11/12

Disaster
Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 8
Volcanic Eruption
 FIRST QUARTER
Module 8 - Week 8
Volcanic Eruption
Content Standard : The learners demonstrate understanding of the
signs of impending volcanic eruptions; Potential
volcano-related hazards: (Lahar, Ash fall,
Pyroclastic flow, Ballistic Projectile, Volcanic
Glasses, Lava flow

Performance Standard : The learners develop a family emergency

preparedness plan to guide them on what to do
before, during, and after a volcanic eruption.

Competency/Code : 1. Recognize signs of an impending volcanic

eruption; and
2. Interpret different volcano hazard maps.
DRR11/12-If-g-21, DRR11/12-If-g-22

Learning Outcomes : 1. Outline the different signs of impending

volcanic
eruptions using a mind map;
2. Design a flyer of family preparedness plan on
what to do before, during and after volcanic
eruptions.

What I Know

Instructions. Read each sentence carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following describes a hazard map?

a. A map that shows the geographic features of an area.
b. A map that shows the number of geologists based on specific areas.
c. A map that illustrates potential for ground-based volcanic impacts.
d. A map that shows the potential mining areas in different regions of
the country.
2. It is a parameter of impending volcanic eruption in which some subtle
ground
movements may be detected only by sensitive instruments/ equipment.
a. Olfactory c. Seismic activity

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 b. Geochemistry d. Ground Deformation

3. What kind of observation is used when a crater is seen glowing at the

summit
area?
a. Olfactory c. Auditory observation
b. Tactile d. Visual observation

4. Which volcano alert level shows all monitored parameters within

background levels?
a. Alert Level 0 c. Alert Level 2
b. Alert Level 1 d. Alert Level 3
5. What do you call the person who studies about volcano?
a. Volcanologist c. Seismologist
b. Volcanor d. Geologist
6. Which of the following shows a precautionary measure before a volcanic
eruption?
a. Help people who require additional assistance.
b. Keep important documents in a safe place.
c. Close all windows and doors of the house and your car.
d. Bring animals and livestock into closed shelters to protect them from
breathing volcanic ash.
7. Which of the following personal protective equipment is used during a
volcanic
eruption?
a. Cloth mask c. Gas mask
b. Goggles d. All of these
8. Which of the following signs of impending volcanic eruptions shows changes
in temperature?
a. Olfactory c. Seismic activity
b. Geochemistry d. Ground Deformation
9. John is living within the 6 km Permanent Danger Zone of Mt. Mayon. An
alert
Level 1 was announced by PHILVOCS. Which of the following is he going
to do?
a. Wait for the PHILVOCS to announce Alert Level 2.
b. Reinforce their house so the possible ashes won’t enter the house.
c. Evacuate the area as soon as possible to the designated evacuation
center.
d. Insist of staying at home despite the warning due to COVID-19.
10. Lovely is curious about the feature of a volcano before and after an eruption
so she researched about the tool. Which tool did she find out?
a. Correlation Spectrometer
b. X-Ray Flourescence XRF
c. Global Positioning System
d. Remote Sensing Technology

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 Lesson
Signs of Impending
9 Volcanic Eruption

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o determine the various signs of an impending volcanic eruption;
o analyze situations regarding the signs of impending volcanic eruption;
and
o outline the different signs of impending volcanic eruption.

What’s In
In the previous module, you have learned about the different earthquake hazard
maps and the various volcanic related hazards. Now, let us recall your knowledge.

A. Instructions: Read the following statements carefully. Write the word TRUE
if the statement is true and FALSE if not on a separate sheet of paper.

______1. Lahars are rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments (from the
pyroclastic materials) and water, usually triggered by intense rainfall
during
typhoons, monsoons and thunderstorms.
______2. Lava flows are considered the most dangerous type of hazard from a
volcano
and is always a big threat to human lives.
______3. During eruption, excessive ashfall is dangerous as it can cause poor or low
visibility.
______4. Ash from volcanoes are also abrasive, because of this, ash suspended in
air
is also dangerous for airplanes as this can cause the engines to fail if the
suspended ash is encountered by the airplane.
______5. High concentrations of CO2 which is colorless and odorless can be lethal
to
people, animals and vegetation.

B. Instructions: Enumerate what is asked and write it on a separate sheet of

paper.

1-4. Give at least 4 top provinces in the Philippine which are high risk for disaster.

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5-10. Give at least 6 top provinces in the Philippines prone to earthquake induced
landslide.

In the previous activity, you were able to review the places which are prone to
disaster especially earthquake induced landslide and the different types of
volcanic hazards. Now, how will we know if there is an impending volcanic
eruption especially to those areas near an active or potentially active volcanoes
and what are those areas prone to volcanic eruption?

What’s New

Look at the photos, both

show the volcanic eruption
of Mayon Volcano in 1984.
How will you describe the
difference of the eruption
between the two? Which is
violent? Which do you
think is just quiet?

In this module, you will be able to prepare yourself from an impending volcanic
eruption as you will discover the different signs and the areas prone to this
hazard.

What is it

Most volcanoes provide various types of warnings before eruptions begin.

Some volcanoes, especially those that have not erupted for a long time (hundreds of
years) might display obvious precursors of reactivation months to weeks before a
major eruption (ex. Pinatubo in 1991).

Some volcanoes might explode without warning if the type of eruption is

what is known as phreatic. Also known as steam-blast eruptions, these events
could occur with little or no warning as superheated water flashes to steam similar
to what happened at Mayon volcano in 2013 and Ontake Volcano, Japan (2014)

It is important to be able to observe warning signs of volcanic unrest so that

people can evacuate in time, to minimize injuries and casualties. It is therefore
important to be able to monitor a volcano’s activity, and this is normally done with
the aid of different tools or instruments to monitor the different parameters.

The assessment of a volcano’s status (if it is quiet or in normal state, in state

of unrest, expected to erupt, erupting) is based on the different parameters that can
be observed. Volcanologists often use a combination of as many data available from
the different parameters used for evaluation. For example, the number of
earthquakes as recorded by the seismograph may increase from background levels
of 0-5 per week and may escalate into 100s in a day.

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 This is further confirmed and supported by increasing number of
earthquakes felt by the local people. In addition, other parameters such as gas
measurements and water acidity may also show signs of increasing trend.

PARAMETER EQUIPMENT/INSTRUMENT/TOOLS WHAT TO OBSERVE

Ground * Precise engineering methods of Some subtle (in
Deformation surveying using the instrument millimeters) ground
Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) to movements may be
measure accurately to millimeter detected only by
changes on ground (if the slope for sensitive
the volcano swells instruments/
* Swelling of the ground surface can equipment
be detected by using precision
instruments and techniques that
measure minute changes in slope,
distance, or elevation at the ground
surface.
* Deformation on ground is also
measured using data of repeated
measurements from permanent.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
installed around the volcano.
• Use of Remote sensing images also
help compare before and after
features.
Geochemistry • Direct measurement of temperature *Changes in
(Gas, Water, and chemistry ground water, spring temperature
temperature) water or lakes (using a *Water becomes more
thermometer /thermocouple, pH acidic
meter) *Some gas, for
• Gas being emitted by volcanic can example SO2 from
be measured directly by gas base
monitoring equipment levels of 100 tons/day
• Collect gas and water samples from jump to 4,000
vents and fumaroles and analyze in tons/day s can be an
the laboratory (X-Ray Flourescence indication of unrest
XRF)
• Remote monitoring Gas monitoring
equipment (COSPEC- correlation
spectrometer for FlySPEC/
ScanDOAS for SO2; and CO2 flux
meter for CO2)
Seismic Seismometer is the equipment used Increase in number of
activity/ to detect occurrence of volcanic volcanic earthquakes
Seismicity/ earthquakes recorded
volcanic
earthquakes

People Living Near Volcanoes May Observe Premonitory Events

Before An Eruption

Visual observations • Intensified steaming activity

• What used to be white steam slowly or drastically

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 change to gray to dark (suggests increasing presence of
ash)
• Drying up of vegetation, drying up of streams, water
wells
• Crater glow at the summit area
• Increasing frequency of rolling rocks from the
summit; localized landslides not related to heavy rains
• Summit area appears to glow or becomes
incandescent at night
Auditory observations • Hear rumbling sound
Olfactory • Smell of sulfur (rotten eggs)
Feel (Tactile) • Ground movement/ volcanic earthquake increasingly
become felt

SOME DEFINITIONS

Ground deformation- refers to surface changes on a volcano, such as subsidence

(sinking), tilting, or bulge formation, due to the movement of magma below the
surface. Deformation changes at a volcano, such as those related to magnitude or
location, may indicate that an eruption is about to occur.

Use of remote sensing technology or techniques as applied to volcano

monitoring. Monitoring surface changes on a volcano from afar- using available
tools such as satellite images; advantage: less exposure on the ground for
volcanologists, safer; but sometimes interpretation needs field verification.

Seismic activity— Most unrest in volcanoes start with volcanic earthquakes.

Volcanoes and earthquakes go hand in hand. The challenge is to determine which
patterns of seismic waves precede an eruption. When magma makes its way up to
the surface it breaks the rocks along the way, and in so doing, earthquakes are
generated.

Gases—types and rate of emission. Gases rise through vents called fumaroles (from
the Latin for “smoke”) and other cracks. Sometimes the concentrations are high
enough to create acid rain that kills vegetation—the trees at the Long Valley,
California, caldera, for example.

A volcanic eruption can be non-explosive or explosive.

 Non-explosive eruption – effusion of lava
 Explosive eruption – likely to be compared to an atomic bomb
explosion, exploding thick and dark ash clouds reaching up to
thousands of meters high.

What’s More
Instructions: Unscramble the word/s described in each statement.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. C E Y O H G I T R S E M
Water becomes more acidic and there is a change in temperature.
2. S U O V O L I A S E S R B A T V I

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 One can see an Increasing frequency of rolling rocks from the summit;
localized landslides not related to heavy rains

3. A C Y V S I E I T I M S C T I
Seismometer is the equipment used to detect occurrence of volcanic
earthquakes
4. I L A T C E T
Ground movement/ volcanic earthquake increasingly become felt
5. O N R F M D A I D G E U T O O N
Swelling of the ground surface can be detected
6. E A T Y O N S V A U R I O D B I O T R
Hear rumbling sound

What I Have Learned

Instructions. Complete the following statements and write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.

The signs of impending volcanic eruptions are

____________________________________.

The parameters used in knowing the signs of volcanic eruption are important
because ________________________________________________________________________.

Lesson

10 Volcanic Hazard Maps

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

o Interpret the different types of volcano hazard maps;
o comprehend the precautionary measure on what to do before, during and
after a volcanic eruption; and
o create a family preparedness plan in case of a volcanic eruption.

What’s In
In the previous lesson, you learned about the signs of impending volcanic eruption.
This time let us have a review.

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 Instructions: Read the following statements carefully. Write the word TRUE if
the statement is true and FALSE if not on a separate sheet of paper.

________1. In order to assess and forecast a volcano’s activity, volcanologists need

only to use one parameter.
________2. Aside from instrumental monitoring, people living near volcanoes on
their
own, may observe premonitory events before an eruption such as
intensified steaming activity.
________3. As the volcano unrest progresses into an eruption, volcanic earthquakes
not only increase in number but the number of earthquakes felt by many
people become more and more frequent.
________4. Measuring the amount of gases being emitted by volcanoes is also an
important aspect of volcano monitoring.
________5. The development and use of remote sensing technology in monitoring
volcanoes has greatly contributed to the safety of scientists.
________6. In visual observation, it is not only the increase in volume of steam that
is observed but the color of steam, which might drastically change from
“white” to “dark gray”.

What’s New

Your family transferred near Hibok-Hibok Volcano. You want to know the possible
volcanic hazards that the volcano might bring. What instrument are you going to
use? How will that instrument help you in preparing in case a volcanic eruption
would occur? If the volcano would erupt, will you be able to know what to do?

In this module, you will be able to prepare yourself from an impending volcanic
eruption as you learn to interpret a volcanic hazard map and know what to do
before, during and after a volcanic eruption.

What Is It

The Philippines belong to the Pacific Ring of Fire, a vast Pacific Ocean region
where many of Earth’s earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur so it is important
to be knowledgeable on the areas prone to volcanic eruption and the precautionary
measures before, during and after the eruption.

Volcano Alert Levels is used to define the status of each volcano in the
Philippines. The alert levels range from 0 to 5. These are used to guide any
appropriate response from the Local Government Units (LGUs). Examples of
Volcano Alert Levels as of 2018 for the 6 most active volcanoes in the Philippines
can be found in this link: https://tinyurl.com/Philippines-VolcanoAlertlevels

Volcano Monitoring (Alert Levels- Update 2018)

Mayon Volcano Alert Signals

ALERT MAIN CRITERIA INTERPRETATION/

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 LEVEL RECOMMENDATIONS
Quiet. All monitored parameters within No eruption in
0 background levels. foreseeable future. Entry
No Alert in the 6-km radius
Permanent Danger Zone
(PDZ) is not advised
because phreatic
explosions and ash puffs
may occur without
precursors.
Low level unrest. Slight increase in No eruption imminent.
1 seismicity. Slight increase in SO2 gas Activity may be
Abnormal output above the background level. Very hydrothermal, magmatic
faint glow of the crater may occur but or tectonic in origin. No
no conclusive evidence of magma entry in the 6-km radius
ascent. Phreatic explosion or ash puffs PDZ.
may occur.
Moderate unrest. Low to moderate level Unrest probably of
2 of seismic activity. Increasing SO2 flux. magmatic origin, could
Increasing Faint/intermittent crater glow. Swelling eventually lead to
Unrest of edifice may be detected. Confirmed eruption. 6-km radius
reports of decrease in flow of wells and Danger Zone may be
springs during rainy season. extended to 7km in the
sector where the crater
rim is low.
3 Relatively high unrest. Volcanic quakes Magma is close to the
Increased and tremor may become more frequent. crater. If trend is one of
Tendency Further increase in SO2 flux. increasing unrest,
Towards Occurrence of rockfalls in summit area. eruption is possible
Hazardous Vigorous streaming/sustained crater within weeks. Extension
Eruption glow. Persistent swelling of edifice. of Danger Zone in the
sector where the crater
rim is low will be
considered.
4 Intense unrest. Persistent tremor, many Hazardous eruption is
Hazardous “low frequency”-type earthquakes/ SO2 possible within days.
emission level may show sustained Extension of Danger zone
increase or abrupt decrease. Intense to 8 km or more in the
crater glow. Incandescent lava dome, sector where the crater
lava fountain, lava flow in the summit rim is low will be
area. recommended.
5 Hazardous eruption ongoing. Pyroclastic flows may
Hazardous Occurrence of pyroclastic flows, tall sweep down along gullies
Eruption eruption columns and extensive ashfall.
Source: Philvocs.DOST

The Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) for volcanoes is identified where no

permanent habitation is recommended due to the possible impact of various
hazards at any time. For Mayon Volcano, the area covered within 6-kilometer
radius from the summit is described as the PDZ. As soon as Alert Level is raised
from 0 to 1, it is recommended that people should not venture within this area at
any time. This is already part of the precautionary action taken by the Province of
Albay when Alert 1 is declared.

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 Geologists gain better understanding of likely future hazards by studying the
geology of the volcano, observing eruptions and monitoring background levels of
activity. These are then shown in hazard maps.

Hazard maps illustrate potential for ground-based volcanic impacts—lava

flows, pyroclastic flows, ashfall, volcanic gases, and more far-reaching hazards
(such as lahars) in valleys that drain the volcano.

Hazard maps are generated for various uses and are most useful in
determining risks of living in identified potentially hazardous areas. Hazard maps
can also help people to become aware of specific dangers (lava flow, pyroclastic
flows, ashfall, lahars, etc) they might face in the event that a volcano reactivates.

Presented below are the hazard maps of Mt Mayon and Taal Volcanoes.

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Figure 1: Distribution of Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in the Philippines (2018)

Figure 2: 2018 Mayon Volcano Hazard Map

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Figure 3: Taal Volcano Base Surge Hazard Map

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Figure 4: Taal Volcano Tsunami and Fissuring Hazard Map

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You already know the signs of an impending volcanic eruption; you also already
have the knowledge on how to interpret hazard maps. Now, are those knowledges
enough? How about during and after a volcanic eruption? What will you do?

WHAT TO DO BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER A VOLCANO ERUPTION

IF YOU ARE UNDER A VOLCANO WARNING:
-Listen for emergency information and alerts.
-Follow evacuation or shelter orders. If advised to evacuate, then
do so early.
-Avoid areas downstream of the eruption.
-Protect yourself from falling ash.
BEFORE -Do not drive in heavy ash fall.
PREPARE NOW
-Assemble emergency preparedness kit.
-Create a household evacuation plan that includes your pets and
practice it with your family.
-Stay informed about your community’s risk and response
plans.
-Prepare gas mask or clean cloth for covering the nose, candles,
matches, flashlights, and extra batteries. Put these things in
accessible place.
-Keep important documents in a safe place. Create a password-
protected digital copies.
-Stay calm, cover your nose and mouth with damp and clean
cloth or gas mask to protect against lung irritation from small
particles.
DURING -Protect your eyes by wearing goggles. Wear eyeglasses not
contact lenses.
-Keep as much of your skin covered as possible.
-Listen to the radio for the updated developments regarding the
volcanic eruption.
-Close all windows and doors of the house and your car.
-Follow evacuation orders from local authorities. Evacuate early.
-Avoid areas downwind, and river valleys downstream of the
volcano. Rubble and ash will be carried by wind and gravity.
-Take temporary shelter from volcanic ash where you are if you
have enough supplies.
-Bring animals and livestock into closed shelters to protect them
from breathing volcanic ash.
-If outside, protect yourself from falling ash that can irritate skin
and injure breathing passages, eyes and open wounds. Use a
well-fitting, certified face mask such as an N95.
-Avoid driving in heavy ash fall.
-Seek shelter indoors possible.
-Stay out of designated restricted zones. Effects of a volcano
eruption can be experienced many miles from a volcano.
-Listen to authorities to find out when it is safe to return after

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 AFTER an eruption.
-Send text messages or use social media to reach out to family
and friends. Phone systems are often busy after a disaster. Only
make emergency calls.
-Avoid driving in heavy ash. Driving will stir up volcanic ash that
can clog engines and stall vehicles.
-If you have any breathing problems, avoid contact with ash.
Stay indoors until authorities say it is safe to go outside.
-Do not get on your roof to remove ash unless you have guidance
or training. If you have to remove ash, then be very careful as
ash makes surfaces slippery. Be careful not to contribute
additional weight to an overloaded roof.
-Continue listening to local news for updated information and
instructions.
-If people around you are injured, practice CHECK, CALL, CARE.
Check the scene to be sure it is safe for you to approach, call for
help and if you are trained, provide first aid to those in need
until emergency responders can arrive.
-Help people who require additional assistance.
-You still have to protect yourself by wearing Personal Protective
Equipment.

What’s More

Instruction: Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is true and
change the underlined word/s to the correct answer if the statement is false.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

______1. The volcano is in alert level 3 if there is a low to moderate level of seismic
activity.
______2. Volcano Alert Level is used to define the status of each volcano in the
Philippines.
______3. Mt Pinatubo is an active volcano.
______4. Masarawag is within the 6-km radius from Mt Mayon.
______5. Remove the ashes from your roof after the eruption of a volcano.
______6. If you are living near a volcano, exposed your skin as much as possible
during a volcanic eruption.
______7. Gas mask is use as protection from the volcanic eruption.
______8. Talisay, Batangas will be affected the volcanic hazard when Taal Volcano
will erupt.
______9. Practice Call-Check-Leave when people around you are injured after an
eruption.
______10. Preparing for a volcanic eruption includes creating a household
evacuation

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 plan.

What I Have Learned

Instructions. Complete the following statements and write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.

I have learned that a volcanic hazard map is used to _____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________.
For me, the three main important points to remember to as precautionary
measures before, during and after a volcanic eruption are
__________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.

What I can do

Activity 1: Using the mind map below, outline the different signs of an impending
volcanic eruption. You can add or delete a shape. Write the map with your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.

SIGNS OF IMPENDING
VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Activity 2: Based on the precautionary measures on what to do before, during and

after a volcanic eruption, design and create your own flyer that you can give to your
family in case of a volcanic eruption. Criteria: Content – 35%, Creativity – 35% and
Uniqueness – 30%.

Assessment
Instructions. Read each sentence carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following describes a volcanic hazard map?

a. It shows the geographic features of an area.
b. It shows the number of geologists based on specific areas.

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 c. It illustrates potential for ground-based volcanic impacts.
d. It illustrates the potential mining areas in different regions of the
country.
2. It is a parameter of impending volcanic eruption in which a ground
movement/
volcanic earthquake is felt.
a. Tactile c. Seismic activity
b. Olfactory d. Ground Deformation
3. What kind of observation is used when a rumbling sound is heard?
a. Olfactory c. Auditory observation
b. Tactile d. Visual observation
4. Which volcano alert level shows the occurrence of pyroclastic flows, tall
eruption columns and extensive ashfall?
a. Alert Level 2 c. Alert Level 4
b. Alert Level 3 d. Alert Level 5
5. Which of the following is an active volcano in the Philippines?
a. Apo c. Kanlaon
b. Arayat d. Isarog
6. Which of the following shows what to do during a volcanic eruption?
a. Keep important documents in a safe place.
b. Help people who require additional assistance.
c. Close all windows and doors of the house and your car.
d. Listen to authorities to find out when it is safe to return after an
eruption
7. Why is it important to wear gas mask during a volcanic eruption?
a. It helps someone to avoid the lava flow.
b. It helps protect oneself from heart attack.
c. It is important to still show how fashionable you are.
d. It helps filter the particles of ashes from inhaling.
8. Which of the following signs of impending volcanic eruptions uses an
Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) to measure accurately to millimeter
changes
on ground (if the slope for the volcano swells)?
a. Olfactory c. Seismic activity
b. Geochemistry d. Ground Deformation
9. Matsumoto is a foreigner who just moved within the 6 km radius of Mt Hibok
Hibok in Camiguin. He noticed a drastically change from gray to dark
steaming
activity of the volcano and there is an increasing frequency of rolling rocks
from the summit. Based on his observation, what could possibly happen?
a. A possible volcanic eruption would occur.
b. An alert level warning will be announced by PHILVOCS.
c. People within the permanent danger zone will be asked to evacuate.
d. All of the above
10. Jandy is curious about the gas, water and temperature of a volcano so she’s
interested with the laboratory which analyzes the collected gas and water
samples from vents and fumaroles and analyze in the laboratory she
researched about the tool. Which tool did she find out?
a. Correlation Spectrometer c. Global Positioning System
b. X-Ray Flourescence XRF d. Remote Sensing Technology

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 Additional Activities
Using the hazard map about the Mayon Volcano found in Lesson 10,
identify the barangays within the 6km PDZ. Which barangays are within 6-7 km?
7-8 km? (If it is not clear, you can download the image from PHILVOCS-DOST
website.)

PUT SPECIFIC BARANGAYS BARANGAYS BARANGAYS

NAME WITHIN 6 KM WITHIN 6-7 KM WITHIN 7-8 KM
MUNICIPALITY 1
MUNICIPALITY 2
MUNICIPALITY 3
MUNICIPALITY 4

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References
Electronic Sources:
Fema. (28th January 2019). “Volcano”. Retrieved 20 th July 2020 from
https://www.ready.gov/volcanoes
The American National Red Cross. (2020). “Volcano Safety Tips”. Retrieved 20 th July
2020 from
https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-emergencies/types-of-
emergencies/volcano.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQtkoLxqUNQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ObsOj9Q2Do
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/monvoc/monvoc2.php
USGS, http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/cvo/hazards.html
http://www.planetseed.com/relatedarticle/major-warningsigns

Photos:
Figure 1-4: DOST-PHILVOCS.(2019). “Earthquake Hazard Maps”. Retrieved 16
July, 2020 from https://gisweb.philvocs.dost.gov.ph/gisweb/earthquake-volcano-
related-hazard-gis-information

Learning Materials:
Dianala, John Dale B. et al. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Reader.
“Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazard”. Department of Education-Bureau of Learning
Resources. Ground Floor, Bonifacio Building, DepEd Complex, Meralco Ave. Pasig
City (2017)

Aurelio, Mario a. et. al. Teaching Guide for Senior High School Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction Core Subject. “Signs of Volcano Eruption and Volcano Hazard
Maps”. Commission on Higher Education. 4 th floor, Commission on Higher
Education, C.P Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City. 2016

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

 Name
 Grade and Section
 Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission as agreed with your teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you.
4. Return them at the end of the school year.