12

Disaster
Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 8
VOLCANIC HAZARDS

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 8: Volcanic Hazards
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Mark Anthony C. Mamon, Cheryl A. Retio, Louise A. Ferrer, Emerina Clarisse
R. Bernante
Editor: Ma. Lanie A. Socorro, Ed.D.
Reviewers: Raquel M. Austero, Ph.D.
Illustrator: Mark Anthony C. Mamon
Layout Artist: Louise A. Ferrer
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Director IV
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS In-Charge of LRMS
Micah S. Pacheco, Regional ADM Coordinator
Violeta M. Gonzales, CID Chief
Jennifer L. Tubello, Division EPS In-Charge of LRMS &
Division ADM Coordinator

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – National Capital Region

Office Address: Misamis St., Bago Bantay, Quezon City

____________________________________________
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Telefax: 02-929-0153
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E-mail Address: ____________________________________________
depedncr@deped.gov.ph
 12

Disaster
Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 8
Volcanic Hazards

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

(This module adheres to the learning competencies of the K-12 Curriculum. This module
helps the learners understand potential volcanic hazards based on scientific concepts
and the principles and guidelines of disaster risk reduction and management. This
module is a useful learning material that provides the learning objectives, pretest,
lesson proper, enrichment activities, generalization, application, assessment and
additional activities)

For the learner:

(This module is created to give meaningful learning on volcanic hazards through clear
and comprehensive discussions about the concepts and through engaging and relevant
activities. This module also allows the learners to reflect and apply disaster risk
reduction and management in everyday life).

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand Volcanic Hazards. This module provides discussions and activities that
will help you learn the concepts, ideas, and relevant information about lesson. This
module emphasizes the guidelines, and importance of disaster readiness, risk
reduction, and management in connection to the hazard being discussed.

The module is all about Volcanic Hazards.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explain various volcano-related hazards; and

2. recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption.

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 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What volcanic hazard is characterized by the propelling of rock fragments on

flying trajectories?
A. ballistic projectiles C. pyroclastic flows
B. lava flows D. volcanic gases

2. Which of the following is a sign of an impending volcanic eruption?

A. crater glow C. steam-blast eruptions
B. earthquakes D. all choices

3. A typhoon after a volcanic eruption can result to what volcanic hazard?

A. ballistic projectile C. pyroclastic fall
B. lahar D. pyroclastic flow

4. What sign of an impending volcanic eruption is monitored for its pH and

temperature?
A. gas emissions C. ground movement
B. ground deformation D. hydrological changes in springs

5. Why do volcanic gases are dangerous to human health?

A. pressure C. toxicity
B. temperature D. both B and C

6. Which of the following volcanic hazard can cause great fatalities and can
change global temperature?
A. ballistic projectile C. lava flow
B. lahar D. volcanic gases

7. Which of the following factor affects the speed of lava flow?

A. High temperature.
B. Size of rock fragments.
C. Viscosity directly related to gas content.
D. Viscosity directly related to silica content.

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8. Ash and dust particles are what type of volcanic hazards?
A. lahar C. pyroclastic fall
B. lava flow D. pyroclastic flow

9. How do volcanic gases affect in a global scale?

A. By incinerating vegetation on its path.
B. By contributing to the degradation of ozone layer.
C. By destroying agricultural lands within the danger zone.
D. By destroying all man-made structures within the 6-km permanent danger
zone.

10. What sign of an impending volcanic eruption is measured using a

seismograph?
A. crater glow C. earthquake
B. drying up of springs D. steam-blast eruption

11. Why tremors occur before and during a volcanic eruption?

A. Because of the release of lava flow.
B. Because of the sudden release of volcanic gases.
C. Because of the underground, upward movement of magma.
D. Because of the increase of temperature inside a volcano intensified by
volcanic gases.

12. How does a volcanic eruption affect the atmosphere?

A. Volcanic gases like SO2 are greenhouse gases which help keep heat in the
atmosphere.
B. SO2 reflect solar radiation, thus causing a decrease in average atmospheric
temperature by about 10C.
C. Volcanic gases such as CO2 are greenhouse gases which help heat to be
released in the atmosphere.
D. Volcanic gases such as CO2 are greenhouse gases that contribute to a
cooler or lower temperature.

13. Which of the following can be the source of water in generating mudflows?
A. crater lakes B. heavy rainfall C. snow or ice C. all choices

14. The speed of lava flows are affected by what factor?

A. Steepness of the ground . C. Volcanic gases in the magma.
B. Temperature inside the volcano. D. All choices.

15. Which of the following is a volcanic hazard that can cause climate cooling?
A. lahar B. lava flow C. pyroclastic flow D. volcanic gases

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 Lesson

1 Volcanic Hazards

The Philippines is geographically located in the Pacific Ring of Fire or also

known as the circum-Pacific Belt. This region is characterized by active volcanoes
and frequent earthquakes. Its length is approximately 40,000 kilometers, and
borders the Pacific Ocean. Around 75% of the world’s volcanoes, comprised of more
than 450 volcanoes, are located in the Pacific Ring of Fire. In the Philippines, there
are 23 active volcanoes based on the records of PHIVOLCS. These volcanoes erupted
within the last 600 years.

What’s In

In the last module, you learned about earthquake preparedness, specifically

by using and interpreting hazard maps, and familiarizing yourself with precautionary
or safety measures before, during, and after an earthquake. List down what your
family should do or act before, during, and after an earthquake. Give at least five (5)
actions on each number.

1. Before an earthquake (disaster preparedness, prevention, and mitigation)

A. ______________________________________________________________

B. ______________________________________________________________

C. ______________________________________________________________

D. ______________________________________________________________

E. ______________________________________________________________

2. During an earthquake (disaster response)

A. ______________________________________________________________

B. ______________________________________________________________

C. ______________________________________________________________

D. ______________________________________________________________

E. ______________________________________________________________

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 3. After an earthquake (disaster recovery and rehabilitation)

A. ______________________________________________________________

B. ______________________________________________________________

C. ______________________________________________________________

D. ______________________________________________________________

E. ______________________________________________________________

Notes to the Teacher

Updated and latest volcanic eruption information can be obtained
from the data of Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS). You can access information about active volcanoes
from the website of PHIVOLCS:
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/.

What’s New

Activity 1. The January 2020 Taal Volcano eruption

Directions: In January 12, 2020, at 7:30PM, PHIVOLCS declared an Alert Level 4
status on the eruption of Taal Volcano. To recall this event, read the article below
entitled “Philippines warns of ‘explosive eruption’ after Taal Volcano spews ash near
Manila” written by Jinky Jorgio, Jessie Yeung and Alaa Elassar of CNN. Answer the
questions given in a separate sheet.

Manila, Philippines (CNN) Philippine authorities have urged a "total

evacuation" of nearly a million people near the capital Manila, after a volcano
spewed ash up to nine miles (14 kilometers) into the air Sunday prompting
warnings of a possible "explosive eruption."

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 The Taal Volcano, about 37 miles (60 kilometers) south of the capital Manila
on the island of Luzon, is one of the country's most active. Images from the
scene on Monday showed streams of lava beginning to gush out the volcanic
vent, the sky above still thick and dark with ash and steam.

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) has

raised the alert level to four, meaning an "explosive eruption" could happen
in the coming hours or days. Its highest alert level is five, indicating an
eruption is taking place.
In explosive eruptions, magma is fragmented and violently expelled from the
volcano -- think of a soda can after being shaken -- as opposed to thick lava
oozing out.
Taal Volcano isn't actually very big -- but it's considered among the world's
most dangerous, owing to the number of people that live in its immediate
vicinity, said Erik Klemetti, a volcanologist at Denison University.
There are two zones of concern around the volcano, according to the United
Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Around
459,000 people reside within a danger zone with a 14-kilometer (8.7 miles)
radius around the volcano, according to a map by the agency, while more
than 930,000 people live in a wider 17-kilometer (10.5 miles) danger zone.
PHIVOLCS has urged a "total evacuation" of everyone within the 17-kilometer
radius around the volcano.
As of Monday, more than 25,000 people had sought shelter in temporary
evacuation centers set up by the authorities. The total number of evacuees
is likely to be higher, however, with many people choosing to stay with
family members and relatives in other parts of the country.
Federal authorities are helping the response and evacuation operation. The
army sent 20 military vehicles and 120 personnel to help affected residents,
and the secretary of national defense said helicopters were on standby to
evacuate people.
The defense secretary also urged residents near the eruption to evacuate,
and not to hesitate in leaving their homes. Aid organizations like the Red
Cross are assisting on the ground by sending rescue vehicles and supplies.
Source: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/12/asia/taal-volcano-eruption-philippines-trnd/index.html

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the dangers brought by the Taal Volcano eruption?

2. What happened to the communities or areas affected by the eruption of

Taal Volcano?

3. How did the people respond and cope up with the effects of the volcanic
eruption?

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 What is It

Volcano
What is a volcano?

A volcano is a vent, hill or mountain from which hot and molten rocks (lava),
rock fragments, and gaseous materials have been ejected. Magma is molten or hot
liquid rock in the Earth’s mantle, whereas magma or molten rock that reached the
Earth’s surface is called lava.

Classification of Magma based on Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) Content

What are the classifications of magma based on SiO 2 content?

Magma (lava on the earth’s surface) can be classified into three basic types,
which are basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic, based on silicon dioxide (SiO2)/silica
content. The viscosity of magma is directly affected by silica content. Viscosity is a
property of fluid that describes the resistance or opposition to flow or to change in
shape. A fluid that is less viscous tend to flow more easily compared to a fluid that
is more viscous. A less viscous lava is more fluid, which flows in far distances.

1. A basaltic magma is composed of the least silicon dioxide content, which is

about 45 to 55%, contributes to least viscosity.
2. An andesitic magma is composed of an intermediate silicon dioxide content,
which is about 55 – 65%, contributes to a moderate viscosity
3. A rhyolitic magma is composed of the highest silicon dioxide about 65 to
75%, which contributes to greatest viscosity.

Classification of Volcanoes
What are the different classifications of volcanoes?

Volcanoes are classified based on how often they erupted. An active volcano
erupted within the last 10,000 years. Examples of active volcanoes in the Philippines
are Mt. Mayon, Mt. Pinatubo, and Mt. Bulusan. A dormant or an inactive volcano,
on other hand, did not erupt for the past 10,000 years, but could erupt again. An
extinct volcano have not erupted in the past 10,000 years and will not erupt again.

Another way volcanoes can be classified is based on its shape or form, and
composition. Shield volcanoes are low, broad, and slightly domed volcanoes that
are produced by accumulated/solidified fluid basaltic lava flows. Volcanoes with this
type are Mauna Loa, which is the world’s largest volcano, and Kilauea in Hawaii.
Composite volcanoes or stratovolcanoes are the most common type of volcanoes

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famous for its conical shape. This type of volcano is composed of pyroclastic deposits
and lava, and is characterized to have steep slopes with nearly symmetrical
structure. Mt. Mayon in Albay, Philippines and Mt. Fuji in Japan are famous
stratovolcanoes. Cinder cone volcanoes are the simplest type of volcanoes. These
volcanoes are smaller compared to others with a height between 30 meters and 300
meters, and rarely surpasses a height of 700 meters. Cinder cones also have steep
slopes with an angle between 30 and 40 degrees. Mt. Paricutin in Mexico and Smith
Volcano in Babuyan Islands are examples of cinder cones.

Volcanic Hazards
What are the various volcano-related hazards?

1. Lava flows are rivers of incandescent molten rock or lava that erupted from a
crater or fissure and moves downslope or away from an eruption vent. Lava
can be erupted either through a nonexplosive or an explosive lava fountain.
The speed of lava flow depends on the following factors:
A. Steepness of the slope of the ground where it travels
B. The type of lava and its viscosity
C. Whether the lava flows in a restricted channel, down a lava tube or
as a broad sheet
D. Lava production rate at the vent.

Basaltic lava is the least viscous, in which, it can flow up to tens of

kilometers from the erupting vent. Andesitic lava is moderately viscous, in
which, it can only flow a few kilometers per hour. Among the three types, the
rhyolitic lava is the most viscous, and with this property, it forms a lava dome
over the eruption vent as it flows at the slope of the ground.

Lava flows destroy all things at its path because of its extremely hot
temperature. Basaltic lava has the highest temperature ranging from 1000 to
2000 degrees Celsius, followed by andesitic lava with a temperature range of
800 to 1000 degrees Celsius, and rhyolitic lava with a temperature of 650 to
800 degrees Celsius. Lava can also melt glaciers, snows, or ices resulting into
a lahar. Lava can also boils water as it enters a body of water or a lava tube
resulting into an explosive shower of molten spatter in a widespread area.

2. Pyroclastic fall occurs when pyroclastic fragments of rocks, or tephra, are

ejected in a great distance and propelled through the atmosphere that fallout
from the plumes of a volcanic eruption. Tephra are fragments of volcanic rocks
which can be further classified according to their diameter. Tephra may be
classified as blocks and bombs (>than 64 mm), lapilli or Cinders (2-64 mm)
or volcanic ash (<2 mm).

Blocks and bombs, although are expelled with excessive force, can only
be deposited in close proximity from the eruptive vent. Lapilli can upwardly
carried within a volcanic plume or downwardly carried in a volcanic cloud,

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 however if this eruption cloud cooled down, it falls to the ground. Among the
three types of tephra, volcanic ash reach very long distances as it falls out of
suspension.

Ash fall have harmful effects to human health, especially for those who
already have respiratory or cardiac diseases/problems. Ash fall can also cause
disruption to land and air transportation, water and power supply,
communications, drainage canals and sewerage, and can cause damages to
buildings, agriculture, and wildlife.

3. Pyroclastic flow is a mixture of pyroclastic fragments, specifically hot lava

blocks, pumice and ash, and hot volcanic gases that rush down volcanic
slopes at very high-speed outward from the source vent. Most pyroclastic flows
have two parts, which is a basal flow of coarse fragments that moves along
the ground, and a turbulent cloud of ash that rises above the basal flow. Ash
fall may also result from this cloud over a widespread area downwind from the
pyroclastic flow.

Pyroclastic flows can destroy houses and other structures, forests and
farmlands, and can cause fatalities and serious injuries to people and
animals. Pyroclastic flows have extreme temperatures ranging between 200
and 700 degrees Celsius. It can travel at an average speed of 80 km/h.
Pyroclastic flow can also melt and mix with snow and ice generating secondary
hazards such as flooding and lahars.

4. Lahar is a mudflow or debris flow, a mixture of pyroclastic materials and water

rapidly flowing down a volcano slope through rivers and channels. Lahar
usually occurs when a volcanic eruption happens together with rainfall
contributed by typhoons, monsoons or thunderstorms. Lahars can have a
speed more than 200 km/hr, and slow down as it move farther away from the
volcano, and as it move toward lowland areas.

A lahar can be generated with or without an eruption of a volcano. As

mentioned earlier, a pyroclastic flow can produce lahar when it mix with
melted snow and ice due to extreme temperature, and rapidly travel down the
steep slope. A lahar can also be produced when high-volume or long-duration
rainfall happens after a volcanic eruption. The rainwater can erode and mix
with the loose volcanic sediments resulting into a mudflow. Furthermore,
lahars can also instigate landslides from the steep flanks of volcanoes.

Lahars can destroy buildings and other structures such as bridges and
roads, and agricultural lands. It can also cause loss of human and animal
lives. In 1991, after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, the Philippines was hit by a
major typhoon therefore generating a lahar that buried hundreds of square
miles of land and killed an estimated 700 people.

5. Volcanic gases are gases that are released to the atmosphere during
eruptions. Volcanic gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen

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 fluoride. Water vapor is the most abundant volcanic gas, which is non-toxic
or non-poisonous. Other volcanic gases in significant amounts are toxic or
poisonous to people, animals, and agricultural crops. In the Mt. Pinatubo
eruption in 1991, it emitted more than 250 megatons of gas in the atmosphere
in just one day.
An estimated 180 to 440 million tons of Carbon dioxide (CO 2) are
released by volcanoes in the Earth’s atmosphere. It is lethal when a person
inhales more than 3% CO2, which leads to dizziness, headaches, increased
heart rate, and difficulty in breathing. Inhalation of air with exceeding 15%
CO2 can cause unconsciousness and death. Furthermore, emissions of CO 2,
most especially in great amounts, can affect the global climate.
Other gases are sulfur dioxide (SO2) that can be irritating or damaging
to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system, and hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) that can
irritate the upper respiratory tract and can cause pulmonary edema in high
concentrations. Hydrogen halides such as hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen
chloride (HCl), and hydrogen bromide (HBr) are strong and harmful acids.

6. Ballistic projectiles are volcanic rocks directly ejected from the vent with
force and trajectory. These rocks can vary, which can be as small as an ash,
or as a boulder. These rocks can travel from 2 to 5 km from the vent.

Signs of an Impending Volcanic Eruption

What are the signs of an impending volcanic eruption?

1. Intensified steaming activity with a change of color from white steam to gray,
or to dark steam
2. Dried - up vegetation, streams and water wells
3. Ground movement or tremors due to volcanic earthquakes
4. Crater glow at or near the crater or summit area
5. Increased frequency of landslides and rockfalls
6. Increased temperature in hot springs and crater lakes near the volcano
7. Residents near the volcano can hear rumbling sound and can smell sulfur
8. Sulfur dioxide and other gas emissions

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 What’s More

Activity 2. A Hot-Tempered Volcanic Eruption

Directions: Complete Table 1 by determining the components of each volcanic
hazard, describing them, and enumerating two (2) of its negative effects.

Table 1. Volcanic Hazards and its Effects

Volcanic Hazards Components Description Effects of the

Volcanic Hazards
A. Volcanic Gases

B. Lahar

C. Ballistic
Projectiles

D. Lava Flow

E. Pyroclastic Fall

F. Pyroclastic Flow

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Answer the following questions:
1. What is the importance of monitoring these volcanic hazards? Give three (3)
importance or significance.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. How do volcanologists monitor volcanic activities and/or volcanic hazards?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Activity 3. The Philippines’ Active Volcanoes

Directions: Access the website links and watch the documentary videos. Afterwards,
answer the given questions in a separate sheet.

A. Mt. Pinatubo Eruption

Mt. Pinatubo erupted on June 15, 1991. This eruption was considered as the second
largest volcanic eruption in the 20 th Century. Access the link provided and watch a
documentary video of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo Eruption:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x90v_cpAZI8.

Answer the following questions in a separate sheet:

1. What was the situation of the communities near Mt. Pinatubo before the
eruption?

2. What were the signs identified of an impending Mt. Pinatubo eruption?

3. What were the volcanic hazards brought by Mt. Pinatubo eruption? Explain
or describe each volcanic hazard.

4. What happened to the communities affected by the Mt. Pinatubo eruption?

5. How did the people respond or cope with the effects of the volcanic eruption?

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B. Mayon Volcano Eruption
Please watch a documentary about the January 2018 Mayon Volcano eruption on
this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ywovuS_4KNk.

Answer the following questions in a separate sheet:

1. What are the volcano alert levels explained in the documentary? Explain each
alert level

2. What were the signs identified of an impending Mayon Volcano eruption?

3. What were the volcanic hazards brought by Mayon Volcano eruption? Explain
or describe each volcanic hazard.

4. What happened to the communities affected by the Mayon Volcano eruption?

5. How did the people respond or cope with the effects of the volcanic eruption?

Activity 4. Volcano Concept Map

Directions: Create a concept map that will organize all the given data about volcano.
The concept map should show an organized presentation of the classifications of
volcano, volcanic hazards, dangerous effects of volcanic eruption, and signs of an
impending volcanic eruption. Use a separate sheep on this activity.

Volcano

Lava Flow Volcanic Ash Blocks and

Bombs

Extinct Volcano Stream-like flow Dormant

of molten rock Volcano

Volcanic Mudflow or Shower of

Hazards debris flow fragments of
rocks

Basaltic Lava Volcanic Rocks

(Least Viscous) ejected Classification
w/trajectory based on Volcanic
Activity

Fast turbulent mass

of fragments (rocks Rhyolitic Lava
Composite
and ash), and hot (Most Viscous)
Volcano
gases

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 Classification Shield Volcano Crater Glow
based on Shape
or Form

Cinder Cone Pyroclastic Flow Turbulent cloud

Volcano of ash

Basal flow of Active Volcano Pyroclastic Fall

coarse fragments

Lapilli Andesitic Lava With or without

(Moderately Viscous) volcanic eruption

Volcanic Gases Emissions to the Dangerous

atmosphere Effects

Volcanic Rocks Loss of Human Ballistic

ejected and Animal Projectiles
w/trajectory Lives

Destruction of Increased Steaming Lahar

Properties Activity

Signs of an
Volcanic CO2, H2O, SO2, Impending
Earthquakes HF, HCl, & HBr Volcanic Eruption

What I Have Learned

1. What are volcanoes and their different types or classifications?

2. What are the various volcano-related hazards?
3. What are the signs of an impending volcanic eruption?

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 What I Can Do

What can you do as a student or volunteer to help communities affected by a

volcanic eruption? List them down and explain briefly how you can help them.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What volcanic hazard is characterized as a mix of hot lava blocks, ash,
pumice, and volcanic gas?
A. ballistic projectile C. lava flow
B. lahar D. pyroclastic flow

2. Which of the following is an impending sign of a volcanic eruption?

A. Ejected tephra.
B. Increased seismic activity.
C. A mixture of pyroclastic materials and water.
D. Ash fall reaching beyond the 6-km radius PDZ.

3. What are the devastating effects of ash fall?

A. Can cause jet engine failure.
B. Can cause respiratory problems.
C. Can cause damage to power supply and communication.
D. All choices

4. What is the outcome when lava erupts beneath a glacier or flows over snow or
ice?
A. Lahar C. Pyroclastic fall
B. Lava flow D. Pyroclastic flow

5. Which of the following can be the source of water in generating mudflows?

A. crater lakes B. heavy rainfall C. snow or ice D. all choices

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6. What particular tephra forms an eruption cloud as it is violently released in
the atmosphere?
A. ashes C. volcanic gases
B. blocks and bombs D. lapilli

7. How destructive lahar is?

A. It can move slowly down valleys.
B. It can incinerate anything on its path.
C. It can lead to flooding in low-lying areas.
D. It can only occur during a volcanic eruption.

8. The speed of lava flows are affected by what factor?

A. Steepness of the ground . C. Volcanic gases in the magma.
B. Temperature inside the volcano. D. All choices.

9. Which of the following is a volcanic hazard that can cause climate cooling?
A. lahar B. lava flow C. pyroclastic flow D. volcanic gases

10. Which of the following can be considered a warning before eruptions begin?
A. Ballistic projectiles.
B. Steam-blast eruptions.
C. Changes in the wind direction.
D. Release of megatons of gas into the atmosphere.

11. What gas emission from a volcanic eruption can potentially cause acid rain?
A. carbon dioxide C. water vapor
B. hydrogen halides D. all choices

12. How do pyroclastic flows form?

A. By a collapse of eruption column.
B. By a collapse of lava domes or flows.
C. Through a “boiling over” from eruptive vent.
D. All choices

13. Classification of volcanic landforms as shield, cinder and composite is based

on what particular factor?
A. Size of tephra C. Acidity of volcanic gases
B. Frequency of eruption D. Viscosity of magma/lava

14. Why tremors occur before and during a volcanic eruption?

A. Because of the release of lava flow.
B. Because of the sudden release of volcanic gases.
C. Because of the underground, upward movement of magma.
D. Because of the increase of temperature inside a volcano intensified by
volcanic gases.

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 15. How does a volcanic eruption affect the atmosphere?
A. Volcanic gases like SO2 are greenhouse gases which help keep heat in the
atmosphere.
B. SO2 reflect solar radiation, thus causing a decrease in average atmospheric
temperature by about 10C.
C. Volcanic gases such as CO2 are greenhouse gases which help heat to be
released in the atmosphere.
D. Volcanic gases such as CO2 are greenhouse gases that contribute to a
cooler or lower temperature.

Additional Activities

Create an INFO POSTER that shows volcanic hazards and its effects, and the
different signs of an impending volcanic eruption. Use a long bond paper, and
coloring materials. Make it informative and creative. The rubric for evaluating this
info poster is shown below.

Rubric

Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Poor (1)

Content (40%) The poster The poster The poster The poster
includes all includes many includes some does not
required required required include
elements and elements and elements and required
is very is informative is somehow elements and
informative informative is not
informative
Organization The The The The
(30%) information information information information
and graphics and graphics and graphics and graphics
are very are organized are adequately are not
organized and and well organized and organized and
very well presented presented presented
presented properly
Relevance to The The The The
the topic information information information information
(30%) and graphics and graphics and graphics and graphics
of the poster of the poster of the poster of the poster
are highly are relevant are somehow are not
relevant and and related to relevant and relevant and
related to the the topic related to the related to the
topic topic topic

18
 19
What’s New
What I Know Assessment
Activity 1
1. Release of streams of lava, ashes, and volcanic gases; explosive
1. A 1. D
eruption
2. D 2. B
3. B 2. 459,000 people are located within the danger zone. These 3. D
4. D people are urged by PHIVOLCS to evacuate 4. A
5. D 3. People sought shelter in temporary evacuation centers 5. D
6. D 6. A
7. D What’s More 7. C
8. C Activity 2 8. A
9. B 1. - To immediately evacuate places within the danger zones 9. D
10. C - To prevent or mitigate the negative effects of these volcanic 10. B
11. C hazards 11. B
12. B - This will serve as guide for future volcano hazard maps and 12. D
13. D risk assessments 13. D
14. A 2.PHIVOLCS have volcano observatories equipped with volcano 14. C
15. D monitoring facilities such as broadband seismic, continuous 15. B
GPS, electronic tilt, IP Camera, Vsat systems and many other
equipment.
Activity 3-
Mt. Pinatubo eruption (June 15, 1991)
1. - Aetas had normal life practicing their own customs and
traditions
-Clark airbase had normal military operations
2. - Steams were released from the volcano
-Seismographs recorded earthquake activities
3. Lava flow, Ash fall, Volcanic Gases, Lahar, ballistic
projectiles, pyroclastic flows (explosive eruption)
4. - Displaced communities
- Many casualties
-Destruction of all properties
5. Evacuation
Mayon Volcano eruption (January 2018)
1. Alert Level 1 (January 13, 2018); Alert Level 2 (January 14,
2018, around 11AM); Alert Level 3 (January 14, night
time); Alert Level 4 (January 21, 10PM) - See alert levels in
What is it
2. Steam, crater glow
3. Ashes, volcanic gases, lava flow
4. Displaced families within the danger zones
5. - Evacuation
-Wearing of masks
Activity 4 – (answers may vary)
What I Have Learned
1. A volcano is a vent, hill or mountain from which molten or hot
rocks (lava), rock fragments, and gaseous materials have been
ejected.
2.Volcanic hazards include lava flows, pyroclastic fall, pyroclastic
flow, lahar, volcanic gases, and ballistic projectiles.
3.Signs of an impending volcanic eruption include volcanic
earthquakes, crater glow, increased steaming activity, and dried -
up vegetation, streams and water wells.
Answer Key
References
Commission on Higher Education. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School:
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction.

Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources. 2017. Disaster Readiness

and Risk Reduction - Reader. Pasig City.
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“Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, Fact Sheet 114-97.” 2020. Usgs.Gov. 2020.
https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs114-97/.
National Geographic Society. 2019. “Magma.” National Geographic Society. April 5,
2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/magma/.
Nelson, S.A. 2015. Review of Volcanoes, Magma, and Volcanic Eruptions, September.
https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/volcan&magma.htm.
Parena Jr., J.S., and J.D.A. Ramos. 2016. Exploring Life through Science Series:
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House, Inc.

PHIVOLCS Staff. 2018. “Introduction to Volcanoes.” Dost.Gov.Ph. 2018.

https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/introduction-
to-volcanoes.
Quebral, V.S. 2016. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. Cubao, Quezon City:
Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
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July 12, 2020. http://proceedings.esa.int/files/302.pdf.
Staff, PHIVOLCS. n.d. “Volcanoes of the Philippines.” Www.Phivolcs.Dost.Gov.Ph.
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-
the-philippines.
Tarbuck, E.J., and F.K. Lutgens. 2004. Earth Science. 10th ed. New Jersey: Pearson
Education, Inc.
The Geological Society. 2017. “Volcanoes”.
https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/~/media/shared/documents/education%20an
d%20careers/Resources/FactSheets/KS2%20Volcano%20factsheet.pdf?la=e
n.
“Understanding Volcanic Hazards Can Save Lives.” n.d. Www.Usgs.Gov. Accessed
July 12, 2020. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-
hazards/understanding-volcanic-hazards-can-save-lives.
Volcano Hazards Program. 2016. “USGS: Volcano Hazards Program.” Usgs.Gov.
2016. https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/updates.html.
“What Is the Ring of Fire?” 2017. Nationalgeographic.Com. December 26, 2017.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/ring-of-fire/.

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