RAJMATA KRISHNA KUMARI

GIRLS’ PUBLIC SCHOOL

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

SESSION 2022-2023
“THE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF FERTILISER ,MANURE AND
POLYTHENE ON THE GROWTH OF THE HYPOCOTYL OF A
SEED”

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY:

Dr varsha pandey Shalini singh
(P.G.T. Biology) XII A Science
 RAJMATA KRISHNA KUMARI GIRLS’
PUBLIC SCHOOL

SESSION 2022-2023

CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICITY
This is to certify that the project entitled “The study
of the effect of fertiliser ,manure and polythene on
the growth of the hypocotyl of a seed ” is a bonafide
work done by Miss shalini singh of Class XII
Science session 2022 -2023 under the guidance of
Biology Teacher Dr Varsha Pandey Ma’am .

TEACHER’S SIGNATURE PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mrs
Neera Singh ( The Principal ),Mrs Seema Baxi ( School
Academic Head ) and Dr varsha pandey (H.O.D Science
Section) without whose guidance , support and keen
interest , I wouldn’t have been able to accomplish this
project skillfully . I would also like to thank my family and
friends for their constant support and encouragement
throughout the length of this project .My thanks and
appreciation also go to the laboratory assistant Jitendra
solanki sir in developing the project.

THANK YOU
 INDEX

S.NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1 MAIN OBJECTIVE 5
2 INTRODUCTION 6

3 MATERIALS REQUIRED 7

4 METHODOLOGY 8

5 OBSERVATIONS 9,10,11,12,13,14

6 GRAPH 15

7 DATA ANALYSIS 16

8 CONCLUSION 17

9 RECOMMENDATION 18
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 19
MAIN OBJECTIVE :

TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF FERTILISER , MANURE

AND POLYTHENE ON THE GROWTH OF THE
HYPOCOTYL OF A SEED

● SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:-

● Through continuous observations of the growth of

plants in fertiliser, manure and polythene the most
suitable soil conditions for a typical plant can be
observed . By observing such soil conditions, the
productivity and growth of plants can be checked
INTRODUCTION
● As the plant embryo grows at germination ,it
sends out a shoot called a radicle that becomes
the primary root , and penetrates down into the
soil.

● The early development of a monocot seedling

like cereals and other grasses is somewhat
different . A structure called the coleoptile ,
essentially a part of the cotyledon , protects the
young stem and plumule as growth pushes them
up through the soil .

● One of the widely used assays in the field of

photobiology is the investigation of the effect of
changes in light quantity and quality on hypocotyl
elongation .It is frequently used to study the
growth promoting vs. growth suppressing effects
of application of plant hormones like ethylene.
Under normal light conditions , hypocotyl growth
is controlled by a process called
photomorphogenesis , while shading the
seedlings evokes a rapid transcriptional
response which negatively regulates
photomorphogenesis and results in increased
rates of hypocotyl growth. This rate is highest
when plants are kept in darkness mediated by a
process called skotomorphogenesis , which
contrasts photomorphogenesis.
MATERIALS REQUIRED

POTS -3

GRAM SEEDS -10-12

FERTILISER

MANURE

POLYTHENE

BEAKER

SOIL
 METHODOLOGY
★During the masking this project ,the following steps
were followed:-

1. Pots , gram seeds , along with fertiliser , manure and

polythene and other materials were brought and pots
were prepared to be sown .

2. Seeds were planted and watered . fertiliser was added

to the first pot , named as ‘Pot A’.Observations were
recorded for that day.

3. Manure was added to the second pot, named ‘Pot B’

the next day .

4. Polythene was added to the third pot, named as ‘Pot C’

the following day, and regular observations were
made.

5. Watering and regular observations were being taken

for 27 days .

6. After the observation of plants and their growth ,

observation was compiled and data analysis was
made.

7. Conclusion was drawn from the data analysis for three

cases of planted gram seeds.
 OBSERVATIONS
Observations were recorded regularly for 27 days
and the following data was gathered :-
Number of seeds planted in
1)Pot A- 4
2)Pot B- 5
3)Pot C- 3

DAY Length of Hypocotyl (in cm)

1

S. POT POT POT

No. A(Fertiliser) B(Manure) C(Polythene)

1. 3½ 1½ 4 ½

2. 1½ 1 2

3. 1 ½ 1 ½
4. 1 (not
germinated)

DAY
2

5. 8 2 7

6. 1½ 1½ 4

7. 2 1 4½

8. 1½ Not
germinated

DAY
3

9. 2 5½ 11

10. 2½ 3 11 ½

11. 2½ 4 15
12. 8 6½

DAY
8

10 20 23

5 18 24 ½

2 16 25 ½

Died 20

11

DAY
9

12 ½ 22 25 ½

5½ 20 ½ 17 ½

2½ 18 25

14
 23

DAY
10

15 23 25 ½

6 22 29

2 20 ½ 24

15

25

DAY
15

18 25 ½ 24

15 19 ½ Died

Died 30 Died
 24

Died

DAY
16

18 ½ 25 ½ 25

16 ½ 20

25

32

DAY 16 ½ 20 Died
18

Died 32

Died

Died
DAY
19

17 21 Died

35

DAY Died 37 Died

27
GRAPH
 Data Analysis
According to the above observations, the
following analysis was made:-
● Due to access of fertiliser, some plants in
POT A died.
● Due to lack of water for some continued
days, some plants had dried.
● Seeds germinated in POT C died soon
because of polythene present in the pot,
which hampered their proper absorption of
nutrients.
● Plants in POT B were best grown in height
and persisted for a long time.
● Growth of plants planted in POT A was
medium all over and can be considered as
average.
● Water consumption by the gram seeds
was considerably low.
 Conclusion
From the above data analysis, following
conclusions can be drawn:-
Ø Access to fertilisers can be harmful for
germinating seeds. However, if used in an
appropriate amount, fertilisers can be
beneficial for plants.
Ø Growth of plants can be observed best in
manure, as it is a natural extract, and can
supply better quality of nutrients to the plants.
Ø Presence of polythene is harmful for plants,
and it hampers the pathway for the plants’
absorption of nutrients. Therefore, it can be
concluded that pollution can be very harmful
to the natural environment and, ultimately, it
affects humans.
Ø Lack of water is extremely undesirable
when plants or trees are growing, as water is
an essential part of their nutrition and is
important in the developmental process.
 Recommendation
Through the observations recorded and
conclusion drawn from the collected data, it is
clear that planters should use manure the
most in amount for the proper growth of
plants. Fertilisers are also extremely useful for
the growth of plants, but, if used in excess
amounts, then it can be harmful for the plants.
Therefore, the amount of fertilisers used
should be checked. Also pollutants, such as
polythene, should be removed from the
planting area, as these pollutants are harmful
for the growth of plants and hampers their
proper elongation. Also, regular watering is an
essential criterion for growing plants, because
this provides them with necessary elements
and compounds for photosynthesis. At the
same time, excess water should not be
provided to the plants, because of the
probability of contamination.
 Bibliography

1)Ask.com
2)http://repository.ias.ac.in/
3)Class- 12th Biology Text Book(NCERT)