistics between
variables

Data Prepare
Codebook
Graphs
Compare
Groups

Analysis Set up Structure

of Data

Process Enter Data

Screen Data for

Errors
 Data Collection Exploration of
Analysis
and Preparation Data

Explore
Descriptive Relationship
Collect Data
Statistics between
variables

Data Prepare
Codebook
Graphs
Compare
Groups

Analysis Set up Structure

of Data

Process Enter Data Descriptiv

e
Screen Data for
Errors Statistics
 Data Collection Exploration of
Analysis
and Preparation Data

Explore
Descriptive Relationship
Collect Data
Statistics between
variables

Data Prepare
Codebook
Graphs
Compare
Groups

Analysis Set up Structure

of Data

Process Enter Data

Inferential
Screen Data for
Errors
Statistics
 IMPORTANT TERMS

Sampling • The process of selecting a sample from a population

• The totality of things, objects, peoples, etc. about which

Population information is being collected. It is the totality of
observation with which the researcher is concerned.

• A subset of a part of a population selected to draw a

Sample conclusion about the population.
 IMPORTANT TERMS
Census • It is the process of examining the entire
population. It is the total count of the
Survey population.

• It is a descriptive measure (value) computed

Parameter from the population. It is the population
measurement used to describe population.

• Collection of related facts and figures from

Data which the conclusions can be drawn.
• It is the set of different values of a variable.
 IMPORTANT TERMS

• A certain characteristics which changes

Variable from object to object and time to time.

Quantitative • Variables that can be measured numerically. The data

collected on quantitative variable are called
Variable quantitative data.

Qualitative • Variables that cannot assume a numerical value but can be

classified into two or more non-numerical categories.. The data
Variable collected on quantitative variable are called qualitative data.
 IMPORTANT TERMS

• A certain characteristics which changes

Variable from object to object and time to time.

Independent • These are variables that are

Variable manipulated by the experimenter.

Dependent • These are variables affected by the experiments

conducted on the independent variable.
Variable
 IMPORTANT TERMS

• A certain characteristics which changes

Variable from object to object and time to time.

Discrete • These are variables whose values are

Variable countable.

Continuous • These are variables that can assume any numerical

value over a certain interval or intervals.
Variable
 ACTIVITY

Tell whether the following is a

Quantitative Variable or a Qualitative
Variable. If Quantitative Variable,
identify if Continuous or Discrete.
HEIGHT
 HEIGHT

Quantitative Variable
Continuous Variable
WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS
WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS

Quantitative Variable
Continuous Variable
GENDER
 GENDER

Qualitative Variable
NUMBER OF SIBLINGS
NUMBER OF SIBLINGS

Quantitative Variable
Discrete Variable
HAIR COLOR
 HAIR COLOR

Qualitative Variable
AVERAGE DAILY
TEMPERATURE
 AVERAGE DAILY
TEMPERATURE

Quantitative Variable
Continuous Variable
 STAGES IN STATISTICAL
INVESTIGATION

Proper Collection of Data

Data Organization

Data Presentation

Data Analysis

Data Interpretation
APPLICATION AND USES OF STATISTICS

Presents facts in a definite and precise form.

Data Reduction

Measuring Magnitude of variations in data.

Furnishes a technique of comparison of different sets of data.

Estimating unknown population characteristic.

APPLICATION AND USES OF STATISTICS

Testing and formulating of hypothesis and new theories.

Studying the relationship between two or more variables.

Forecasting future events.

Used for the government to formulate new policies and strategies.

 LIMITATIONS OF STATISTICS

Statistics does not deal with single values. It only deals with aggregate values.

Statistical results are only true on average and in general but not individually true.

Statistics can’t deal with qualitative characteristics.

Statistical interpretation require a higher degree of skill and understanding of the

subject.

Statistics can be misused. It may e misused by ignorant persons or expert.

 REFERENCES
Lane, D., Scott, D., Hebi, M., Guerra, R., Osheron, D., & Zimmer, H. (2017). Introduction to Statistics: Online Edition.
Retrieved from: scholar.google.com
Worku, G., & Matebe, T. (2018). Distance Module of Statistics for Finance. Wollo University. Retrieved from:
https://eopcw.com