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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:06/June-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
A REVIEW ON ACCIDENT DETECTION SYSTEM USING IOT
Prajwal Ghorpade*1, Prof. Anurag Nema*2
*1Student, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, MIT School Of Engineering,
Pune, Maharashtra, India.
*2Professor, Department Mechanical Engineering, MIT School Of Engineering,
Pune, Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT
Thousands of people die every day in traffic accidents on the road across the world. The major cause of these
fatal accidents is a lack of knowledge about impending road obstructions, as well as a delay in the arrival of the
rescue team to the accident site owing to their unknown location. A good strategy to cut down on traffic deaths
and injuries is to warn drivers about potential hazards on the road. If a mishap occurs, locate the mishap site
and provide therapeutic assistance to the victims as soon as feasible. This study intends to provide a brief
overview of many approaches for preventing and detecting road accidents based on various factors, as well as
providing medical assistance. There will be two points of view. To begin with, it contains a pre-accident
detection system that employs a variety of approaches to identify an accident before it occurs in order to
prevent it. To pre-alert the collision, methods such as vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V) and vehicle-to-
vehicle communication (VANET) are presented. Second, the post-alert system employs a variety of techniques
to determine the cause of the accident, validate its existence, and alert rescue personnel to offer medical
assistance to the victims. In addition, the article includes a combined system that includes both components.
Keywords: Accelerometer, Accident Detection, Robot, Obstacle Avoidance, VANET.
I. INTRODUCTION
In India has the world's highest population density. As the population rises, so does the demand for
automobiles, resulting in circumstances such as road accidents and the number of people killed in car accidents.
According to the 2019 Traffic Accident Report, there were 449,002 collisions.
The country was responsible for 151,113 fatalities and 451,361 injuries in 2019. However, delayed emergency
services are the major cause of increased death. Automotive is interested in IoT applications in order to develop
sophisticated products that improve vehicle safety and, as a result, enhance profitability in response to client
demands. The healthcare business is worried about how the Internet of Things might increase communication
speed and accuracy. As a result, IoT is the perfect answer because both businesses require it to increase their
job efficiency. Other researchers have proposed several technologies at each level, each with its own set of
advantages and disadvantages.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1.35 million mortality cases occur each year in the world,
accounting for 2.2 percent of all fatalities [1]. Speeding, irresponsible driving, driver exhaustion, the presence of
stray animals on the road, and inadequate infrastructure are the leading causes of traffic accidents. The
majority of fatalities and impairments in these incidents are caused by emergency medical help arriving late.
The golden hour is the period immediately following a catastrophic injury. On average, providing needed
medical and surgical assistance enhances the likelihood of preserving human lives by one-third [2]. As a result,
considerable resources have recently been devoted to ensure efficient and quick rescue operations. One of the
techniques that has been used to do this is the Internet of Things (IoT).
The Internet of Things (IoT) was first used in the vehicle sector to give various information and entertainment
applications in order to create a pleasant driving experience and a luxurious travel. The Internet of Things has
recently been used to improve the safety of drivers and passengers. IoT systems for detecting, localizing,
reporting, modeling, and analyzing road accidents have been reported in several research papers [3–7]. The
high cost and restrictions of high-end automobiles are the major downsides of present accident detection
systems. Most of these systems rely on a smartphone, which might malfunction if it is thrown outside the car,
affecting the findings.
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Furthermore, some of the systems demand that the smartphone be placed in a certain location, which means
that the driver cannot store his smartphone in any other location, such as his pocket, backpack, or purse. The
efficiency of rescue support and medical help is reduced when simply the accident occurrence is reported
without any additional critical information such as the kind of accident, severity, and the driver's medical
status. This information allows medical emergency personnel to see the amount of the vehicle's damage as well
as the victims' injuries.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of individually identifiable embedded computer devices linked to
current Internet infrastructure. The interconnection of these embedded devices is used in nearly every aspect
of automation, allowing complex applications like the Smart Grid to be developed.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Many laser sensors, such as LIDAR and RADAR, that use laser light beams to estimate the distance between
both the vehicle and the impending item have been described by Vaishali et al. [2]. When the distance between
the car and the item is greater than 1 m, however, these technologies fail. New technologies, like as the
vehicular communication network, or VANET, which allowed every automobile to communicate with every
other vehicle as well as the roadside unit, had proven to be more effective in minimizing street mishaps. Earlier
methods also utilized the speed of the cars as a criterion to judge whether or not an accident had occurred.
However, several IoT sensor devices are now being used as vehicles to determine the occurrence of a mishap
based on a few characteristics.
Laura Carolina Dasuha et al. [3] use a CoMoSeF (Cooperative Ability Services of the Future) [4] technology that
uses a sensor controller area network (CAN) BUS that is installed in all automobiles and acts as a method of
communication between them. The CoMoSeF was created utilizing low-cost sensors that are mounted on every
car and allow them to interact with one another. It mostly follows the foundations of VANET development [5].
Earlier methods also utilized the speed of the cars as a criterion to judge whether or not an accident had
occurred. However, several IoT sensor devices are now being used as vehicles to determine the occurrence of a
mishap based on a few characteristics.
A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is used to communicate between automobiles, and information is
transferred among them. VANET is used to create a system with cars that can communicate with one other and
with roadside equipment [6]. The IEEE 802.11p (WAVE) protocol is being used to establish communication in
the vehicle system [7]. N.G Ghatwai et al. [8] implement a full vehicle-to-vehicle communication structure,
which includes identifies blind areas to prevent traffic collisions. In this case, GPS is employed, which provides
information to every vehicle's Onboard. The safety warnings are then disseminated across cars using RF
transceivers after they have been processed.
Hari Sankar S et al. [1] proposed a method for street car collision localization and emergency vehicle
administration for the post-accident detection system. It uses GPS, accelerometer sensors, and a mishap
identification computation to identify the mishap, as well as a rescue vehicle management system that obtains
the location of the mishap and transfers the information to the next emergency vehicle. The emergency vehicle
is then dispatched to the accident site as soon as possible.
A heartbeat sensor and an android application are used by Nicky Kattukkaran et al. [9] to detect the
driver's/heartbeat victim's and convey the information to medical authorities via the android application. To
identify traffic accidents, Norsuzila YYa'acobet al. [10] employs a PIC16F microprocessor, piezoelectric sensors,
GPS, and GSM modules. The piezoelectric sensor detects and measures the force impact on the vehicle before
transmitting a help message to the systems [20-22].
1. PRE-ACCIDENT DETECTION SYSTEM
This section of the study discusses numerous ways for detecting and preventing accidents before they happen.
This module's primary function is to determine the likelihood of an accident occurring and to notify the drivers
in order to warn them. Some systems have been developed for forward collision detection to anticipate the
onset of an accident using a variety of sensors, while others have defined a vehicular ad hoc network VANET for
the same objective utilizing a variety of techniques and protocols. Communication between cars can serve to

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reduce the likelihood of road accidents by transferring information between vehicles, which can then be used to
avert a collision.
A. Forward Collision Detection Sensors
Pre-Accident Identification systems are heavily influenced by forward collision detection. The forward collision
detection technique employs a variety of sensors, such as RADAR, LIDAR/LASER, or a camera, to determine the
vehicle's forward impact [2]. The system will be able to determine the detection range, radius of curvature,
relative velocity, and other factors between the Vehicle position and any other relevant targets in order to avoid
collisions. In real time, sensors, radar, lidar, and cameras may estimate actual angular information, range, and
range rate of various vehicles and objects in the vicinity of the host vehicle.
B. VANET
VANET is a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) application in which the mobile nodes are cars [4]. The hub of a
VANET can be a Road Side Unit (RSU) or a moving vehicle because it is a framework-less system. It combines
remote medium techniques with a custom designed system that uses a different topology for correspondence
and subordinate modes. It allows for interactivity in automobiles via a unique method [6]. The car may
broadcast and exchange vital traffic news, traffic conditions, and traffic accidents in a specific region or with
other vehicles via V2V communication in VANETS. An RF module is used in a wireless V2V communication
network in a VANET [8]. The Wave Station defines the engineering, Interfaces, and a set of common protocols
needed to function in a VANET. Organize all cars and transmit data among them via V2V correspondence, with
the purpose of providing the current state of the vehicle on the road. The use of a wireless communication
system between automobiles is rapidly increasing. Infrastructure and inter-vehicular communication systems
are the focus of Vehicular to Vehicular (V2V).
C. CoMoSeF
By defining the use of portability in more recently built vehicles in light of consumer expectations, the CoMoSeF
aims to increase the smoothness and security of automobiles while also reducing the frequency of collisions [3].
CoMoSeF is manufactured with cell phones at the expense of substandard sensors that can improve data
dispersal speed. The initial goal of CoMoSeF is to provide administrations for automobiles that do not have a
working CAN-Bus framework and information, with ease and speed [4].
Vehicle makers, fleet operators, drivers, and other road users are the primary goals of CoMoSeF users. CoMoSeF
will demonstrate advantages and effect in numerous nations throughout the world through implementation
efforts that will begin soon. The CoMoSeF administration should have a significant impact since it will
contribute to improving street security by providing movement data and weather data. Back-end apps, street-
side units, sensors, and assisting drivers' decisions will be the emphasis of CoMoSeF. Individual information is
presented to cars via intelligent street-side equipment with data displays. The HMI method to presenting and
changing driver messages is amazing. Using symptomatic tools, develop a reproduction framework to present a
large-scale picture of the full correspondence structure.
2. POST-ACCIDENT DETECTION SYSTEM
The methods for detecting accidents and an alert system for informing rescue personnel about the accident are
discussed in this portion of the study. A few sensors are attached to the cars in order to obtain data on the
vehicle's position and direction in the case of an accident. Hari Sankar S et al. [1] utilize an accelerometer and
gyroscope for dynamic measurement techniques such as oscillation, collision, and high-speed compression or
tension, whereas Norsuzila YYa'acobet al. [10] employ a Piezoelectric sensor. To assess the frequency of
accidents, Paper [6] employs biological sensors, vibration sensors, and airbag sensors. The accident location is
identified using GPS/GPRS modems in [11] [12][13]. In the case of a sudden life-threatening illness, such as a
heart attack, the automobile also has a switch that is activated. The GSM and GPS advancements are used in the
accident detection module. The security empowering module has a tactile device that ensures the safety belt
and the driver are in good working order. If an incident occurs, the vibration in the vibration sensor grows
above its maximum level, and information is relayed to the GSM module. The GSM module then sends messages
to specified specialists who have been notified of the situation [15]. The sensors and equipment listed below

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can be utilized to create an accident detection system. These sensors are put on cars and continually sense the
relevant characteristics, allowing for accident detection based on the data acquired by these sensors.
A. Vibration Sensor
Linear velocity, displacement, proximity, and different shock triggers are all measured and analyzed using
vibration sensors. To detect any vibration beyond the edge, the vibration module employs the SW-420
vibration sensor and the lM393 comparator. When there is no vibration, the inbuilt potentiometer may balance
the limit, and this module provides rationale low the flag exhibits LED light and vice versa. The vibration sensor
is positioned on the vehicle in such a way that it is exposed to the rapid shocks and vibrations caused by
collisions. [16].
B. Piezoelectric Sensor
By utilizing the piezoelectric effect, a piezoelectric sensor transforms pressure, acceleration, temperature,
strain, or force into an electrical charge. A piezoelectric sensor converts mechanical and electrical energy into
mechanical energy. When a polarized crystal is subjected to strain, it undergoes mechanical deformation, which
causes the electric charge to age. A piezo sensor would then be used to estimate the created electric charge or
mechanical deformation. [10].
C. Raspberry Pi 3
The Raspberry Pi is a low computer that has a display and a standard keyboard and mouse. It's a little yet
powerful device that enables individuals of different ages to learn about computers and programming
languages such as Python. To use as a hard drive, an SD card is inserted into a slot on the Raspberry Pi. On a
display connected through HDMI connector, the visual output may be viewed.
The Raspberry Pi can run the Raspbian OS, Ubuntu Mate, Snappy Ubuntu Core, the Kodi-based media centers
OSMC and LibreElec, as well as the non-Linux based Risc OS. A Raspberry Pi 3 is a tiny computer that can use
USB storage to emulate hard drives and consumes very little power. As a result, it's an excellent Home Theater
PC. You can run Xbox-style apps via Kodi using special software like OSMC, and even operate everything using a
remote or controller instead of a mouse and keyboard.
D. Global Positioning System (GPS)
The GPS16X-HVS is made up of a receiver and an integrated antenna from Garmin International. It receives GPS
(Global Positioning System) satellite signals in orbit and utilizes those signals to determine location and speed.
For accurate timing measurements, the GPS16X-HVS additionally has a one-pulse-per-second (PPS) output. GPS
users may identify their location and time from anywhere on the earth by using a constellation of satellites and
ground stations. At any one time, 24 dynamic satellites orbit the earth at a height of more than 12000 miles. Up
to 12 satellites are constantly visible in the sky above your location because satellites are programmed to do so.
E. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
The GSM system is the most widely used cellular technology in today's world. It has been a hugely successful
mobile phone innovation for a multitude of reasons, including the flexibility to go throughout the world
knowing that it would work on GSM networks in the very same way if charging statements are in place. RF
channels with a frequency of 200 kHz are used in GSM cellular technology. These are divided numerous times
to allow up to eight users to connect to each carrier. It's a TDMA/FDMA system in this sense. When a PC is
connected to a GSM module, the PC may communicate over the portable system via the GSM modem. While the
majority of these GSM modules are intended to provide flexible web access, many of them may also be used to
send and receive SMS and MMS messages [10]. In this module, the GSM is utilized to relay information about
mishaps to the appropriate rescue teams and other bodies [15][16][17].
3. COMBINE MODULE OF PRE AND POST ACCIDENT DETECTION SYSTEM
The two techniques outlined above are insufficient to ensure perfect safety for automobiles on the road. As a
consequence, the pre-accident detection and post-accident detection and alarm systems discussed above might
be combined into a single module able to detect and notifying vehicle accidents before they happen. A single
module will be more useful since it can help others. The VANET network, which is employed in the pre-accident
detection system, may also be used to find the quickest and most efficient route to bring an ambulance to the
emergency site. The VANET system, which may be utilized for accident detection and alerting, has various
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benefits [10]. Additionally, the GPS/GSM modem used in the latter system can benefit both since it can be used
to send information about the car's present location to another vehicle. It notifies the location of an accident to
the server and rescue services in the event of an accident.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Advantage of Pre-Accident Detection System
The pre-accident detection system makes use of VANET, radar, and camera advances to reduce the likelihood of
incidents, making the roadway safer for anybody who walks along it [11]. When the pre-accident detection
system is employed, it minimizes the likelihood of mishaps; nevertheless, it also protects everyone, prevents
damage to company cars, and ensures that the driver stays on track.
B. Advantage of Post-Accident Alert System
Road accidents are the leading cause of death among individuals because victims are not provided with
necessary medical services in a timely manner; however, using a post-Accident Alert System benefits victims by
identifying their vehicle mishap and providing therapeutic assistance within a short period of time, thereby
saving their lives. This system's GPS/GSM technology aids in detecting the exact site of the accident and
communicating that information to the proper rescue teams so that sufferers may receive assistance as soon as
possible.
C. Advantage of Combined Module of Pre and Post Accident Detection and Alert System
The pre- and post-accident detection and alarm system integrated module offers a significant benefit in terms
of vehicle safety. This unified structure will significantly reduce the number of people killed in traffic accidents.
This framework will first assist in preventing street accidents by transmitting data to various automobiles, and
then it will assist in detecting the mishap and alerting a few safety organizations with the purpose of providing
medical assistance to the victims.
IV. CONCLUSION
If the combined module is implemented, the danger of road accidents will be greatly reduced, as would the
number of accidents that occur. The most recent technology, VANET, may be utilized to offer communication
capabilities between moving cars on the road by utilizing several protocols and standards. As a result, when
cars connect with one another on the road, the information needed to ascertain the cause of the collision may
be exchanged. The vehicle driver might become aware after receiving the information and drive cautiously on
the road.
If a vehicle is involved in an accident, the system can quickly determine the cause of the accident using data
from several sensors mounted on the vehicle and send the location information to rescue agencies, allowing
them to provide medical care to the victims in a matter of seconds and saving their lives. Future development
on this technology might include attaching a camera module to the car to take pictures immediately after an
accident and transmitting the images to a server. All of the data collected on the server can be utilized in the
future for big data processing to analyze some road accident results.
V. REFERENCES
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e-ISSN: 2582-5208

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

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