Worked Example 1.6 2Agr{aq) + Cu(s) = Cu*(ag)+ 2Ag(s) Step 1: Write the two half-reactions Agiag)+ = = Agts) Cals) = Cur(ag) + 20 Step 2: Identity the cathode and anode. Cus) is losing electrons thus being oxidized; oxidation occurs at the anode. Anode (where oxidation occurs): Cu(s) = Cu*(aq) + 2e- Agt is gaining electrons thus is being reduced; reduction happens at the cathode, Cathode (where reduction occurs): Ag'(aq)+ e- = Ag(s) Step 3: Construct the Cell Diagram. Cus) ICu*(aq)!|Ag'(ag)! Ags) Cell Voltage/Cell Potential ‘The readings from the voltmeter give the reaction’s cell voltage or potential difference between. its two half-cells. Cell voltage is also known as cell potential or electromotive force (emf) and. itis shown as the symbol E%cell ‘The E° values are tabulated with all solutes at 1 M and all gases at 1 atm. These values are called standard reduction potentials. Each half-reaction has a different reduction potential, the difference of two reduction potentials gives the voltage of the electrochemical cell. If E%cell is positive the reaction is spontaneous and it is a voltaic cell. If the E*cell is negative, the reaction is rnon-spontancous and itis referred to as an electrolytic cell Table 4. Stondard Reduction Potential Values Reduction Half-Reaction | Standard Reduction Potential (V) Fa(g)2e > 2F (aq) 42.87 (Ox(g)4H(aq) He > 212001) Bri(]}120 — 2Br(aq) 1.09) Agragyte —> Ag(s) +0.80 Fer(ag)re — Fe*(aq) +07 Leaming Module 01: Generation of Energy 24Table 4. (Cont.)Standardé Reduction Potential Values L:Q)+2e + 2F(aq) +054 CuM(ag)t2e > Cuts) +034 Sn(aq)e —> Sn*(aq) +015 S(s)-2H(aqyi2e — HS(g) +014 2H(aq)+2e —> Helg) 0.00 “(aq)+20 + Sn(g) 014 Vi(ag)te = V(aq) -0.26 Fe (aq)#2e—+ Fe(s) “0.46 CP (aq)+3e + Crs) 074 Zne"(aq)2e- + Zn(s) 076 Mn¥*(aq)'2e = Mn(s) “118 Na‘(ag)se —+ Nats) 271 Litfagi+e + Li(s) Worked Example 1.6 Calculating E® cell at Standard State Zn(s) + Cu(ag) + Zn(aq) + Culs) Step 1: Write the half-reactions for each process. Oxidation: —-Zn(s) —* Zn®(aq) + 2 Reduction: Cu®*(aq) + 2e- —> Cuts) Step 2: Look up the standard potential for the reduction half-reaction. Cum(ag) + 2e- + Culs) Bred = +034 V Step 3: Look up the standard reduction potential for the reverse of the oxidation reaction and change the sign. Zni(aq) + 2e- + Zn(s) Brred=-076 V Znls) + Zn (aq) + 2e- Fox 10.76 V 4, Add the cell potentials to get the overall standard cell potential Etcell= Btred + E¥0x Brcell = +0.34V+ +0.76V EXcell = #1.1 V (the reaction is spontaneous and the cell is voltaic) Learning Module 01: Generation of Energy 22