SOAL UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER GANJIL 2020/2021

UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL “VETERAN” YOGYAKARTA

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI MINERAL
PRODI TEKNIK: GEOLOGI

Mata Ujian : Bahasa Inggris

Dosen : Tri Wahyuni Floriasti, M.Hum.
Hari/Tanggal : Rabu/ 25 November 2020
Waktu : 13.00-14.30 WIB (90 Menit)
Sifat : Take Home

SOAL:
A. Choose the correct answer for each of the paragraphs below.

1. America's highways are becoming choked with too many cars, and many of our
nation's roads are crumbling under the strain of too much traffic. From 1980 to 2000,
the number of miles traveled by American vehicles increased 45 percent while road
space increased only 2 percent. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation
(USDT), about 15 percent of our interstate highway system is rated "mediocre" or
"poor." Of course, fixing these problems is going to require money—$375 billion,
according to the USDT. But who should have to pay the bill? Some say that charging
more tolls is the answer. However, the fairest way to fund new roads and repair
existing ones is by increasing the federal tax on gasoline. Paying a few extra pennies
per gallon may allow us all to avoid spending our precious time sitting in gridlock. It
might also encourage many motorists to explore mass transit options that will help
conserve fuel. The last time the federal tax was raised was 1993, so it's high time that
it be increased again to help get us out of the jam that we're in. (Source of
information: "Gas Tax Can Ease Gridlock," no author credited, USA Today, June 14,
2004.)
From this passage, a reader might logically draw which conclusion?
a. The author of this paragraph would probably support the idea of car-pooling.
b. The author of this paragraph would be likely to support doubling taxes on bus,
train, and subway fares.
c. The author of this paragraph would disagree with the claim that "time is
money."
d. The author of this paragraph is likely to support funding new roads and road
maintenance with large increases in state gasoline taxes, too.

2. If you are looking for a way to finance a new home or automobile, you should beware
of predatory lenders. A "predatory lender" is one that uses aggressive sales tactics to
talk consumers into borrowing money under unfair and even abusive terms. In fact,
William Pride, Robert Hughes, and Jack Kapoor, the authors of a popular business
 textbook, warn their readers about the ruin predatory lenders can cause. They liken
these lenders to old-fashioned loan sharks, the gangsters who loan money at
exorbitant interest rates. The authors say that a predatory lender may not send
someone to break your legs, as the loan sharks would, if you failed to send in your
payment on time. However, predatory lenders often grant loans they know the
borrower cannot repay so that they can repossess the property pledged as collateral for
the loan. Indeed, predatory lenders tend to target the elderly, low-income groups, and
people with no credit or bad credit. A predatory lender will take advantage of such
people's circumstances or lack of knowledge to saddle them with high interest rates,
huge fees, and harassing collection tactics.

From this passage, a reader might logically draw which conclusion?

a. The three textbook authors mentioned in the paragraph think that a friend's
reference is all the research people need to do when deciding on a lender for a
house or car.
b. The textbook authors mentioned in this passage would probably support
legislation designed to restrict or eliminate loans supplied by predatory lenders.
c. Predatory lenders make the most profit in their dealings with big corporations.
d. Predatory lenders are unaware of the harm they cause.

3. Nevertheless, organized sports have been criticized for several things. One is that they
encourage potentially harmful male aggression. Another is that they direct minority
students, particularly African American males, toward athletics-instead of academics-
as a road to success. However, only a very small minority of high school athletes are
able to support themselves through athletics. In fact, according to one estimate, only
one of 12,000 high school athletes will earn money as a professional athlete; among
those who make it, the average professional career lasts only three years.
Nevertheless, the importance of sports in teaching and reinforcing norms and values,
along with the role of sports in symbolizing and integrating communities, are
important reasons why nearly every nation has encouraged athletics.

The main idea of the paragraph above is…

a. athletics are supported by many countries
b. African Americans often make excellent athletes.
c. emphasis on athletics may have some negative effects.
d. athletics prepare young people for success in life.

4. The Jeanne Clery Act, which was signed into law by President George Bush as the
Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act of 1990, requires all college and
universities that receive federal aid to publish an annual report of crime statistics for
their campuses and areas adjacent to their campuses. This law was passed after young
college student Jeanne Clery was murdered in her dormitory room at Lehigh
University in 1986. Her killer, a drug and alcohol abuser, gained access through three
propped-open doors that should have been locked, and Clery's parents accused Lehigh
University officials of failing to make students aware of crime so that they would take
steps to protect themselves. Over a decade later, has the Jeanne Clery Act helped
make college campuses safer? College professors Steven M. Janosik and Dennis E.
Gregory studied questionnaires designed to measure the influence of the law. These
questionnaires, which were distributed to campus security administrators, revealed
that the Act has positively affected some campus law enforcement practices.
 According to Janosik and Gregory, 43 percent of the campus law enforcement officers
who responded to the questionnaire reported that the Act had improved the quality of
their law enforcement procedures, and 44 percent said that the Act has been "effective
or very effective" in improving the quality of campus safety programs. Fifty-three
percent of respondents believed that the campus programs created or improved by the
Act had increased students' confidence in their campus police forces. However, 90
percent of respondents reported that the Clery Act had not changed students' behavior
or had any effect on their campus crime rates. Indeed, other research indicates that
many students are not even aware of the Act and don't pay attention to campus crime-
related materials such as posters and flyers. Thus, the effectiveness of the Clery Act
has been mixed.
From this passage, a reader might logically draw which conclusion?
a. Crime legislation almost never does anything useful to fight crime.
b. In an effort to make college campuses safer places, administrators and
students need to work together to implement safety measures.
c. Campus law enforcement officials would probably agree that the Clery Act
should be repealed.
d. Campus law enforcement officials would be likely to support increased
funding for posters and flyers designed to increase students' awareness of
campus crime.

5. Many people believe that private schools have more successful educational outcomes
that do public schools, due to less bureaucracy, more family involvement, smaller
classes, and students' backgrounds. Families who send their children to private school
must pay both tuition and school taxes for public schools. There was much political
pressure, beginning in the 1970s in various states, to give public financial support to
private schools. One mechanism is the voucher—a coupon in the amount the school
district normally spends on an individual child's education—to be "spent" at whatever
school the family chooses, public or private. The argument is that in a free-market
system private schools should have as much right as public schools to be supported by
the government and that the best schools will attract more students, thereby thriving,
while the worst schools will improve to attract "customers."
The voucher system came under legal scrutiny in a court case in Cleveland, Ohio, in
1997, when the system was declared unconstitutional because of inappropriate
church-state separation; most of the vouchers (public money) were being used for
religious schools. However, the concept of vouchers as a school choice option is
still viable, as evidenced by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which tries to
balance flexibility with accountability in schools receiving federal funds under Title I
of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). The act grants parents
certain rights, such as to inspect instructional material and assessments; it provides
guidelines for school choice and vouchers, and for school prayer; and it stipulates
requirements for funding school improvements, teacher qualifications, and testing.

The main idea of this passage is…

a. private schools have more successful educational outcomes than public schools.
b. the voucher system is one method of providing for school choice.
c. political pressure has forced states to allow vouchers
d. the voucher system was declared unconstitutional in Ohio
B. Read the text below, and do the analysis.

Mount Etna is the highest and most active volcano in Europe. Towering above the city of
Catania on the island of Sicily, it has been growing for about 500,000 years and is in the
midst of a series of eruptions that began in 2001. It has experienced a variety of eruption
styles, including violent explosions and voluminous lava flows. More than 25% of Sicily's
population lives on Etna's slopes, and it is the main source of income for the island, both from
agriculture (due to its rich volcanic soil) and tourism.
This mountain is associated with the subduction of the African plate under the Eurasian
plate, which also produced Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei, but is part of a different volcanic arc
(the Calabrian rather than Campanian). A number of theories have been proposed to explain
Etna's location and eruptive history, including rifting processes, a hot spot, and intersection of
structural breaks in the crust. Scientists are still debating which best fits their data, and are
using a variety of methods to build a better image of the Earth's crust below the volcano.
It consists of two edifices: an ancient shield volcano at its base, and the younger
Mongibello stratovolcano, which was built on top of the shield. The basaltic shield volcano
eruptions began about 500,000 years ago, while the stratovolcano began forming about
35,000 years ago from more trachytic lavas. The volcano's slopes currently host several large
calderas which formed when the roofs of magma chambers collapsed inward, including the
east-facing, horseshoe-shaped Valle de Bove. Etna's current activity consists of continuous
summit degassing, explosive Strombolian eruptions, and frequent basaltic lava flows. Ash
clouds from the explosive eruptions are especially hazardous to aircraft, since ash that is
pulled into a jet engine can melt, coat moving parts with a layer of glass, and cause the engine
to shut down. These dangerous ash clouds are often visible from space.
It has also produced pyroclastic flows, ashfalls, and mudflows, but the lava flows are the
most immediately hazardous type of activity, especially to the city of Catania. While the
flows themselves usually do not move fast enough to threaten humans, they can cover large
areas and destroy crops and buildings. In the event of a large flank (fissure) eruption,
evacuating the inhabitants of towns and cities near the volcano would be a huge challenge. Its
eruptions have been documented since 1500 BC, when phreatomagmatic eruptions drove
people living in the eastern part of the island to migrate to its western end. The volcano has
experienced more than 200 eruptions since then, although most are moderately small. Etna's
most powerful recorded eruption was in 1669, when explosions destroyed part of the summit
and lava flows from a fissure on the volcano's flank reached the sea and the town of Catania,
more than ten miles away. This eruption was also notable as one of the first attempts to
control the path of flowing lava.
The Catanian townspeople dug a channel that drained lava away from their homes, but
when the diverted lava threatened the village of Paterno, the inhabitants of that community
drove away the Catanians and forced them to abandon their efforts. An eruption in 1775
produced large lahars when hot material melted snow and ice on the summit, and an
extremely violent eruption in 1852 produced more than 2 billion cubic feet of lava and
covered more than three square miles of the volcano's flanks in lava flows. Etna's longest
eruption began in 1979 and went on for thirteen years; its latest eruption began in March
2007, and is still ongoing.
Taken from: https://geology.com/volcanoes/etna/

Questions
1. In your opinion, what is the best title for the text above?
2. What is the genre of the text above?
3. Describe the characteristics of the text in terms of;
a. Generic structure (provide examples)
b. Linguistic features (e.g. when you discuss the tense(s) used, show me the examples
of sentences that use the tense(s))
c. Topic sentences for each paragraph
4. Draw inferences from each of the paragraphs in the text.

Good Luck!