AN INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE  Literary Models

1. Cultural Model
2. Language Model
LITERATURE 3. Personal Growth Model
 derived from the Latin word ‘litera’ which means “letters”
 a body of literary productions, either oral, written or visual,  Critical/Literary Approaches
containing imaginative language that realistically portrays 1. Formalistic or Literary Criticism
thoughts, emotions, and experiences of the human condition 2. Moral or Humanistic Criticism
 refers to any printed matter written within a book such as 3. Historical Criticism
poems, stories, novels, essays, drama, and plays 4. Sociological Criticism
 faithful reproduction of man’s manifold experiences blended into 5. Cultural Criticism
one harmonious expression 6. Psychological Criticism
 deals with ideas, thoughts, and emotions of man 7. Impressionistic Approach
 represents a language or a people: culture and tradition 8. New Criticism
 a reflection of a society 9. Biographical Criticism
10. Gender Criticism
 Literary Standards 11. Mythological Criticism
1. Universality – literature appeals to everyone, regardless of 12. Structuralism Criticism
culture, sex, and time which are all considered significant 13. Deconstructionist Criticism
2. Artistry – a quality which appeals to our sense of beauty 14. New Historicism
3. Intellectual Value – literature stimulates critical thinking that 15. Post Colonial Criticism
enriches mental processes of abstract and reasoning, making
man realize the fundamental truths of life and its nature CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE
4. Suggestiveness – literature unravels and conjures man’s I. Structure
emotional power to define symbolisms, nuances, implied A. Fiction – a literary work of imaginative narration, either oral
meanings, images and messages or written, fashioned to entertain and to make the readers
5. Spiritual Value – literature elevates the spirit and the soul and think and more so, to feel
thus has the power to motivate and inspire, by bringing our
moral values into the realm of the physical world B. Non-Fiction – a literary work of “real life” narration or
6. Permanence – literature endures across time and draws out the exposition based on history and facts whose main thrust is
time factor: timeliness, occurring at a particular time, and intellectual appeal to convey facts, theories, generalizations, or
timelessness, remaining invariable throughout the time concepts about a particular topic
7. Style – it is peculiar way in which a writer sees life, form his or
her ideas, and expresses them II. Form
A. Prose – a literary work that is spoken or written within the
common flow of language in sentences and paragraphs which

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 give information, relate events, express ideas, or present o Conflict – a struggle between opposing forces that
opinions drives the action of the story
o Types of Conflict
B. Poetry – a literary work expressed in verse, measure, rhythm, a. Person vs. Person
sound, and imaginative language and creates an emotional b. Person vs. Society
response to an experience, feeling, or fact c. Person vs. Self
d. Person vs. Nature
LITERARY GENRES e. Person vs. Fate
I. Fiction – a narrative in prose that shows an imaginative recreation
and reconstruction of life. It is categorized as either:  Climax – the most exciting part of the story; the point of
a. Novel greatest emotional intensity, interest, as well as purpose
b. Short Story  Falling Action – the conflict or problem begins to be
resolved
 Five Elements of Fiction  Denouement – the outcome of the conflict; the
1. Setting – the time and place in which events of a story occur resolution of the plot

2. Characters – the representations of a human being in a story 4. Point of View – determines the narrator of the story, the one
o Characterization – the method used by the writer to who tells it from different points view
reveal the personality of the characters o Types of Point of View
o Kinds of Character a. First-Person Point of View
1. According to Principality b. Third-Person Omniscient Point of View
a. Protagonist c. Third-Person Limited Point of View
b. Antagonist
2. According to Development 5. Theme – the central and dominating ideas in a literary work;
a. Dynamic message of the story
b. Static
3. According to Personality II. Poetry – a patterned form of verbal or written expression of
a. Round ideas in concentrated, imaginative, and rhythmical terms that
b. Flat often contain the elements of sense, sound, and structure

3. Plot – the sequence of events in the story  Types of Poetry

 Exposition – the beginning of the story where the 1. Narrative Poem – a poem that tells a story
characters and setting are revealed 2. Lyric Poem – descriptive or expository in nature where
 Rising Action – the start of major conflict or problem in the poet is concerned mainly with presenting a scene in
the story words, conveying sensory richness of his subject, or the
revelation
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 3. Dramatic Poem – any drama written in verse which is  used by our ancestors as their early form of
meant to be spoken, usually to tell a story or portray a entertainment and pastime
situation.  an indirect presentation of an object by stating its
characteristics without naming it
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE  the hearer or reader has to identify the object
 the literature associated with the Philippines and includes the described
legends of the prehistory, and the colonial legacy of the Philippines
2. Proverbs (Salawikain)
Importance of Studying Philippine Literature  wise sayings that contain advice or state a basic truth
 to better appreciate our literary heritage  used by our elders to advise, warn, or lecture
 to trace the rich heritage of ideas handed down to us from our  manifest not only the richness of Philippine culture
forefathers but also the values and philosophy of Filipinos
 to understand ourselves better and take pride in being a Filipino
3. Folk Songs – are form of folk lyric which express the
hopes and the aspirations, the people’s lifestyles, as well
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE as their loved ones

I. Pre-Colonial Period (BC-1564) 4. Folk Tales

 passed down orally – an act of storytelling itself
 some records were burned by the Spanish friars in the belief
that they were works of the devil or were written on materials
that easily perished
 based on tradition, reflecting daily activities such as
housework, farming, fishing, hunting, and taking care of the
children as well
 Literary Forms:
1. Riddles (Bugtong)
 early form of poetry long before the Europeans came in
the Philippines
 rhyming couplets – each line of a riddle has a regular
syllabic count, varying from four syllables to as many
fourteen
 refer to parts of the human body, household tools and
utensils, nature, and many others
a. Myths – explain how the world was created. The
main characters are not human beings but deities,
giants, nymphs, satyrs.
b. Legends – explain the origin of a thing, name, or
place.
c. Fables – use animal characters that have human
characteristics that teach a moral lesson
d. Fantastic Stories – deal with underworld characters
such as “tiyanak”, “aswang”, “kapre”, etc
5. Epics – are narratives of sustained length based on oral
tradition revolving around supernatural events or heroic
deeds
II. Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898)
 the Spaniards introduced Christianity
 has two distinct classifications: religious and secular
 introduced Spanish as the medium of communication

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  Literary Forms:
1. Religious Literature
a. Pasyon – long narrative poem about the passion and
death of Christ
b. Senakulo – dramatization of the pasyon
c. Moro-moro – a type of drama wherein the subject
matter was always a conflict between Christians and
the Moros with Christianity triumphing at the end. It is
performed during town fiestas to entertain people and
to remind them of their Christian religion.
2. Secular Literature
a. Awit – colorful tales of chivalry made for singing and
chanting
b. Corrido – a long narrative in verse narrative in verse
narrating the deeds of a legendary hero
c. Prose Narratives – written to prescribe proper
decorum and was used as a medium for reform
 Spanish Influences on Philippine Literature:
 The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced
by the Roman alphabet.
 The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis
of religious practices.
 The Spanish language which became the literary
language during this time lent many of its words to our
language.
 European legends and traditions brought here became
assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros.
 Ancient literature was collected and translated to
Tagalog and other dialects.
 Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like
Tagalog, Ilocano, and Visayan.
 Our periodicals during these times gained a religious
tone.
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 Filipinos changed their lifestyles. They
 built houses made of stones and bricks
 used beautiful furniture like the piano and used kitchen
utensils
 used carriages, trains and boats as means of travel
 held fiestas to honor saints, the pope and the governors
 had cockfights, horse races and the theater as means of
recreation
 gave rise to the formations of the different classes of
society like the rich and the landlords
 finished courses like medicine, law, agriculture and
teaching
 Religious Books:
1. Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian Doctrine) – was the
first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in
xylography. It was written by Father Juan de Placencia
and Father Domingo Nieva in Tagalog and Spanish.
 Propaganda Movement – the objectives of this movement
were to seek reforms and changes. The three principal
leaders of this movement were:
1. Jose P. Rizal – pen names: Laong Laan and Dimasalang
a. Noli Me Tangere – exposed the evils in the Spanish-
run government in the Philippines
b. El Filibusterismo – a sequel to Noli Me Tangere that
exposed those in the government and in the church
c. Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell) – a poem that he
made while he was incarcerated at Fort Santiago
d. A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) – a
poem dedicated to the Filipino youth
  Revolutionary Period – the gist of literature contained
2. Marcelo H. del Pilar – pen names: Plaridel, Pupdoh, mostly accusations against the government and was meant
Piping Dilat, and Dolores Manapat to arouse the people to unite and to prepare for
a. Diariong Tagalog – exposed the evils of the Spanish independence. The revolutionists were:
government in the Philippines and in order to avoid
the false accusations hurried at him by the priests. 1. Andres Bonifacio
b. La Solidaridad – he replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as  Father of Filipino Democracy
editor  Father of the Katipunan
c. Pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupa – translated from the  established the Katipunan which triggered the
Spanish AMOR PATRIA of Rizal, published on August spirit of freedom especially when Rizal was
20, 1882, in Diariong Tagalog banished to Dapitan, Mindanao
 Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa – a poem with a title
3. Graciano Lopez Jaena – a known writer and orator in similar to that of Marcelo h. del Pilar
the Philippines; he showed the Spaniards and the people  Huling Paalam – a translation of Mi Ultimo Adios of
of the world how a newspaperman can introduce Rizal in Tagalog
changes in law and reforms towards a better life and
progress 2. Apolinario Mabini
a. La Solidaridad – first magazine that he established  Sublime Paralytic
and became the official voice of the Association  Brains of the Revolution
Hispano de Filipinas composed of Filipinos and
Spaniards who worked for reforms in the Philippines 3. Emilio Jacinto
b. Ang Fray Botod (Friar Botod) – exposed how some of  was the intelligent assistant of Andres Bonifacio in
the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral the establishment of Katipunan
 called the Brains of the Katipunan
o Other propagandists were:
1. Antonio Luna – joined the Propaganda Movement 4. Jose Palma
and contributed his writings to LA SOLIDARIDAD  became popular because of Himno Nacional
2. Mariano Ponce – became an editor-in-chief, Filipino (The Philippine National Anthem) which
biographer and researcher of the Propaganda was set to music by Julian Felipe
Movement  joined the revolution against the Americans
3. Pedro Paterno – was a scholar, dramatic, researcher together with Gregorio del Pilar, the youngest
and novelist of the Propaganda Movement Filipino general who died during the revolution
4. Jose Ma. Panganiban – his known works are: “Ang
Lupang Tinubuan”, “Ang Aking Buhay” III. American Period (1898-1945)
 In 1990, English became the official medium of instruction in
Philippine schools.

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  Thomasites – first American teachers who introduced English
and American literature
 Nationalism developed in terms of “national literature” that
best expressed the Filipino soul – defining the national psyche,
the Filipino identity, the Filipino’s aspiration and ideals both
personal and national
 New literary forms such as free verse, modern short story, and
critical essay were introduced.
 Three Group of Writers:
a. Spanish –to write on nationalism like honoring Rizal and
other heroes
b. English – imitated the themes and methods of the
Americans
c. Filipino – Poets of Heart, Poets of Life, and Poets of Stage
 Contemporary poetry lays special emphasis on symbols,
images, and fractured structures.
 Various theater groups were formed.
 Contemporary novel continues to reflect social and political
realities.
 Philippines literature in Tagalog was revived during this
period. Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese
brutalities, of the poverty of life under the Japanese
government and the brave guerilla exploits.
 Literary Revolution
 Campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions. The once
aristocratic writers developed awareness for society. They
held pens and wrote on placards in red paint the
equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!)

 Influences of the American:  Period of the New Society

a. Schools
b. New education system
c. Cleanliness and Hygiene
 Themes of Literature
a. Desire for freedom
b. Love of Country
c. Fight against colonialism and imperialism
IV. Contemporary Period (1945-Present)
 July 4, 1946 – Philippines regained its freedom
 Proliferation of English newspapers
 Various literary awards such as the:
a. Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Award
b. Philippines Free Press
c. Philippine Graphic
d. Home Life and Panorama
 Short story is still the most popular form.
d. English Language  The Carlos Palanca Awards continued to give annual
e. Politics awards. Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the
f. Freedom of Speech development or progress of the country like:
a. Pollution d. Proper nutrition
b. Drug addiction e. Family planning
c. Environment f. Green Revolution
 It stopped pornography or those writings giving bad
influences on the morals of the people.
 All school newspapers were temporarily stopped and so
with school organizations.
 It revived the cenaculo, the zarzuela, and embayoka
 Poems were romantic and revolutionary. Writers wrote openly
of their criticism against the government. The supplications of
the people were coached in fiery, colorful, violent, profane and
insulting language.

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