Science 9 Q3

9
Science
Quarter 3 – EARTH & SPACE
Module 1: Different Types
of Volcanoes
CO_Q3_Science 9_ Module 1
Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Earth and Space
Module 1: Different Types of Volcanoes
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ellissa Christie Kaye L. Murillo
Editors: Loreta E. Santos, Anthony D. Angeles
Reviewers: Anacoreta R. Trogo, Marilou G. Duque, Toribio G. Cruz Jr.
Illustrators: Ellissa Christie Kaye L. Murillo, Neil Edward Diaz
Layout Artist: Anthony D. Angeles, Neil Edward Diaz
Management Team:
Malcolm S. Garma
Genia V. Santos
Dennis M. Mendoza
Micah S. Pacheco
Josefina M. Pablo
Manolo C. Davantes Jr.
Dalisay E. Esguerra
Hilda C. Valencia
Printed in the Philippines by ________________________
Department of Education – National Capital Region

Office Address: Misamis St. Bago Bantay, Quezon City
Telefax: (632)8929-0153
E-mail Address: depedncr@deped.gov.ph
9
Science
Module 1: Different Types
of Volcanoes
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the different types of volcanoes. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module focuses on achieving this learning competency:
Describe the different types of volcanoes and volcanic eruption. (S9ES-

IIIb-26)
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. describe the structure of a volcano;

2. describe the different types of volcano based on structure, and activity;
3. give examples of the types volcanoes which are found in the Philippines;
4. describe the different types of volcanic eruption; and,
5. create an advocacy material or activity that will help raise awareness
about the signs of an impending volcanic eruption.
1
What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following BEST describes a volcano?

A. It is a place within the mantle where rocks melt to generate magma.
B. It is a long tube in the ground that connects the magma chamber to Earth’s
surface.
C. It is an opening in the Earth's mantle through which lava, volcanic ash,
and gases escape.
D. It is an opening on the surface of the Earth that allows material warmer
than its surroundings to escape from its interior.
2. Which of the following statements about volcanoes is TRUE?

A. Volcanic eruptions can be predicted.
B. Volcanic eruptions are always violent.
C. Volcanoes cannot be found in bodies of water.
D. Volcanoes give us information about inner Earth
For questions 3-5, refer to Figure 1 (Parts of a volcano)
Figure 1. Parts of a Volcano

Illustrated by: Ms. Ellissa Christie Kaye L. Murillo
3. Which part represents the magma chamber?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 7
4. What part of the volcano is represented by Part 1?

A. crater
B. magma
C. main vent
D. magma chamber
2
5. Which of the following statements correctly describes Part 8 in Figure 1?
A. It is cloud of ash formed by volcanic explosion
B. It is a fast-moving current of hot gas and rock that is moving away from a
volcano.
C. It is a basin, circular in form, which can be large in radius and sometimes
great in depth.
D. It is a silicate rock that is hot enough to be in liquid form, expelled from a
volcano and reached the Earth’s surface during an eruption.
6. What type of volcanoes are formed from wide thin layers of lava?
A. lava domes
B. cinder cones
C. shield volcanoes
D. composite volcanoes
7. What type of volcano is Mayon Volcano which is formed from alternating layers
of lava flow, undissolved stone and ash?
A. lava domes
B. cinder cones
C. shield volcanoes
D. composite volcanoes
8. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the composition and formation

of composite volcanoes?
A. It has a highly viscous or thick, slow moving lava.
B. It has a loose and fluid lava that flows over each other.
C. It is composed of boulders and formed by the collision of oceanic plates.
D. It is composed of loose fragments from basaltic lava and considered as
the simplest type of volcano.
9. Volcanoes are classified as active or inactive. Which of the following is used to

determine volcanic activity?
A. materials they emit
B. age of the volcanoes
C. place where they are located
D. historical record of eruption or volcanic activity
10. Mt. Akir-Akir, located in Province of North Cotabato, has no record of activity for
the last 10,000 years. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A. It is an active volcano.
B. It is an inactive volcano.
C. It is a potentially active volcano.
D. It is a destructive volcano.
11. Bicol region is highly volcanic in origin and part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Which
of the following volcano located in Bicol region is considered the most active having
the most number of historical eruptions?
A. Iriga
B. Isarog
C. Mayon
D. Bulusan
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12. Which of these statements is INCORRECT?
A. Vulcanian eruption is a silent eruption due to oozing lava.
B. Strombolian eruption is an eruption characterized by fountain lava.
C. Phreatic eruption is a short lived-eruption and maybe an onset of a large
eruption.
D. Phreatomagmatic eruption is an eruption resulted to sideway emission of
pyroclastic materials.
13. Taal volcano in Batangas exhibits phreatic or hydrothermal eruption. Which of

the following statements describes a phreatic eruption?
A. It is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma.
B. It is an excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic.
C. It is a periodic weak violent eruption characterized by fountain of lava.
D. It is characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high
with pyroclastic flow and ash fall tephra.
14. Which of the following is a sign of an impending volcanic eruption?

A. Volcanic tremors
B. Increase level of water
C. Presence of hot spring
D. Occurrence of thunderstorm
15. Which of these is NOT a sign of impending volcanic eruption?

A. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater.
B. Decrease in the temperature of hot springs, wells, or crater lake near the
volcano
C. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds;
occurrence of volcanic tremors
D. Increase steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to
gray due to entrained ash.
4
Lesson
Earth and Space:
1 Different Types of Volcanoes
In this module, you will be dealing with the volcanic structure and the different
types of volcanoes based on structure and activity, and types of volcanic eruptions.
You will also explore the different examples of volcanoes found in the Philippines as
well as the signs of impending volcanic eruption. You are expected to create materials
that can provide awareness on signs of a forthcoming volcanic eruption especially to
people or community living near an active volcano.
Here are some key questions for you to ponder as you go over this module:
1. What is the structure of a volcano?

2. How are volcanoes classified?
3. What are the examples of volcanoes found in the Philippines?
4. What are the different types of volcanic eruption?
5. What advocacy material can be created to raise awareness on the signs of
impending volcanic eruption?
What’s In
Write four (4) words that you can associate with the word “volcano” by completing
the graphic organizer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
5
What’s New
TRAVEL THE PHILIPPINES:

Philippines is home to several volcanoes due to its location in the Pacific Ring
of Fire. Study the pictures of some famous volcanoes in the country below and
answer the guide questions in a separate sheet of paper.
Figure 2. Mount Makiling Figure 2.1. Mount Apo Figure 2.2. Taal Volcano
Florante A. Cruz, “Mount Makiling's peaks as seen Robert Anton Pimentel Aparente, “Mount Apo”, 7 therealbrute,Binintiang Malaki volcanic cone of Taal
from Sison's Hill inside the UP Los Banos campus”, 1 April 2012, volcano in the Philippines, 15 May 2010,
January 2012 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_a https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Volcanic
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Ma po.jpg _Cone_in_Taal_Lake_in_the_Philippines_-_2010-05-
kiling_in_Los_Banos.jpg 15.jpg
Figure 2.3. Mount Pinatubo Figure 2.4. Mount Mayon

ChrisTomnong, “Mount Pinatubo”, 29 December 2008, AwOiSoAk KaOsIoWa, “Mayon Volcano”, February 06, 2014,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Pinatubo_200812 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mayon_Volcano
29_01.jpg _-_panoramio_(1).jpg
Guide Questions:
1. Which of these volcanoes is/are present in your community or region?

2. Which of these volcanoes would you like to visit? Why?
3. Describe the structure of these volcanoes.
4. What news have you heard about these volcanoes?
5. Is it dangerous to live in areas near a volcano?
6
What Is It
Structure of a Volcano
The term “volcano” refers to mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater
or vent in which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are or have been erupted
from the earth's crust. The lava and other volcanic materials originated from molten
materials called magma found beneath the surface of the Earth. Magma and other
volcanic materials are finding its way to the surface where they are expelled through
openings like cracks and holes. Any activity that includes the movement of magma
towards or onto the surface is called volcanism.
Figure 3. The Structure of volcano

Illustrated by: Ellissa Christie Kaye L. Murillo
The Parts of a Volcano are:
⮚ Summit is the highest point or the apex of the volcano. At the summit,
you have an opening called vent.
⮚ Slopes are the sides or flanks of a volcano that radiate from the main or
central vent.
⮚ Base is lower outer part of the volcano.
Other Geologic features of a volcano:
 Magma Chamber is a region beneath the vent of a volcano where molten

rock or magma is deposited or stored before eruption.
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 Main Vent is the main opening or outlet on the surface of a volcano that
emits lava, gases, ash or other volcanic materials.
 Conduit is an underground central tube-like or pipe-like structure of a

volcano that connects the magma chamber to the crater through which
the magma travels.
 Side Vent is a smaller outlet through which magma escapes.
 Crater is the mouth of the volcano which is a funnel-shaped or bowl-

shaped hollow at the top of the vent from where magma, ash and gas
comes out.
 Lava is a molten rock which is given off onto the surface of the Earth
when a volcano erupts.
 Ash and Gas Cloud is a of mixtures of rock, minerals, glass particles and
gases expelled or pushed out of the volcano during volcanic eruption.
Classification of Volcanoes
There are several ways by which volcanoes can be classified. They can be
classified based on structure and activity.
Types of Volcanoes Based on Structure

One way to classify different types of volcanoes is through the structure
characterized by their shape, parts and formation.
Cinder Cone Volcano

Cinder cone volcanoes are the simplest
type of volcano. They are built from particles and
blobs of solidified lava ejected from a single vent.
Lava is thrown into the air, which breaks into
small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders
around the vent to form a circular or oval cone.
Most cinder cones have a steep slope, wide
crater and are the most abundant of the three
major volcano types. An example of this type in
the Philippines are Taal Volcano in Batangas,
Figure 4 Cinder Cone Volcano
Zzyzx, Volcanic Cinder Cone, November 16, 2003,
Smith Volcano found in Babuyan Group of
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Volcanic_Cin
der_Cone_-_panoramio.jpg
Islands, Mount Mayabobo found in Quezon
Province, and Mount Musuan in Bukidnon. An
example of this outside of the Philippines is the
Paricutin volcano in Mexico.
Figure 4.1 Mount Babuyan Figure 4.2 Taal Volcano

Bing Ramos, “Smith Volcano”, April 4, 2006, therealbrute, “ Binintiang Malaki volcanic cone of Taal volcano in the
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Smith_Volca Philippines”, May 15, 2010,
no_1.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Volcanic_Cone_in_Taal_Lake_in_t
he_Philippines_-_2010-05-15.jpg
8
Figure 4.3 Mount Mayabobo Figure 4.4 Mount Babuyan
Jayjay Tarasona, “Mount Mayabobo”, March 20, 2021, Tintin Consuelo, “Mount Babuyan”, February 9, 2021,
https://www.facebook.com/ram.comiatarasona/posts/ https://www.facebook.com/tineweeny/posts/3994014
4544501332247768 430609859
00
Composite Volcano
Composite volcanoes or
stratovolcanoes are large, typically steep-
sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension
formed from alternating layers of lava flows,
volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and
pyroclastic materials. One important
feature of a composite volcanoes is the
conduit system from which magma rises to
the surface of the Earth. They are formed
from viscous, or sticky, lava that does not
flow easily. The lava builds up around the
Figure 5. Composite Volcano
vent forming a volcano with steep sides.
Some famous composite volcanoes in the
Philippines are Mount Mayon in Albay,
Mount Arayat in Pampanga, Mount Kanlaon
in Negros Island, and Mount Apo in Davao Region. An example of these outside the
Philippines are Mount Rainier in Washington, USA, and Mount Fuji in Japan.
Figure 5.1 Mount Mayon Figure 5.2 Mount Arayat

Mervs, “view from camalig, albay”, December 16, 2017, Shioan, “Mount Arayat”, July 31, 2010,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mayon_Philippines.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mt_Arayat.JPG
Figure 5.3 Mount Kanlaon Figure 5.4 Mount Apo

Murcia Eslana Pedrosa, “Mount Kanlaon”, April 04, Kleomarlo, “Mount Apo”, March 20, 2008,
2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Apo.JPG
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=187450432
6049736&set=a.1864279890405513&type=3
9
Figure 5.4. Mount Rainier Figure 5.5. Mount Fuji
Stan Shebs, “Mount Rainier”, July 2005, 名古屋太郎( Nagoya Taro), “Mount Fuji”, January 3, 2008,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Raini https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:080103_hakkai
er_from_west.jpg _fuji.jpg
Shield Volcano
Shield volcanoes are large, broad volcanoes
that look similar to shields from above – hence
the name. These volcanoes are built almost
entirely of fluid lava flow thus these volcanoes
are not steep. They can be easily identified
because they are tall and broad, with flat,
rounded shapes. The lava is not accompanied
by pyroclastic materials, which makes shield
volcanoes relatively safe. Eruptions at shield
volcanoes are only explosive if water somehow
Figure 6. Shield Volcano gets into the vent. Mauna Loa is one of the
Illustrated by: Ellissa Christie Kaye L. Murillo largest shield volcanoes.
Figure 6.1 Mount Mauna Loa

Nula 666, “ Mount Mauna Loa”, September 13, 2010,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mauna_Kea_
from_Mauna_Loa_Observatory,_Hawaii_-_20100913.jpg
Types of Volcanoes Based on Activity
Another way of classifying volcanoes according to the Philippine Institute of

Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is based on their activity as indicated by
their behavior and historical records.
 Active volcanoes are those volcanoes that have had at least one eruption
during the past 10,000 years. They are those that erupted recently and still
showing regular activity like emission of gases, lava and ash flows.
 Inactive volcanoes, on the other hand, are those that have not erupted for
the last 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt again in a comparable time
scale of the future. There are no signs of volcanic activity for a long period of
time because magma supply is cut off. Also the physical form of the volcano
has signs of intensive weathering and erosion
10
 Potentially active volcanoes are those that have no records of volcanic
activity but are morphologically young-looking.
Our country has more than a hundred volcanoes. Twenty four (24) are active while
the rest are either potentially active or inactive volcanoes. Below are some examples
of active volcanoes.
Figure 7. Mount Banahaw Figure7.1. Mount Hibok hibok

Klienneeco,” Mount Banahaw”, December 29, 2019, rrtraveler, “Mount Hibok hibok”, January 08, 2007,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundok_Ban https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Hibo
ahaw.jpg k_Hibok.jpg
Figure 7.2. Mount Kanlaon Figure 7.3. Mount Apo

Murcia Eslana Pedrosa, “Mount Kanlaon”, April 04, Long Henson,”Mount Apo”, June 4, 2018,
2021, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mt_Apo_Twi
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=187450432 n_Peaks.jpg
6049736&set=a.1864279890405513&type=3
Types of Volcanic Eruptions
Different types of volcanoes erupt differently. They are generally classified as

wet or dry depending on the magma’s water content. Volcanoes are described
according to the style of eruption as follows:
 Phreatic or hydrothermal is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks

come in contact with water. It is short lived, characterized by ash columns
but may be a beginning of a larger eruption.
Figure 8. Hydrothermal eruptions

James St. John, “Steamboat Geyser”, June 4, 2018,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steamboat_Geyser_major_eruption_
-_steam_phase_(9_36_AM-onward,_4_June_2018)_42_(42502112674).jpg
11
 Phreatomagmatic is a violent eruption due to the contact between water
and magma. As a result, a large column of very fine ash and high-speed
and sideway emission of pyroclastic materials called base surges are
observed.
Figure 8.1 Phreatomagmatic eruption

Nino Luces, “ Mayon Volcano ( Phreatomagmatic eruption )”, January 23, 2018,
https://www.facebook.com/manilabulletin/photos/bc.AboPkbQG8CA7onM7ICbmVpa_lm
9-xmphGqvtkEgwp6juGL4vVipaAc2yl59b51wvSgjzBOSbCoOM6D6PVyM_LzOFnUf1GM-
Dyq90ceckWzSsh9nALXOg44k53in-
ilCdVvowQIewNqeovA1ttSGnpXbmHwK92N8G0ZbDNrJH6c_cmg/10156456904437985/?o
paqueCursor=AbratvYBswGPYlz0I8E-
 Strombolian a periodic, weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain
ShC2RZJ0ZzqXxC9b86AoPH7jTBFTayUpWfZ6xyARLuXDQj5i_RFKhTwjxqVGMKqKlLUG0Y
lava, just like the Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica.
2fRqw9cuj0tRLrIIp5VPo663JTqK45XS-
JW2Lsv2rvc9wC838sJxlKE9kiqbnFKWjy2QueFshBU0YAOKbmpNfJJadOD-
LKE2ZN9en5jwPbFEqyCy8Ov-
maIxSkHE2fSP2mSIg9yOFd1c6SmlGa22pW6RAEA_3AwUjvsxceH5xRkhiAC4aKkrwgs1HO
dwHTSQrZuPuTjPKZdCWN-
3beC1aEVAA6M1G__fjoGffb9NZJKaIx3fUlKkXtqyvybVQ38RpBS85qzr63RtmuYh7kFXRoeH
R7bz6VuPtwAS500GqulgViDct5FS8EcXFI0suUr5YprvKx9yaykxrw8gKYWQilVvG7g61qhF5j
ZwxHHrsu1Hp3W-MBd6YgAaaK1gZZb9BYP6OexhT1pz7TTL3fsQ
Figure 8.2. Strombolian eruption

Kevin Sebold, “Strombolian eruption”, March 30, 2013,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fuego_Erupt
ion.jpg
12
 Vulcanian is characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20
km high with pyroclastic flow and ash fall tephra like that of Paricutin
Volcano in Mexico.
Figure 8.3. Vulcanian eruption

Hernando Alonso Rivera Cervantes, “ Vulcanian Eruption”, March 6, 2017,
https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=646202392257181&set=bc.AbqTqUTdBOJBCxPig6pD2SgNGgxeK
RKU3SDFvLEUw9plBOFr-I89mWl8a0_xZ03MfCGJtRItRPlJisd94sEdufhjOy2-B1bM3M0LUbZxjGgd-
eCmadi-ObFPFnS0-TN4JvMBoT4tiRaMWNeXOKolk55V&opaqueCursor=AbpWnAs1-D-g9KgBTaWwM-
CnLBuROYDcJd0B2AoT_vDjBSD7hCD05k4oInih-
vditpgSOHwk60vQts3Y69IXbevkkhWsLYNqwTxXZBKarC53rRdqQvK4fBAXnG_lZJ9NXFS7-
tJdFigtMHyhS9Y106TR0JQBvvojZQu6Xwj_9jXY_cKZTWc7A8fHmz8xMCWUWmJJJftAVrOcZHVKIXwcglWb
ZYwtk9HoTdbEAOs9VRKbq7fhThD9HK405ILDXHEWpR6P4-
GKCPFf0JhsqofIjHyHhkxvcYjI2GQUnr8MttqAXwZ2yH8zqscJgnhmDOdyglyuoFV4omo35-
 Plinian is excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic

94P084wIEb7Xw2A1wGmFBX1Z6YkNknXAgbLnAWuu2rD-4K_DP6gkLE-
8iNrZHCOW87v5fwwMfpSsSo6C6sDtlmUk-BAXh_5R0RV-UMlclD7FF7HtfnLZi9HskULLvEg-
materials, like in Pinatubo Volcano in Zambales.
jmdjijG8IadV2WKkGqn0u0c2E2S72K9Q
Figure 8.4. Plinian eruption

welcomegallery,”Mount Vesuvius”, March 31, 2018,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Vesuvius;_interior_of_the_crater
_showing_the_flow_of_l_Wellcome_V0025259.jpg
13
Signs of an Impending Volcanic Eruption
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is the
government agency tasked with monitoring earthquakes and volcanoes in the
country. Based on their findings, here are the commonly observed signs when a
volcano is about to erupt.
Kevin Sebold, “Strombolian eruption”, March 30, 2013, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fuego_Eruption.jpg
What’s More
ACTIVITY 1: NAME MY PARTS

Label the parts of a volcano using the words inside the box and fill out the given table
with their correct descriptions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Magma Chamber magma Crater Lava

Main Vent Secondary Vent Ash and Gas Cloud
layers of lava and ash
14
Figure 9. Parts of a Volcano
No. Parts Description

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ACTIVITY 2: WRITE MY TYPE

Identify the type of volcano (CINDER CONE, SHIELD VOLCANO, COMPOSITE
VOLCANO) as described by the following statements. Write your answers on a
1. It is the most abundant and the simplest type of volcano.

2. It is built almost entirely of fluid lava flows.
3. It is slightly domed structure that resembles a warrior’s shield.
4. Mayon Volcano is an example of this type of volcano.
5. It has a steep slope and wide crater.
6. It is built from ejected lava fragments.
7. It has a nearly perfect sloped structure.
8. An example of this type of volcano is the Taal Volcano in Batangas.
9. It is formed from alternate solidification of both lava and pyroclastic deposits.
10. It can easily be identified because of its structure which is tall and broad with
flat rounded shape.
15
ACTIVITY 3: ACTIVE OR INACTIVE?
Refer to the given map below to identify the following volcanoes in the Philippines
whether ACTIVE or INACTIVE. Explain your answer and write them on a separate
sheet of paper.
Figure 10. Active and Inactive Volcanoes in the Philippines

Earth shaker, “Active and Inactive Volcanoes in the Philippines”, January 20, 2020,
https://web.facebook.com/earthshakerph/posts/volcanoes-in-the-philippinesas-a-geologically-active-archipelago-that-is-
located/2673344532719667/?_rdc=1&_rdr
16
1. Smith Volcano, also known as Mount Babuyan, is a cinder cone on Babuyan
Island, the northern most of the Babuyan group of islands on Luzon Strait,
north of the main island of Luzon in the Philippines.
Answer. ___________________
2. Mount Matutum can be found in Acmonan, Tupi South Cotabato,
Philippines. Matutum and its foothills are predominantly inhibited by
indigenous Blaan families.
Answer. ____________________
3. Mount Makaturing is a stratovolcano on Mindanao Island in the Philippines.
It is found in the province of Lanao del Sur in the Bangsamoro autonomous
region in Muslim Mindanao.
Answer. ____________________
4. Mount Kalatungan is a volcanic mountain located in the province of
Bukidnon in the Southern Philippines.
Answer. ____________________
5. Mount Alu is located on the eastern tip of island town in Lugus in the province
of Sulu in the Southernmost Philippines.
Answer. ____________________
ACTIVITY 4: THE GREAT IMPACT

Write TRUE on the space provided if the statement is correct and FALSE if incorrect.
On the last column, write a short explanation if your answer false. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
TRUE
STATEMENTS or EXPLANATION
FALSE
1. Inactive volcanoes are those volcanoes that has

had at least one eruption during the past 10,000
years.
2. Mount Mayon is an example of a shield volcano.
3. Magma is a molten rock which give off onto the

surface of the Earth when a volcano erupts.
4. The term volcano refers to a mountain or hill.
5. Cinder cone volcanoes are a large, typically steep-

sided volcano.
6. Slope is the highest point of the apex of the
volcano.
7. Plinian eruption is a periodic, weak to violent
eruption characterized by fountain lava.
8. Cinder cone volcanoes are the simplest type of
volcanoes.
9. Base is the lower part of volcano.
10. Mauna Loa is the largest shield volcano.
17
What I Have Learned
Write the word/s that correctly complete the statement. Write your answer on a
1. __________ is a natural opening in the surface of the Earth where molten rocks,
hot gases, smoke, and ash are ejected
2. Major parts of volcanoes are: __________, the highest point; __________ the side;
and __________ the lower part of the volcano.
3. Volcanoes are classified as _________ or __________ based on their records of

eruption.
4. According to structure of volcanoes are classified as __________, __________,

and __________.
5. __________ are those volcanoes that has had at least one eruption during the
last 10,000 years and _____________ are volcanoes that have not erupted for
the last 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt again in a comparable time
scale of the future.
6. Volcanoes that are large, broad and look like shield from the above are called
__________, those with steep slope and wide are called ________ and those
typically steep-sided and symmetrical cones of large dimension are called
__________.
7. Mayon Volcano, Taal Volcano, Mount Kanlaon, Bulusan Volcano and Mount
Pinatubo are examples of _______ volcanoes because they erupted just recently
and more frequently than others.
8. Examples of inactive volcanoes in the Philippine are __________ and ______.
9. The following are the types of volcanic eruption: __________, __________,

__________, __________, and __________.
10. There are observable signs of impending volcanic eruption.

______________________, _______________________ and ______________________
are examples of these signs.
18
What I Can Do
Create an advocacy material or activity (flyer, jingle, poem composition, advocacy

video, etc.) on raising awareness about the signs of an impending volcanic eruption.
Your work/performance will be rated using the given rubric.
Description
Criteria
4 3 2 1
All Most of the Some Only few of
information information information the
Accuracy of
presented are presented are presented are information is
the content
complete and complete and complete and correct.
reliable. reliable. reliable.
It shows It shows It shows No originality
Originality
originality and originality and creativeness. and no
and creativity
creativity. no creativity. creativity.
The message The message The message No message
Clarity of the
conveyed is conveyed is is conveyed is conveyed.
message
very clear. clear. not clear.
Assessment
1. Which statement is INCORRECT?

A. Volcanoes give information about inner Earth.
B. Volcanoes can be found on land and ocean floor.
C. Volcanoes show precursory signs before eruption.
D. Volcanoes that do not produce lava is not dangerous.
2. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the main vent of the volcano?
A. It is the part where magma is stored.
B. It is the central tube-like structure of the volcano.
C. It is the smaller outlet through which magma is ejected.
D. It is the channel through which magma travels to the surface of the
Earth.
19
For questions 3-5, refer to Figure 1.1 (Parts of a volcano)
3. Which of these is CORRECTLY matched?

A. 1: magma flow
B. 2: magma chamber
C. 3: slope
D. 4: lava
4. What part of the volcano serves as the region under the surface of the Earth where
hot molten magma is collected?
A. lava flow
B. main vent
C. secondary vent
D. magma chamber
5. What is the term used to represent the opening of the volcano where magma
comes out?
A. chamber
B. crater
C. summit
D. vent
6. What type of volcanoes are formed from viscous or sticky lava that does not flow
easily?
A. cinder cones
B. composite volcanoes
C. lava domes
D. shield volcanoes
7. Which of the following is TRUE about cinder cone?
A. It is built from particles and blobs of solidified lava ejected from a single
vent.
B. Lava coming out from this volcano is not accompanied by pyroclastic
materials.
C. Lava blown out from this volcano breaks into small fragments solidify and
fell as cinder around the vent.
D. It is formed from viscous magma being erupted effusively onto the surface
and then piling up around the vent.
20
8. Which type of volcanoes have broad bases and steep slopes and are formed by
alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks and pyroclastic
materials?
A. cinder cones
B. composite volcanoes
C. lava domes
D. shield volcanoes
9. What is the basis of classifying volcanoes as active or inactive?
A. size of the base
B. shape of the cone
C. age of the volcano
D. records of eruption
10. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A. Active volcanoes do not have magma supply while inactive volcanoes
have magma supply.
B. Active volcanoes exhibit volcanic activity within the last 10 000 years
while inactive volcanoes have no record of eruption.
C. Inactive volcanoes are those that erupted recently and showing regular
activity while active volcanoes exhibit no sign of volcanic activity.
D. Inactive volcanoes exhibit sign of emissions of molten materials and gases
while active volcanoes show no sign of emission
11. Which are considered active volcanoes in the Philippines?
I. Mayon Albay III. Kanlaon in Negros Island
II. Calayan in Cagayan IV. Hibok-hibok in Camiguin
A. I and II only
B. I, II, and III only
C. I, II, and IV only
D. I, III, and IV only
12. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines on June 15, 1991, was the
second largest of the 20th century. Its eruption was characterized as an
excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic. Which type of the
eruption is this?
A. Phreatic
B. Phreatomagmatic
C. Plinian
D. Strombolian
13. Which of these is TRUE for a Phreatomagmatic eruption?
A. It is a silent eruption due to oozing lava
B. Its eruption is characterized by fountain lava.
C. Its eruption has resulted to sideway emission of pyroclastic.
D. It is a short-lived eruption and maybe an onset of a major eruption.
14. What is the most important sign of an impending volcanic eruption which is also
referred as seismic activity?
A. crater glow
B. ground swell
C. volcanic tremor
D. dried vegetation
15. Which of these is NOT a sign of a forthcoming volcanic eruption?
A. crater glow
B. volcanic tremors
C. drying up of vegetation
D. increased amount of rainfall
21
Additional Activities
CONCEPT MAPPING
Construct a concept map about volcano using the term/phrases found inside the
box. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
cinder cone active composite
inactive shield volcano
crater glow volcanic tremor ground swelling
drying up vegetation increased steaming activity
22
23
1. Cinder cone
2. Shield
volcano
3. Shield
volcano
4. Composite
volcano
5. Cinder cone
6. Cinder cone
7. Composite
volcano
1. Active 8. Cinder cone
2. Active 9. Composite
3. Active volcano
4. Inactive 10. Shield
5. Inactive volcano
Activity 4 Activity 3 Activity 2
1. D
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. D
9. D
10. B
11. D
12. A
13. A
14. A
B
Activity 1
Answer may vary
What’s In What I Know
Answer Key
24
Answers may vary.
1. D
2. D 1. Volcano
3. B 2. summit, slope, base
4. D 3. active , inactive
5. B 4. cinder cone, composite volcano,
6. B shield volcano
7. A 5. active, inactive
8. B 6. shield volcano, cinder cone
9. D composite volcano
10. B 7. active
11. D 8. Arayat, Apo (answer may vary)
12. C 9. Phreatic, Phreatomagmatic
13. C Strombian, Vulcanian,Plinian
14. C 10. Crater glow, volcanic tremors, ground
15. D swell (answer may vary)
Assessment
Answers may vary.
What I Can do What I Have Learned
References
Book
Alvarez, Liza A., Dave G. Angeles, Hernan L. Apurada, Ma. Pilar P. Carmona, Oliver
A. Lahorra, Judith F. Marcaida, Ma. Regaele A. Olarte, Estrella C. Osorio, Digna C.
Paningbatan, Marivic S. Rosales, and Ma. Teresa B. Delos Santos. Science - Grade 9
Learner’s Module. Pasig City: Department of Education, 2017.
Tabligan, Merry Chris T. Science 9 - Earth Science Progressive Questions. Division of

Malabon City, 2019.
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accessed January 10, 2021.
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the-philippines
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“What are the Different Types of Volcanoes?” - Universe Today accessed January 9,
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Volcanic_Cinder_Cone_-_panoramio.jpg
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mt_Arayat_from_north.JPG
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25
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lippines_-_2010-05-15.jpg
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_apo.jpg
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Makiling_in_Los_Banos.jpg
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https://www.facebook.com/tineweeny/posts/3994014430609859
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_musuan.JPG
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mt_Arayat.JPG

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Apo.JPG
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_from_west.jpg
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mauna_Kea_from_Mauna_Loa_Observat
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundok_Banahaw.jpg
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Hibok_Hibok.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mt_Apo_Twin_Peaks.jpg
“Strombolian eruption” Wikimedia Commons accessed March 4, 2021

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fuego_Eruption.jpg
“Mount Kanlaon” own image by Miss Murcia Eslana Pedrosa accessed April 04, 2021
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1874504326049736&set=a.18642798
90405513&type=3
26
“Vulcanian eruption” own image by Mr. Hernando Alonso Rivera Cervantes accessed
April 08, 2021
https://www.facebook.com/manilabulletin/photos/bc.AbrUOoLoCD4NyjHyokN7k
NwBkiepcMY1DmWDfImKzZ19DAkNZR-dblhYNnKautPeGoKzMKSE-
2Q4aEz2hq9sUIFeBQ0jFTHZIDyq11RTQ3KxZCcklk9WVWPYv4sDZzC-
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Vesuvius;_interior_of_the_crater
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27
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph

9
Science
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Volcanic Eruption
Science – Grade 9
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Volcanic Eruption
First Edition, 2020
over them.


Writer: Ellissa Christie Kaye L. Murillo
Reviewers: Anacoreta R. Trogo, Marilou G. Duque
Toribio G. Cruz Jr., Lilibeth M. de Lansig, Elvira Emerenciana
Illustrator: Ellisa Christie, Kaye L. Murillo
Layout Artist: Anthony D. Angeles, Eldiardo E. de la Peña
Management Team:
Malcolm S. Garma
Genia V. Santos
Dennis M. Mendoza
Micah S. Pacheco
Josefina M. Pablo
Manolo C. Davantes Jr.
Dalisay E. Esguerra
Hilda C. Valencia

Telefax: (632)8929-0153
9
Science
Volcanic Eruption

Thank you.
What I Need to Know
master the volcanic eruption. It emphasizes how volcanic eruptions occur in a certain
area.

Explain what happens when volcanoes erupt. (S9ES-IIIb-27)
1. describe the formation and composition of magma and explain the effects
of temperature and composition and its viscosity;
2. relate the characteristics of magma with the type of volcanic eruption;
3. explain the process of volcanic eruption; and,
4. enumerate the material emissions of volcano and describe the effects of
material emissions from volcanoes to humans and other living things.
1
What I Know
Directions: Read each question carefully then choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What term is used to describe the molten material deep inside the Earth?
A. hot spot
B. lava
C. magma
D. volcano
2. Which is NOT a contributor in the formation of magma?

A. pressure
B. composition
C. temperature
D. distance from the core
3. Viscosity is a measure of a material’s resistance to flow. Which affects the viscosity

of magma?
A. temperature of the magma
B. chemical composition of the magma
C. presence of dissolved gases in the magma
D. all of the choices
4. Which serves as the driving force that causes magma to explode to the surface?
A. the gravity in the core
B. the mass of the magma
C. the silica in the magma
D. the dissolved gases trapped in the magma
5. Magma is a mixture of minerals and volcanic gases. Which describes the

composition of gases in magma?
A. Mostly H2O (water vapor) & some CO2 (carbon dioxide)
B. Major amounts of Sulfur, Chlorine, and Fluorine gases
C. Mostly CO2 (carbon dioxide) and few H2O (water vapor)
D. Mostly SO2 (sulfur dioxide) and some H2O (water vapor)
6. What are the characteristics of magma that create explosive eruptions?

A. high gas content and high viscosity
B. low gas content and low viscosity
C. high gas content and low viscosity
D. low gas content and high viscosity
7. What would magma with the highest viscosity contain?

A. a high silica content and high temperature.
B. a high silica content and low temperature.
C. a low silica content and high temperature.
D. a low silica content and low temperature.
2
8. At depth in the Earth, nearly all magmas contain gas dissolved in liquid. When
do the gases form into a separate vapor phase?
A. When volume of gas is reduced as pressure increased.
B. When volume of gas expands as pressure is increased.
C. When pressure is decreased as magma rises toward the surface of the
Earth.
D. When pressure is increased as magma rises toward the surface of the
Earth.
9. Which type of volcano ejects a basaltic magma?

A. Cinder cone B. Composite C. Shield D. Stratovolcanoes
10. In magma formation, what should be the temperature and pressure

requirements?
A. High temperature and high pressure
B. Low temperature and low pressure
C. High temperature and low pressure
D. High pressure and low temperature
For questions 11-12, refer to the table below:

Table No.1: Magma Composition and Characteristics.
Composition Source Viscosity Gas Silica Location
Material Content content of
formation
Basaltic Upper Low 1-2 % About 50 Both
magma mantle % oceanic and
continental
Andesitic Oceanic Intermediate 3-4 % About 60 Continental
magma crust and % margins
oceanic associated
sediments with
subduction
zones
Rhyolitic Continental High 4-6 % About 70 Continental
magma crust % crust
11. Which of the following statements correctly compares the three magma
compositions based on the table above?
I. Rhyolitic magma has the highest gas content and highest silica
content and the most viscous magma composition.
II. Basaltic magma has the lowest gas content, but the highest silica
content and the least viscous magma composition.
III. Andesitic magma has greater silica and gas content than basaltic
magma but less than the silica and gas content of rhyolitic magma.
A. I, II and III
B. I and II
C. II and III
D. I and III
3
12. Based on the given data about the gas and silica contents of magma, what would
be the correct arrangement of the three types of magma composition if you are
to arrange them in an increasing order of explosiveness?
A. Basaltic, Andesitic, Rhyolitic
B. Andesitic, Rhyolitic, Basaltic
C. Rhyolitic, Andesitic, Basaltic
D. Basaltic, Rhyolitic, Andesitic
13. Based on the figure below, use numbers 1-5 to sequence the process on how
magma is formed which lead to volcanic eruptions.
Figure 1. Formation of Magma

_____ The magma rises and collects in chambers within the crust. As magma
fills the chamber, pressure grows until the pressure gets high enough.
_____ Oceanic plates sink into the mantle below. As the oceanic plate sinks,
fluid is squeezed out of it.
_____ When the pressure gets high enough, the magma can break through the
crust and spew out in a volcanic eruption.
_____ The fluid flows up into the mantle rock above and changes its chemistry,
causing it to melt and formation of magma.
_____ A denser oceanic plate collides with a continental plate.
14. Which gas from erupting volcano causes Global Warming?

A. Carbon dioxide
B. Sulfur dioxide
C. Methane gas
D. Hydrogen sulfide
15. During the eruption of volcano, different dissolved gases and dust particles were
released into the atmosphere. What might be the effect of these materials on the
environment and on the living things?
A. Global Warming
B. Respiratory illness
C. Disruption of aircraft travel
D. All of the choices
4
Lesson
Earth and Space:
1 Volcanic Eruption
In module 1, you learned about the structures, parts, classification and
activity of the volcano. After going through this module, you will discover the
phenomena behind the eruption of volcano.
Here are some of the key questions for you to think about after finishing this module:
1. What is the composition of magma and how is it formed?

2. How do temperature and composition of magma affect viscosity?
3. What happens when there is a volcanic eruption?
4. What are the materials emitted during a volcanic eruption and how do these
materials affect human beings and other living things?
What’s In
AMAZING FACT:
There is a volcano on Mars called Olympus Mons which rises nearly 25
kilometers above the Martian surface. It is almost 3 times as tall as Mount Everest.
Let us review the concepts learned from the previous module by answering the
questions written below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Guide Questions:
1. What is a volcano?
2. What are the different types of volcano?
3. How is a volcano formed?
4. What is the difference between active and inactive volcano?
5. How will you differentiate the types of volcanic eruption?
5
What’s New
Facts About Volcanoes
 More than 80% of the Earth’s surface is volcanic in origin.

 Mountains and seafloors were formed by volcanic eruptions.
 Volcanoes’ gaseous emission formed the Earth’s atmosphere.
 The danger zone around volcano covers about 32.187 km radius.
 Volcanic lightning is caused by friction between the ash particles moving
rapidly to the surface.
 Volcanic eruption can trigger earthquake, mudflow, rock falls, flash floods
and tsunamis.
 Volcanic ash is a mixture of rock fragments, glass particles, and minerals
thrown out from erupting volcano. It is acidic and has a sharp adges.
Facts About Taal Volcano Eruption in 2020
 Location: Batangas (Taal)

 Status: Second most active volcano
 Features: Caldera (Has water/lake within a lake)
 Eruption Started on: January 12, 2020
Ended on: January 22, 2020
 Last eruption: 1977 (43years ago)
 Type of eruption: Phreatomagmatic (main crater) has water in it.
What is It
MAGMA AND ITS COMPOSITION
Magma is the molten rock which lies underneath volcanoes. It is formed at

destructive plate boundaries and is rich in silicate. These are products of crustal
rocks (which are richer in silica than the rock of the mantle).
Crystal Content
Some magmas begin to crystallize as they reach the surface. High temperature
minerals are formed as magma slowly cools down followed by low temperature
minerals. Magma always contains crystals of high temperature.
Viscosity
The magma’s silica content affects its viscosity, the resistance of the fluid to
flow. Low viscosity magma has low silica content and is composed mostly of basalt.
While magma with rhyolite is viscous or high in viscosity due to its high silica
6
content. Temperature also affects the viscosity of the magma. Magma with high
temperatures have low viscosity while magma with low temperatures have high
viscosity.
Temperature
Temperature of magma reflects the melting points of their mineral
components. Magmas formed by partial melting of mantle rocks are much hotter over
1200⁰C for some basalts. Rhyolites that reached the surface have temperature of less
than 900⁰C, and have a much higher viscosity.
Volatile Content
Magma contains small amounts of dissolved gas (water vapor, Carbon dioxide,
etc.) which is released as pressure is removed. Magmas formed by melting of mantle
rocks have generally low volatile contents, but those formed by partial melting of
crustal rocks are often volatile-rich. The degree of concentrations of different volcanic
gases are different from one volcano to the other. Water vapor is the most abundant
volcanic gas, followed by carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. There are other volcanic
gases such as hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride. Trace
gases are also found in volcanic emissions and these are: hydrogen, carbon
monoxide, and volatile metal chloride. The movement of this volatile content is
affected by the viscosity of the magma. As the gas continues to precipitate from the
high viscosity magma, the bubbles will be prevented from rapidly breaking out
resulting to the increase in pressure on the magma column. This causes the volcano
to erupt explosively.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MAGMA
Magma can be classified into basaltic or mafic, intermediate or andesitic and

granitic or felsic.
Table 1: Magma composition and characteristics

Composit Viscosity Tempe Gas Silica Explosi Location of
ion rature Content content veness formation
Basaltic Low 1000°C 1-2 % About 50 % Least Both
magma - explosive oceanic and
1200°C continental
Andesitic Intermedi 900°C - 3-4 % About 60 % Intermed Continental
magma ate 1000°C iate margins
associated
with
subduction
zones
Rhyolitic High 750°C - 4-6 % About 70 % Most Continental
magma 900°C explosive crust
PROCESS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
High temperature inside the Earth melts the solid rocks in the mantle and turns
it into a thick molten mixture commonly known as magma. The continuous melting
of solid rocks and accumulation of additional magma push it to the vent of a volcano,
called magma chamber. Magma contains dissolved gases mostly water vapor, carbon
dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. As dissolved gases are released from the magma, bubbles
7
will begin to form through the process called vesiculation. This can occur by
decompression or crystallization. In decompression, the confining pressure is
lowered when magma rises which promotes bubble formation. This process is similar
to bubble formation in soda bottles when opened. In the process of crystallization of
anhydrous minerals, the vapor pressure of the residual liquid of the cooling magma
increases leading to vesiculation. Bubbles frozen in a porous or frothy volcanic rock
are called vesicles. Both decompression and crystallization can trigger an explosive
eruption.
As the magma reaches the Earth’s surface it explodes due to the presence of
dissolved gases. The type of explosion of a volcano is dependent on the composition
of magma.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS AND THEIR EFFECTS
Volcanic hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic activity

that poses potential threat to people and property. During major explosive
eruptions, large amounts of volcanic gas, aerosol droplets, and ash are injected into
the stratosphere. Tephra or fragmented volcanic debris are violently ejected into the
atmosphere and can extend to tens of kilometers above. Carbon dioxide, a
greenhouse gas, is also dispersed into the atmosphere that leads to global warming.
On the other hand, sulfur dioxide can cause global cooling, ozone destruction and
air pollution. Below is a list of volcanic hazards common in the Philippine active
volcanoes.
 Ash fall – pulverized rocks, sand, gritty and harsh glasses shoot out in the
air by volcano.
 Mud flow – mixture of water, molten rocks and debris flowing down from
the side of volcano to the ground. It is also called as Lahar.
 Lava flow – streams of molten rocks and other fragmented materials
emitted by erupting volcano.
 Pyroclastic flow – fast moving hot mixtures of gas, ash, and molten rocks
moving away from the volcano to the ground.
8
VOLCANIC ERUPTION DANGER
Taro Taylor, “Explosions”, March 19, 2008,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Explosions_@_Mount_Tarvurvur.jpg Alan Bowring, “Mudflow beneath Craig”, July 18, 2009,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mudflow_beneath_Craig_Pwllfa_-
_geograph.org.uk_-_1405853.jpg
ASH FALL MUD FLOW

Towns and Farms covered by tons of Ash and rain form a catastrophic river
ash. of mud.
Janice Hickman, “Lava flows through Royal Gardens”, September 18, 2007, Edgar El, “Pyroclastic flow poured into the sea”, March 4, 2012,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lava_flows_through_Royal_Gardens_- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2012-03-04_-
_panoramio.jpg _Pyroclastic_flows_poured_into_the_sea_-_panoramio.jpg
LAVA FLOW PYROCLASTIC FLOW

Temperature between 800 to 1,200 A cloud of a hot gas blasts down to
degree Celsius. volcano’s sides at 200 km/h.
Figure 2. Volcanic Eruption Danger

Source: Wikimedia commons
9
But why do people live near volcanoes?
Figure 3. Reasons why people live nearby volcanoes

The following are list of the Precautionary measures that can be practiced to
lessen the danger before, during, and after a volcanic eruption:
BEFORE
 Know the facts about volcanoes in your area like danger zones and
history of eruptions.
 Know the location of designated evacuation site.
 Listen to the announcement of your authorities.
 Stock clean and safe drinking water and other food supplies.
DURING
 Stay inside your homes and keep doors and windows close.
 Secure you water and food supplies.
 Wear mask, eye googles or face shield if you need to go out.
 Do not go near the danger zones.
 Listen to the news via television or radio devices.
 Obey the evacuation orders of the authorities.
AFTER
 Assess the situation if it is safe to go out.
 Check the perimeter of your house for any possible damage.
 Clean and remove the volcanic ashes in the roof, gutters, and windows.
 Replace contaminated water and food supplies.
 Stay updated in news and announcements from your authorities.
10
What’s More
ACTIVITY 1: TRUE or FALSE

Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect and
rewrite the statement to make it correct. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
_____ 1. Magma is an extremely hot fluid or semi fluid materials found under the
Earth surface.
_____ 2. Viscosity refers to the materials’ resistance to flow. The more viscous the
material, the lesser is the resistance to flow.
_____ 3. Basaltic to andesitic magma is non-explosive while andesitic to rhyolitic

magma is explosive.
_____ 4. Magma with high temperature has high viscosity, while magma with low
temperature has low viscosity.
_____ 5. Composition, temperature, and pressure are the factors that contribute to
the formation of magma.
ACTIVITY 2: FINDING THE SEQUENCE!

Analyze the process of volcanic eruption. Arrange the process of volcanic eruption
into correct order using numbers 1-5. Write your answer and copy the statement on
a separate sheet of paper.
A. o Magma moves upward and accumulates in an area called

magma chamber.
o Gas-charged magma reaches the surface and explode. The
B. presence of dissolved gases enables the molten materials

to explode.
11
o More highly gas charged magma reaches the surface and
C. the volcano explodes.
o Volcanic activities include the melting of solid rocks in the
D. mantle which became thick molten materials called

magma.
o High temperature and pressure push magma through the
E. openings like vents and fractures. The magma then oozed

out to form a lava dome but do not cause any explosive
eruption.
Answer the following questions:
1.List down at least two manifestations or signs that the volcano will erupt.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Give one positive and one negative effects of volcanic eruption.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 3: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: CAUSE AND EFFECT

List down the effects of the following materials on human and other living things.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
CAUSE
EFFECTS
Materials Ejected
on human and other living things
from Volcano
1. Lava 1.
2. Steam 2.
3. Fragmented debris
3.
(Tephra)
4. Dissolved gases 4.
5. Volcanic Ash 5.
12
What I Have Learned
Pick out the word/s from the list below to complete the statement. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
Vesiculation volcano decompression water vapor

tephra respiratory dissolved gases magma
crystallization viscosity basaltic andesitic
lava carbon dioxide rhyolitic sulfur dioxide
The opening in the Earth’s crust that allows molten rocks, debris, and gases
to escape to the surface is called 1.___________. Molten materials or 2.__________ is
composed of minerals, fragments of rocks and dissolved gases such water vapor,
carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. When these molten materials have reached the
Earth’s surface, it is now called 3. _________. Due to high temperature, the rocks in
the mantle partially melting, thus, forming the magma. Explosive eruption is
triggered by the formation of bubbles which is referred to as 4. ____________ and can
be induced by 5.____________,wherein pressure is reduced and by 6. _____________
which increases vapor pressure. The amount of 7. _________ in the magma
contributes to the driving force for explosion and eruptions. 8. _________is one of the
gases in magma that is present in large amounts. Also, the nature of volcanic
eruptions is related to magma’s 9. __________ which depends on temperature and
composition of magma. There are 3 types of magma depending on their temperature,
composition, and viscosity namely: 10. ____________ 11. _____________
12._____________. Volcanic eruption affects not only the environment but also the
human being. When large amounts of fragmented rocks or debris called
13._______________ are released during the volcanic eruption, it can lead to deaths
due to collapse of roofs. Ashes dispersed onto the surrounding, when inhaled can
cause 14. ____________ diseases for human. 15. _____________, a greenhouse gas,
traps the heat from the lower atmosphere that leads to global warming and 16.
___________ can cause global cooling and air pollution.
13
What I Can Do
LESSON’S MAP
Below are terms associated with volcanic eruptions. Fill out the numbered space
connected to them with their appropriate descriptions. Write your answers on a
14
Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which are needed in the formation of magma?

A. composition, pressure, temperature
B. composition, pressure, density
C. pressure, temperature, distance from the surface
D. pressure, temperature, volume
2. If a volcano’s magma is high in silica, how will you describe to its volcanic
activity?
A. It will erupt quietly
B. It will remain dormant
C. It will erupt explosively
D. It will produce dark-colored lava
3. Viscosity is a measure of a material’s resistance to flow. Which DOES NOT
affect the viscosity of magma?
A. location of magma
B. temperature of the magma
C. chemical composition of the magma
D. presence of dissolved gases in the magma
4. Which is TRUE about the composition of magma?
A. It contains ash, dust, and lava
B. It contains dissolved gases only.
C. It contains fragmented rocks only.
D. It contains both dissolved gases and fragmented materials.
5. Several kilometers from a volcano, a geologist observes an old lava flow
made up of dark- colored basalt rock. The geologist infers that the lava
must have had____________.
A. low viscosity
B. high viscosity
C. medium viscosity
D. high silica content
6. Which type of lava will offer the least resistance to flow?
A. Andesitic
B. Basaltic
C. Rhyolitic
D. Basaltic and Rhyolitic
7. The magma in the chamber of a volcano has a very high amount of silica.
If the volcano would erupt, which might happen?
A. The lava would flow very slowly
B. The volcano would erupt violently
C. The volcano would erupt non-explosively
D. There would be a build-up of pressure below the crater
8. Which is NOT a common gas in magma?
A. methane gas
B. carbon dioxide
C. sulfur dioxide
D. water vapor
15
For question 9 - 10, refer to the table below:
Magma
Chemical Composition Temperature Viscosity Gas Content
Type
45-55 SiO2 %, high in

1000 -
Basaltic Fe, Mg, Ca, low in K, Low Low
1200 oC
Na
55-65 SiO2 %,
Andesitic intermediate in Fe, Mg, 800 - 1000 oC Intermediate Intermediate
Ca, Na, K
65-75 SiO2 %, low in

Rhyolitic Fe, Mg, Ca, high in K, 650 - 800 oC High High
Na.
9. Which type of magma has the lowest chemical and gas content?
A. Andesitic
B. Basaltic
C. Rhyolitic
D. None of the choices
10. Which statement is NOT true based from the given data in the table?
I. Higher silica content allows magma to trap more gas.
II. Viscosity increases with increasing temperature of the
magma.
III. Viscosity decreases with increasing SiO2 concentration in
the magma.
IV. The more silica in the magma, the more viscous or resistant
to flow it is.
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. III and IV
D. II and III
11. Which correctly shows the types of magma in an increasing order of silica
and gas content?
A. Andesitic, Basaltic, Rhyolitic
B. Andesitic, Rhyolitic, Basaltic
C. Basaltic, Andesitic, Rhyolitic
D. Rhyolitic, Andesitic, Basaltic
12. What provides the force that causes magma to erupt to the surface?
A. the gravity in the lithosphere
B. the density of the magma
C. the silica in the magma
D. the dissolved gases trapped in the magma
13. What can be inferred about the silica content and temperature of magma
if it has a low viscosity?
A. a high silica content and high temperature
B. a high silica content and low temperature
C. a low silica content and high temperature
D. a low silica content and low temperature
16
14. When compared to andesitic lavas, what characteristics of basaltic lavas
will be shown?
A. lower in viscosity and it retains dissolved gases.
B. higher in viscosity and it retains dissolved gases.
C. lower in viscosity and it easily releases dissolved gases.
D. higher in viscosity but it easily releases dissolved gases.
15. Water vapor is one of the dissolved gases released by erupting volcano. It
is present in large amounts, and is considered harmless. When will it
become harmful to the living things and environment?
A. when it is in the lower atmosphere
B. when it is in the middle atmosphere
C. when it is in the upper atmosphere
D. when it combines with other dissolved gases
MAGIC SQUARE
Read and identify the term described in each number. Write the number of the
definition or description in the square with appropriate term. Check your answers
by adding up the numbers to see if the sum of all rows, both across and down add
up the same magic number.
1. Hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust.

2. Molten materials given off when a volcano erupts.
3. It refers to the resistance of fluids to flow.
17
4. Magma produced from direct melting of mantle. It has low silicate content and
rich in iron and magnesium.
5. It refers to continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by

something in contact with it.
6. The measure of hotness and coldness of an object.
7. Volcanic __________ refers to throwing out of molten materials, steam other

materials from the volcano.
8. A hot spring in which water intermittently boils, sending a tall column of water
and steam into the air.
9. An opening on the ground that contains water with high temperature compared
to its surrounding area.
10. _________ eruption where magma flows out from inside the Earth to the surface
and onto the ground.
11. The gaseous phase of water.
12. It refers to a substance that evaporates quickly.
13. An area in the mantle where rocks melt to form magma.
14. Silicate rich magma with highest viscosity.
15. Particles ejected from erupting volcano that consists of fragmented rocks.
16. __________ magma refers to the product of partial melting of mantle. It has an
average content of materials and temperature.
18
19
What I Have Learned
1. Volcano 7. Dissolved Gases 13. Tephra
2. Magma 8. Water vapor 14. Respiratory
3. Lava 9. Viscosity 15. Carbon dioxide
4. Vesiculation 10. Basaltic 16. Sulfur dioxide
5. Decompression 11. Andesitic
6. Crystallization 12. Rhyolitic
Activity 3 Activity 2
A. 2
B. 4
C. 5
D. 1
E. 3
What I Know
1. C
2. D
3. D
4. D
5. A
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. B
10. A
11. D
12. A
13. 4,2,5,3,1
14. A
15. D
Answer Key
20
Additional Activity Assessment
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. B
10.D
11.C
12.D
13.C
14.C
15.D
What I Can Do
References
Books
Liza A. Alvarez, et al. 2017. Science Learner's Module 9, pp. 177-179. Pasig City:
Department of Education (DepEd-BLR).
Online References:
Ash Fall. Taro Taylor, “Explosions”, March 19, 2008,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Explosions_@_Mount_Tarvurvur.jpg
Mud Flow. Alan Bowring, “Mudflow beneath Craig”, July 18, 2009,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mudflow_beneath_Craig_Pwllfa_-
_geograph.org.uk_-_1405853.jpg
Lava Flow. Janice Hickman, “Lava flows through Royal Gardens”, September 18,
2007,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lava_flows_through_Royal_Gardens_-
_panoramio.jpg
Pyroclastic Flow. Edgar El, “Pyroclastic flow poured into the sea”, March 4, 2012,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2012-03-04_-
_Pyroclastic_flows_poured_into_the_sea_-_panoramio.jpg
21

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

9
Science
Module 3: Geothermal Energy
Science – Grade 9
Quarter 3 – Earth and Science
First Edition, 2020
over them.


Writers: Ellissa Christie Kaye L. Murillo, Roland Jayson R. Laurencio
Editor: Loreta E. Santos, Anthony D. Angeles
Reviewers: Anacoreta R. Trogo, Marilou G. Duque, Toribio G. Cruz Jr
Illustators: Ellissa Christie Kaye L. Murillo, Roland Jayson R. Laurencio
Layout Artists: Anthony D. Angeles, Jacqueline E. Libut
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, PhD
Genia V. Santos, PhD
Dennis M. Mendoza
Micah S. Pacheco
Josefina M. Pablo, PhD
Manolo C. Davantes Jr., PhD
Dalisay E. Esguerra
Hilda C. Valencia
Printed in the Philippines ________________________

Telefax: (632)8929-0153
9
Science

Thank you.
What I Need to Know
master the sources and type of energy from the volcano. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
Illustrate how energy from volcanoes may be tapped for human use-
(S9ES-IIIc-d-29).

1. describe the formation of energy from volcanoes;
2. explain how a geothermal energy is transformed into electrical energy;
3. create a concept map showing production of geothermal energy from Earth’s
interior;
4. identify types of volcanoes which can be good sources of geothermal energy;
5. identify the volcanoes in the Philippines which are sources of geothermal
energy;
6. enumerate the uses of energy from volcanoes to human; and,
7. identify the advantages and disadvantages of using geothermal energy.
1 CO_Q3_Science 9_ Module 3
What I Know
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which geothermal plant is located at Albay province?

A. Tiwi Geothermal Plant
B. Ampiro Geothermal Power Project
C. Maibarara Geothermal Power Plant
D. Montelago Power Plant
2. What is being harnessed from the interior of the Earth that is used by geothermal
power plants?
A. heat
B. mineral
C. electricity
D. solar power
3. What form of energy is generated using hot water steam from deep in the earth?
A. Geothermal
B. Hydropower
C. Solar power
D. Dendrothermal
4. What do dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle geothermal plants have in
common that they used to generate electricity?
A. Solar turbines
B. Nuclear turbines
C. Steam turbines
D. Water turbines
5. Which is being used to lead hot water or steam from the reservoirs into the power
plants?
A. Injection wells
B. Rock catchers
C. Heating boilers
D. Production wells
6. Which draws the water up from the production wells and returns to the
geothermal reservoir where it regains the thermal energy for electricity
generation?
A. Injection wells
B. Rock catchers
C. Heating boilers
D. Production wells
7. What does “sustainable” energy source imply?

A. It is limited in supply
B. It will not be used up
C. It may cause global warming
D. It can be replenished within a human lifetime.
8. What is the negative effect of building geothermal energy?
A. Cost
B. Pollution
C. Nuclear Fallout
D. Global warming
9. Which method of converting energy is used by the Geothermal plant?

A. Heat from the sun is used to generate electricity.
B. Water from the dam is used to turn the turbine to generate electricity.
C. Radiation from the radioactive substance is used to produce electricity.
D. Heat inside the Earth is used to produce steam to generate electricity.
10. Which among these natural hazards has potential effect on geothermal power
plants?
A. Earthquakes
B. Forest fires
C. Hurricanes
D. All of the above
11. What is the advantage of a geothermal power plant?

A. renewable resources
B. high temperature is required
C. can cause surface instability
D. suited only in particular region
12. Which of the following volcanoes is a source of Negros Oriental called EDC’s
Southern Negros Geothermal Production Field?
A. Mount Taal
B. Mount Talinis
C. Mount Kanlaon
D. Mount Pinatubo
13. What are the two volcanoes that run the Mak-ban Geothermal Power Plant?
A. Mt. Bulalo and Mt. Olilia
B. Mt. Taal and Mt. Bulusan
C. Mt. Kanlaon and Mt. Olilia
D. Mt. Kanlaon and Mt. Bulusan
14. Which pair of geothermal power plants and location is INCORRECT?

A. Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant : Albay
B. Mak - Ban : Laguna
C. Mindanao Geothermal Production Field : Zamboanga
D. Bac-Man : Sorsogon
15. Philippines is one of the world's top producers of this type of energy due to its
location along the Pacific Ring of Fire. What type of energy source is being
referred to?
A. Dendrothermal
B. Geothermal
C. Hydropower
D. Solar power
Lesson
Earth and Space:
1 Geothermal Energy
In Modules 1 and 2, you have learned the different types of volcanoes and
volcanic eruption. You can now explain what happens when a volcano erupts. In this
module, you will be dealing with how the energy coming from volcanoes differ from
other energy sources, identify the type of volcanoes which can be a good source of
geothermal energy, create a diagrammatic representation of geothermal energy flow
in a geothermal power plant, explain how geothermal energy is transformed into
electric energy, and identify the advantages and disadvantages of using geothermal
energy.
Here are some key questions for you to ponder after finishing this module:
1. What are the volcanoes in the Philippines that is a good source of geothermal
energy?
2. How is geothermal energy transformed into electrical energy?
3. How can energy from volcanoes be tapped for human use?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using geothermal energy?
What’s In
Let us recall your understanding about volcanic eruption by answering the

given questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Describe two ways that volcanoes can change the surrounding

environment rapidly.
2. Describe two ways that the surrounding environment of a volcano can
change over many years.
Illustrated by Ellissa Christie Kaye L. Murillo
What’s New
Source: DepEd BLR Illustrations
Volcanoes sure are scary when

they erupt, but did you know that
we can tap into its attributes to
our advantage?
This module will make you

appreciate more of our natural
resources and be thankful that
we can use natural energy for
our own consumption.
Source: DepEd BLR Illustrations
Have you ever seen a geothermal power plant?

How does it function as an alternative source of energy?
What is It
Energy from the Volcano
Since our country is a home to more than a hundred volcanoes, energy has
been tapped from the depths of the Earth. Actually, the Philippines ranks second in
the world’s production of geothermal energy. According to the Department of Energy,
14.4% of the country’s total power of generation is produced from the geothermal
energy. The production of electricity from geothermal energy is cheaper than the
electricity production using natural gas, coal, and hydropower.
What is Geothermal Energy?
The Earth is believed to be extremely hot from within. This heat from the
Earth’s interior is a source of energy called geothermal energy. The heat of the Earth
warms up water which is trapped in rock formations beneath its surface.
There are two Geothermal Systems;
a. Conventional Geothermal System utilizes steam from natural resources such

as geysers or by drawing water from the hot, high-pressure depths of Earth;
and
b. Supercritical Geothermal System a naturally occurring hot water or steams
flows heated by magma and circulating through permeable rock. In volcanic
geothermal energy, the heat comes from supercritical. The energy from
supercritical water is much higher than conventional steam.
How is geothermal energy generated?
Geothermal energy is generated in two ways: geothermal power plants and

geothermal heat pumps. They differ in the depth of heat source to produce energy.
In geothermal power plants, the heat from deep inside the Earth is used to
produce steam to generate electricity. In comparison with geothermal heat pumps, it
uses the heat coming from close to the Earth’s surface to heat water or provide heat
for buildings.
In the Philippines, geothermal power plants are used to generate electricity in

Tiwi (Albay), Kidapawan (North Cotabato), Calaca (Laguna), Tongonan (Leyte), Bago
City (Negros Occidental), Valencia (Negros Oriental), and Bacon (Sorsogon).
Power Plant Volcano Location
Tiwi Goeothermal Power Mt. Malinao Tiwi, Albay

Plant
Mindanao Geothermal Mt. Apo Kidapawan, Cotabato

Production Field
Makiling-Banahaw (Mak- Mt. Bulalo and Mt. Laguna
Ban) Geothermal Power Plant Olilia
Leyte Geothermal Power Various Mountains Leyte

Plants (Malitbog, Upper
Mahiao, Mahanagdong,
Tongonan)
Negros Occidental Power Various Mountains, Negros Occidental

Plants (Northern Negros, Northern – Mt. Kanlaon
Palinpinon, Nasulo)
Southern – Mt. Talinis
BacMan Geothermal Power Pocdol Mountains Sorsogon

Stations 1 and 2
The Geothermal Power Plant
Power plants are built in an area where it is particularly hot just below the
surface or near a group of geysers, hot springs, or volcanic activity.
The following steps are followed to generate electricity in a geothermal power

plant:
1. Wells are drilled deep into the earth to pump steam or hot water to the surface.
2. When the water reaches the surface, the drop in pressure causes the water to
turn into steam.
3. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces
electricity.
4. Cooling tower cools the steam and condenses it back to water.
5. The cooled water is pumped back into the earth to begin the process again.
More stuff about Volcanoes!
A VOLCANO is an opening in the

Earth’s crust in which molten rock and
fragments came out.
A HOT SPRING is a source of water

which flows out with a temperature
higher than the average temperature of
the neighboring areas.
Fumarole releases steam
A FUMAROLE is usually found in

volcanic regions. It is a hole in the
grounds where vapors and gases come
out.
A GEYSER is a spring that

occasionally shoots out hot water and
steam.
What’s More
ACTIVITY 1: THUMBS UP OR THUMBS DOWN
Read the statements below and mark it 👍 (thumbs up) if the statement is
true or correct and 👎 (thumbs down) if the statement is false or incorrect. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
_____1. High temperature inside the Earth turns different materials in the mantle to
partially melt and can be used as source of energy.
_____2. Energy that comes from the heat inside the Earth is called Geothermal
energy.
_____3. Geothermal energy converts heat to electricity using conventional and

supercritical system.
_____4. Conventional Geothermal energy uses steam/heat produced from molten

materials and water from the underground.
_____5. Supercritical system utilizes steam from geysers and hot-pressure depths of
the Earth.
ACTIVITY 2: IDENTIFICATION
Identify the volcano and choose the answer on the table. Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answers.
Mayon Volcano Mount Pinatubo Canlaon Volcano
Malinao Volcano Taal Volcano Mount Kratakoa
_________________1. One of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines which located
in Albay, Camarines Sur
_________________2. An active stratovolcano situated in Central Negros Island
_________________3. An active stratovolcano that can be found in the Zambales

mountains
_________________4. One of the most active and complex volcano located in Batangas
_________________5. A potentially active volcano also known as Buhi or Takit situated
between Albay and Camarines Sur.
ACTIVITY 3: FILL IN THE PROCESS
Arrange the step by step process of converting geothermal energy to electrical

energy. Choose your answers below and write the corresponding letter to the
numbered boxes, write your answer on a separate sheet.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
A. The steam cools off in a cooling tower and condenses back to water.
B. When the water reaches the surface, the pressure is dropped, which causes
the water to turn into steam.
C. The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to begin the process again.
D. Hot water is pumped from deep underground through a well high pressure.
E. The steam spins the turbine, which is connected to the generator that
produces electricity.
ACTIVITY 4: EXPLAIN…EXPLAIN
Explain how geothermal energy flows in a geothermal power plant using the
diagram below. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
ACTIVITY 5: MY TOP 5!
List five activities that make use of geothermal energy. Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answers.
MY TOP 5 ACTIVITIES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What I Have Learned
Determine the word that correctly completes the statement. You may choose
your answer from the words inside the box. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
Geothermal energy electricity Earth’s surface

Conventional heat Volcanic
more steam water
turbines vapors supercritical water
higher gas pressure
(1)__________uses the (2)__________ trapped beneath the (3)__________ to

generate (4)__________. (5)___________geothermal energy utilizes (6)_________ from
natural sources such as geysers, or by drawing (7)__________ from the hot, high-
pressure depths of the Earth. The hot (8)_________ are then used to drive electric
(9)___________.
In the case of (10)_________geothermal energy, the heat comes from

(11)___________. The researchers explained that energy from so called supercritical
water is much (12)_________ than conventional geothermal steam. When molten rock
and water meet, the extreme heat and (13)__________ bring water to a “supercritical”
state, where it is neither liquid or nor (14)__________. In this form, the water can carry
(15)__________ energy than normal steam, which could create up to 10 times the
power output of other geothermal sources.
What I Can Do
ADVANTAGE VS. DISADVANTAGE

Read and answer the questions below and give its advantages and
disadvantages on the following; Social, Environmental and Renewable resources?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Social Environmental
Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages
Renewable
Advantages Disadvantages
Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Heat from the volcano can be utilized as energy source. Which energy comes from
the volcano?
A. Biomass
B. Dendrothermal
C. Geothermal
D. Hydroelectric
2. Which locations can be good sources of geothermal energy?

A. Ocean, river, sea
B. Geyser, ocean, river
C. Geyser, hot spring, ocean
D. Geyser, hot spring, steam vents
3. Where is the first geothermal power plant located in our country?

A. Albay
B. Batangas
C. Leyte
D. Negros
4. Which statement is TRUE about geothermal energy?

A. Its supply is limited
B. It causes global warming
C. It generates greenhouse gases
D. It is a sustainable energy source
5. Which shows the correct sequence of the flow of energy in a Geothermal Power
Plant?
A. electricity steam generator turbine hot water
B. hot water generator turbine steam electricity
C. generator turbine steam hot water electricity
D. hot water steam turbine generator electricity
6. Heat energy can be trapped and used for our daily activities. What are the two
ways in doing this?
A. through the use of fossil fuels
B. through Geothermal heat pumps
C. through Geothermal power plant
D. Both B and C
7. How is geothermal energy harnessed as source of electricity?

A. Wells are drilled on Earth’s surface to pump steam or hot water
B. The steam from hot water spins the turbine to produce electricity
C. The turbines are connected to generators that generates electricity
D. All of the above
8. What is the positive effect of building a geothermal powerplant?
A. Lesser cost
B. Lesser Pollution
C. Nuclear Fallout
D. Global Warming
9. Which problem may occur as a result of building a geothermal energy facility?

A. The burning of fossil fuel.
B. Water pollution from the chemicals.
C. Toxic gases can be released when drilling.
D. All the above
10. Geothermal Power Plants is susceptible to trigger this natural calamity?

A. Earthquakes
B. Forest Fire
C. Hurricanes
D. All the above
11. Which of these are considered as the disadvantages of using geothermal

energy?
I.Low carbon footprints energy source
II.Reservoirs are not permanent
III.Harmful gases maybe released into the atmosphere
IV.High cost of constructing the system
A. I and II
B. II and III
C. I, III and IV
D. II, III and IV
12. What is/are the advantages of using geothermal energy?

I.The production cost is cheaper
II.The main source of energy is the sun
III.Safe and friendly to the environment
IV.It is available everywhere on Earth
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. III only
D. IV only
13. Arrange the following sequence of conversion of geothermal energy into electrical
energy in a geothermal power plant.
I. Steam is used to turn the turbine
II. Cool water is injected to the ground
III. Generator converts mechanical to electrical energy
IV. Hot water is pumped up and steam is produced
A. I, II, III, IV
B. II, III, I, IV
C. II, IV, I, III
D. IV, I, III, II
14. Which volcano is located on the northwest slopes of North Cotabato and Davao
Provinces?
A. Mt. Bulusan
B. Mt. Apo
C. Mt. Olilia
D. Mt. Taal
15. Why is the Philippines the best place to build geothermal power plants?
A. Because Philippines is a rich country.
B. Because the temperature in the Philippines is too hot.
C. Because the Philippines is in the of Pacific Ring of Fire.
D. Because there is lesser chance that an earthquake might happen.
Directions: Each letter has a number. To unlock the code, copy the letter that goes
with the number. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A B C D E F G H I J
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
K L M N O P Q R S T
21 22 23 24 25 26
U V W X Y Z CODE BOX
CO_Q3_Science 9_ Module 3 17
What I have Learned
1. Geothermal Energy 6. steam 11. supercritical water
2. heat 7. water 12. higher
3. Earth’s surface 8. vapors 13. pressure
4. electricity 9. turbines 14. gas
5. conventional 10. volcanic 15. more
Activity 5
Answers may vary.
Activity 4
 Wells are drilled deep into the earth to pump stream or hot water to the
surface.
 When the water reaches the surface, the drop in pressure causes the
water to turn into steam.
 The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator, that
produces electricity.
 Cooling tower cools the steams which it condenses back to water.
 The cooled water is pumped back into Earth to begin the process again.
Activity 3
1. D. Hot water is 2. B. When the water 3. E. The steam spins a
pumped from deep reaches the surface, turbine, which is
underground through the pressure is connected into a
a well high pressure. dropped. Which generator that
causes the water to produces electricity.
turn into steam..
4. A. The steam cools off into a 5. C. The cooled water is pumped
cooling tower and condenses back back into Earth to begin the
to water. process again.
Activity 2 Activity 1 What I Know
1. Mayon Volcano 1. Thumbs Up 1. A 6. A 11. A
2. Mount Canlaon 2. Thumbs Up 2. A 7. D 12. B
3. Mount Pinatubo 3. Thumbs Up 3. A 8. A 13. A
4. Taal Volcano 4. Thumbs down 4. C 9. D 14. C
Malinao Volcano 5. Thumbs down 5. D 10.A 15. B
Answer Key
Additional Activity
THERMAL ENERGY IN THE ROCK AND FLUID THAT FILLS FRACTURES AND
PORES WITHIN THE ROCK IN THE EARTH’S CRUST.
Assessment
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. D
6. D 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. A
11. D 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. C
What I Can Do
Geothermal Energy is a renewable resource derived from the earth’s internal
heat. Contained in the rocks and fluids beneath the earth’s crust.
Social Environmental
Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages
Geothermal One of its Geothermal The extraction of
energy can be disadvantage is having energy is geothermal energy
beneficial, as a high initial cost for extracted from from the grounds
you can achieve individual households. the earth leads to a release of
saving of up to The need for drilling without burning greenhouse gases like
80% over and installing quite a fossil fuels, and hydrogen sulfide,
conventional complex system into geothermal fields carbon dioxide,
energy usage. one’s home makes the produce methane and
price climb quite high. practically no ammonia. However,
Also, having a piece of emissions. the amount of gas
land next to the house released is
is required in order to significantly lower
be able to install one. than in the case of
fossil fuels.
Renewable
Advantages Disadvantages
Geothermal energy has many advantages Despite being considered as sustainable
when compared to other renewable and renewable energy, the chances are
sources like solar, wind or biomass. It is that specific locations might cool down
an exceptionally constant source of after time, making it impossible to
energy, meaning that it is not dependent harvest more geothermal energy in
on neither wind nor sun, and available all future.
year long.
The only non-depletable option is
sourcing geothermal energy right from
magma but the technology for doing so is
still in the process of development.
References
Book
A Liza A. Alvarez, Dave G. Angeles, Hernan L. Apurada, Ma. Pilar P. Carmona,

Oliver A. Lahorra, Judith F. Marcaida, Ma. Ragaele A. Olarte, Estrella C. Osorio,
Digna C. Paningbatan, Marivic S. Rosales, and Ma. Teresa B. Delos Santos: Science
Learners Module 9. Department of Education: 2017; 176-177
Online Resources
Greenmatch. “Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy - The Source of

Renewable Heat”. Accessed January
26,2021.https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2014/04/advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-geothermal-energy
A student’s guide to Global Climate Change. “Geothermal Energy”. Accessed

January 26, 2021.
https://archive.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/solutions/technologies/geothermal.ht
ml
Slideshare. “Geothermal Energy”. Accessed January 26, 2021.
https://www.slideshare.net/MadgeTechInc/what-is-geothermal-energy
Renewable energy world. “Geothermal Energy Tech”. Accessed January 26, 2021.
https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/types-of-renewable-energy/tech-3/#gref
Think GeoEnergy. “Geothermal”. Accessed January 26, 2021.
https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/geothermal/
Slide serve. “Geothermal Energy”. Accessed January 26, 2021.

https://www.slideserve.com/doli/geothermal-energy

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

9
Science
Factors Affecting Climate
Science – Grade 9
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Factors Affecting Climate
First Edition, 2020
over them.


Writers: Jaquilyn A. Floriano, Benson A. Cacao Jr.
Editor: Loreta E. Santos, Anthony D. Angeles
Illustrators: Jaquilyn A. Floriano, Rogel Rusko F. Cadudu-an
Layout Artists: Anthony D. Angeles, Jacqueline E. Libut
Dennis M. Mendoza
Micah S. Pacheco
Dalisay E. Esguerra
Hilda C. Valencia
Printed in the Philippines

Telefax: (632)8929-0153
9
Science
Factors Affecting Climate

Thank you.
What I Need to Know
master the different factors affecting the climate of an area. The scope of this module

Explain how different factors affect the climate of an area. (S9ES-IIIe-30)
1. differentiate climate from weather;
2. describe factors that affect climate;
3. explain how latitude, altitude and land topography affect climate; and,
4. explain how ocean surface and circulation directly affect the pattern of
climate around the world.
What I Know
1. What do you call the physical attributes, surface shapes and features of a
particular area?
A. altitude
B. latitude
C. seismograph
D. topography
Use the table to answer question number 2.
A scientist recorded the following data for different areas:
Areas Mountain Range Bodies of Water
A Present Present
B Absent Present
C Absent Present
D Absent Absent
2. What is the coldest area?

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
3. How do oceans affect the climate of an area?

A. The solar radiation is absorbed by ocean.
B. Ocean currents act much like a conveyor belt.
C. The ocean helps to distribute heat around the globe.
D. All of the above.
4. Which are the basis of classifying the types of climate of an area?
A. air pollution, wind, and temperature
B. precipitation, temperature, and wind
C. topography, wind, and water cycle
D. water cycle, wind, and precipitation
5. When moist winds approach a mountain, these often drop rain as winds rise over
the mountain and come down on the other side. As the air comes down the
leeward side, it warms, expands, and reduces the possibility of precipitation. How
does this phenomenon affect the leeward side of the mountain?
A. The leeward side of the mountain is cooler and wet.
B. The leeward side of the mountain is cooler and drier.
C. The leeward side of the mountain is warmer and wet.
D. The leeward side of the mountain is warmer and drier.
6. During summer, many people visit Baguio because of the cold weather. What do
you think makes Baguio cold?
A. latitude
B. altitude
C. topography
D. distance from the ocean
7. Why do places at the same latitude but different altitudes have different climate?
A. Different altitudes receive different amounts of precipitation
B. Different altitudes receive different amounts of heat
C. Places with higher altitudes have lower temperature
D. Places with higher altitudes have higher temperature
8. Which of the following BEST describes climate?

A. The weather that occurs in the atmosphere within a day.
B. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a long period of time.
C. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a short period of time.
D. The disturbance in the atmosphere that happens in a long period of time.
9. Why do mountain climbers bring thick jackets when they go up the mountain?
A. The temperature increases as the altitude increases.
B. The temperature decreases as the altitude increases.
C. The altitude increases as the temperature increases.
D. The altitude decreases as the temperature increases.
10. A diagram illustrating the movement of an air mass over a mountain is shown.
How does the air in A differ from the air in B?
Illustrated by Jaquilyn A. Floriano
A. The air at A is drier than at B.

B. The air at A is colder than at B.
C. The air at A is moving faster than at B.
D. The air at A is more polluted than at B.
11. How does the windward side differ from the leeward side of a high land?
A. The windward receives more precipitation than the leeward.
B. The windward side receives more heat than the leeward side.
C. The leeward side has more vegetation than the windward side.
D. The leeward side receives more precipitation than the windward side.
12-15. Write:
A – if the statement describes climate.
B – if the statement describes weather.
C – is the statement describes both climate and weather.
D – if the statement is neither supports climate nor weather.
12. It is the day-to-day or short-term condition of the changes in the atmosphere.
13. It is the averaged weather condition of any place over 30 years.
14. It is affected by temperature, pressure, humidity, cloudiness, wind,

precipitation, rain, flooding, and ice storms.
15. It is long-term observations of the atmospheric phenomena such as humidity,

temperature, the sunshine, wind.
Lesson
1 Factors Affecting Climate
master the different factors affecting the climate of an area. Climate and weather are
related concepts, but distinctly different. In this module however, we will deal with
the difference between the two processes in terms of factors that affect different
areas. We will use them carefully throughout this module.
1. What is the difference between climate and weather?
2. What are the common factors affecting climate?
3. How does altitude and land topography affect climate?
4. How does ocean surface and circulation directly affect the pattern of
climate around the world?
What’s In
Building Vocabulary
Use the given word bank to answer the crossword puzzle correctly. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
WORD BANK
ALTITUDE
DENSITY
HUMIDITY
MOISTURE
TOPOGRAPHY
WATER CYCLE
GLOBAL WINDS
OCEAN CURRENT
What’s New
Let us read the news report of Mr. Dexter A. See dated February 07, 2019 in
Baguio City Herald Express and answer the questions below.
The weather condition in the country’s undisputed Summer Capital continues

to get colder with 9.0˚C as the coolest temperature recorded this year by the local
office of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) early Wednesday morning, January 30. From the 9.8 ˚C
temperature in the city that was recorded by PAGASA Monday morning of January
28, it slightly improved to 10.6 ˚C early Tuesday morning, further dipping to 9.2 ˚C
Wednesday early morning before finally settling at 9.
The PAGASA official disclosed that even the warmest temperature in the city
ranges from 19 to 22 ˚C which is much cooler compared to the usual 24 to 26 ˚C
warmest temperature being recorded in the city during the middle of the day. In other
highly elevated areas in Benguet, the coldest temperature in Paoay, Atok, Benguet
was around 4 ˚C Wednesday morning while the coldest temperature in Mount Sto.
Tomas in Tuba, Benguet was around 6.5 ˚C.
a. What is the possible reason for such weather conditions in Baguio City and
other highly elevated areas in Benguet?
b. Do you think it is still possible for Baguio City to experience the city’s
lowest recorded temperature of 6.3 degrees Celsius which was registered
on January 18, 1961? Why?
What is It
You have probably experienced waking up to a rainy morning but spending

the rest of the day sweating because of the sun’s glaring heat. Changes in the
atmospheric condition over a brief period of time such as a day or a week are
weather. These changes are part of a larger pattern of atmospheric conditions called
climate. Climate is the general pattern of the weather that occurs for a region over
a number of years. Climate determines what type of houses people build in a
particular region, the plants and animals that inhabit in a location, and even the
livelihood of the people and community.
Both weather and climate are the result of the interaction of several Earth
systems; 1) the movement of moisture in the water cycle that evaporates ocean water
into the air where it condenses into travelling clouds or storms that eventually cause
rain or snow; 2) the movement of heat that begins at the sun-soaked equator and
moves warm air toward the north and south poles; and 3) the movement of the oceans
that takes icy-cold water from the poles to the tropics, warming or cooling the air
above the water. These factors, including the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
combine to form the high- and low-pressure systems and the climate of the location
you live in. To understand the complex interactions and patterns of weather and
climate, scientists collect as much observational data as they can on precipitation,
temperatures, humidity, and other atmospheric conditions.
Different Factors that Affect Climate
There are different factors that affect the

climate of a place. These five factors greatly
influence the temperature of an area.
Latitude. Latitude is the main factor affecting

global climate. The further we go from the equator;
the temperature drops and the cooler it gets. This is
because we know that earth is curved which means
that the sun’s energy is more concentrated at the
equator. This means earth gets hotter at equator
Figure 1: Latitude
and places near equator. Illustrated by Rogel Rusko
F. Cadudu-an
Altitude. Temperature decreases with increasing altitude at an average rate of 6.5°C

for every 1000m increase in altitude, as the atmosphere receives less heat through
terrestrial radiation. For this reason, we know that the mountains are always cooler
compared to lower places.
The lower layers of atmosphere are denser,
have water vapor and dust particles that absorb heat,
which is not prevalent in the higher altitude. At
higher altitudes, the air is less dense and air
molecules are spread out and less likely to collide.
Therefore, a higher location in the mountains has
lower average temperatures than one at the base of
the mountains.
Figure 2: Altitude
Illustrated by Rogel
Rusko F. Cadudu-an
Distance from the sea. Land absorbs and releases heat faster than water. This
phenomenon has strong effect on the temperature as well as the climate. Seas and
oceans are the large bodies of water on Earth, serve as the moderator of climate. In
summer, large amount of water evaporates but dries up quickly before it reaches the
land because of temperature. Coastal areas are cooler in summer and warmer in
winter compared in inland at the same coordinate system. Places located on the coast
have moderate temperature as they are affected by land and sea breezes. Land and
sea breeze can only be experienced in coastal areas. The continuous movement of air
from land to sea or vice versa balance the temperature and climate on Earth. A sea
breeze is a wind blowing from body of water toward the land while a land breeze is a
wind blowing from the land onto a body of water. This local wind system occurs along
coastlines near large bodies of water due to temperature differences between land
surface and water surface.
Figure 3: Diurnal Wind Change in Coastal Area

Source: Yue Guan. Diurnal wind change in coastal area.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diurnal_wind_change_in_coastal_area.p
ng. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
During daytime, land surface heats up faster than the surface of ocean. The
air above the land is warmer causing it to rise. As the warm air over the land rises,
the cooler air over the ocean is blowing toward the land surface to replace the rising
warm air. At nighttime, the land surface cools faster than the surface of ocean.
Therefore, the warm air over the ocean is rising while the denser and cooler air over
the land is blowing toward the ocean to replace the warmer presence air rising.
The effects of land and sea breezes extends inland from the coast. The higher
temperature differences between land and sea, the breezes are the stronger. The land
breezes and sea breezes resulted in elevated humidity levels, high precipitation, and
temperature moderation in coastal areas and nearby lands.
In some places with no distinct summer and winter, these are due to its
geographical location and the presence of bodies of water. In places near the coastal,
summer is cooler and winter is warmer. For example, in Moscow and Glasgow in
Russia, winter is moderate in Glasgow than in Moscow because it is near the coast.
People in London also experienced the same, even though its latitude is similar with
Moscow, because it is closer to the sea. In the Philippines, the climate is tropical with
relatively high temperature, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. The surrounding
bodies of water and high temperature brings a high relative humidity to the
archipelago.
Prevailing winds. Prevailing winds are wind directions over a particular location on
Earth due to uneven heating from the sun and the rotation of earth on its axis. The
equator receives most direct sunlight and greatest concentration of heat resulting to
a warm temperature while at the poles, there is a lower concentration of heat
resulting to a cold temperature. The warm air in the equator expands, become less
dense, and rises. As the air rises, it cools, decreases its pressure, and loses water
vapor forming a low-pressure area at the equator. The rising air at the equator does
not flow directly to the poles because the Earth rotates on its axis causing an air
build up at 30˚ north or south latitudes. This rotation creates three belts of high-
pressure circulations cells: the Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, and Polar cell. The Hadley cell
is the air moving toward the equator. It is responsible for the dry climate at 30˚
latitudes or the tropical and subtropical regions and drives circulation of air north
and south of the equator. The Ferrel cell is created when the air between 30˚ and 60˚
latitudes meets the cold air from the poles. These winds are called westerlies that
characterize weather patterns in the temperate zones. The Polar cell is formed
between 60˚ and 90˚ latitude. The air cools over the poles and sinks to the Earth’s
surface. These surface winds in the polar cell are called easterlies. The area where
these three circulation cells come together is called intertropical convergence zone.
At intertropical convergence zone the trade winds from the northern and southern
hemispheres converge.
The Earth’s rotation affects the air moving towards its surface, it is deflected
by the Coriolis force to the right in the northern hemisphere producing polar
easterlies and to the left in the southern hemisphere. The easterlies are created when
the winds blow toward the equator and deflected to the west. The westerlies are
created when the winds blow toward the pole and deflected to the east.
Figure 4: Prevailing Winds
Source: Kaidor, Earth Global Circulation,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_Global_Circulation_-_en.svg.
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported.
Ocean currents. Ocean currents are the continuous and directional movement of
ocean created by the wind friction, water density, earth’s rotation, solar energy, and
gravity variation in different parts of the ocean. The direction of water movement is
either horizontal or vertical. The ocean current systems flow clockwise in the
northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere in circular
patterns. The ocean currents transport warm water and precipitation from the
equator to the poles and cold water from the poles back to the equator. These regulate
the global climate, and uneven distribution of heat reaching earth’s surface.
Figure 5: Ocean Currents

Illustrated by Rogel Rusko F. Cadudu-an
Topography. The topography of earth's surface is one of the factors that affects
weather system and climate. The difference in elevation and mountain ranges
determine the distribution of precipitation on earth. The bodies of water shape the
climates and create the high- and low-pressure systems that cause weather events.
The mountainous areas tend to have extreme weather because it acts as a barrier to
air movements and moisture.
Leeward
Windward
Figure 6: Rain Shadow Effect

Source: Thebiologyprimer, Rain Shadow Effect caused by Orographic Lift.png,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rain_Shadow_Effect_caused_by_Orogra
phic_Lift.png. Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
The windward side of the mountain faces the wind and receives warm, and moist air.
As the wind hits the mountain, the air is forced to move upward along the slope of
the mountain and begins to cool due to decrease in atmospheric pressure. The
cooling of air results in the formation of clouds and precipitation. Because of this,
the windward side of the mountain is cooler and rich in vegetation. The leeward side
of the mountain is the opposite side of the windward. The air that goes down the
leeward slope has lost its moisture on the windward side resulting to warm air and
low relative humidity. As the dry air descends the leeward slope, it expands and
reduces the possibility of precipitation forming a rain shadow effect. This side of the
mountain is the driest place.
What’s More
ACTIVITY 1: Identifying Warm & Cold Oceans Currents

Use the illustration of ocean current (red = warm, blue = cold) to answer the question
below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Source: Akigka, Corrientes-oceanicas-is.svg ,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Corrientes-oceanicas-is.svg. Creative
Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported.
1. What is the general direction of ocean currents in the Northern Hemisphere?
2. What is the general direction of ocean currents in the Southern Hemisphere?
3. Look at the pattern of cold and warm water currents. What seems to determine
if a current carries warm or cold water?
4. What is the effect of cold current water on the continental coastline it

bordered?
ACTIVITY 2: SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN
Use the illustration of a mountain to answer the questions that follow. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Questions:
1. Which side of the mountain would generally receive more precipitation?
2. Which side of the mountain would generally receive less precipitation?
3. What happens to the air as it comes down the leeward side of the mountain?
4. Which side of the mountain range often produce rain shadow?
5. What happens to the air as it travels up the mountain?
ACTIVITY 3: WHAT WILL I WEAR?
Use the given illustration to answer the questions below. Write your answer on a
Questions:
1. Today is sunny. What must I wear?
2. It is raining outside. What must I wear?
3. It is raining outside. What footwear must I wear?
ACTIVITY 4: ANALYZE THIS!
Analyze the three locations in given map of below and an answer the questions that
follows. Write the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Source: HeitordpBlank, US Map.svg.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_US_Map_(states_only).svg.
Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.
Illustrated by: Jaquilyn A. Floriano
1. Is it possible for location A to have a moist climate than in location B?

Why?
2. What causes a possible cold climate in location B?
3. Is a cooler climate possible in location C? Why?
4. How does the body of water affect the climate at location A?
What I Have Learned
Identify the word that correctly completes each statement. Write your answer
1. A short-term variation in atmospheric phenomena which interact and affect the

environment and living things on Earth are called __________.
2. __________is the long-term average of variations in weather for a particular area.
3. The equator and tropical areas get more ___________ than areas in the north or
south.
4. The more direct sunlight received the __________the climate, which is why the
poles are colder than the equator.
5. The higher the elevation of a region, the ___________ it is.
6. The driving force for surface ocean currents to move is the __________.
7. __________ is a water or other liquid diffused in a small quantity as vapor, within

a solid, or condensed on a surface.
8. ___________ cause differences in density of ocean water.
9. The air compresses and warms when it ___________.
10. __________ a process that occurs when gasses in Earth’s atmosphere trap the
Sun’s heat.
11. The type of climate of an area primarily depends on its__________, precipitation,

and wind system.
12. __________ can affect the climate of nearby lands. In some areas, mountains
block rain, so that one side of a mountain range may be rainy and the other
side may be a desert.
What I Can Do
Use the diagram of imaginary continent on Earth to identify each statement

below as either true or false. Write T if the statement is true and F it is false. Write
the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Illustrated by: Jaquilyn A. Floriano
1. Location F has the same kind of weather all year-round.
2. Location A has a greater annual rainfall because it is on the windward side

of the mountain.
3. Location E have a colder yearly climate because it is high in the mountain

and as the altitude increases the temperature decreases.
4. There are trade winds between 60 N and 30 N.
5. The climate in location A is cooler than the location D.
Assessment
1. Which statement BEST describes topography?

A. It is the total distance above sea level.
B. It is the side of the mountain that experiences floods.
C. It is the curve of the earth and the distance from equator.
D. It is the physical attribute, surface shapes and features of an area.
2. Which part of the mountain has more vegetation?

A. top
B. leeward
C. sideward
D. windward
3. Which BEST describes the leeward side of a mountain?

A. The side of the mountain that experiences floods.
B. The side of the mountain that receives less precipitate.
C. The side of the mountain that receives more precipitate.
D. The side of the mountain that experiences more vegetation.

5. In a theory, Earth’s surface was covered by vast sheets of ice. What do you call
these vast sheets of ice?
A. glaciers
B. haze
C. ice
D. snow
6. Which refers to the angular distance from the equator that greatly affects the
climate and weather of an area?
A. altitude
B. elevation
C. height
D. latitude
7. Why do mountainous areas have generally colder climate than the surrounding
land? Because of …
A. higher altitude
B. higher elevation
C. far from the ocean
D. far from the lowland
8. What happens to the temperature as you go to the top of a mountain?

A. does not change
B. temperature increases
C. temperature decreases
D. temperature goes up and down
9. How does higher altitude affect the climate of an area?

A. The closer you get to the equator, the hotter it gets.
B. The higher you go above sea level, the colder it gets.
C. The farther you get from the equator, the colder it gets.
D. The process by which heat from the sun is trapped near Earth's surface.
10. What region receives the least amount of solar radiation?

A. equatorial
B. polar
C. temperate
D. tropical
11. Land heats and cools faster than the sea. Therefore, coastal areas have a lower
temperature range than those inland. Which factor affects the temperature of
an area?
A. winds
B. altitude
C. distance from the sea
D. elevation from the sea
12. There are areas that are drier and warmer than surrounding flatlands, because
of mountains and valleys. What factor affects the climate?
A. elevation
B. latitude
C. topography
D. vegetation
13. Why does latitude cause differences in temperature?

A. It is due to climate change.
B. It is due to the distances of mountain ranges.
C. It is due to the distance from the earth to the mountains.
D. It is due to the curve of the earth and distance from equator.
14. Which statement is TRUE about high altitude?

A. The high-up places such as mountaintops often get snow for most of the
year.
B. Altitude affects climate in that the higher up you get, the more the
temperature drops.
C. Altitude affects climate in that the higher up you get, the more the
temperature increases.
D. Both A and B
15. Which statement supports the idea of leeward and windward sides of the
mountain?
A. Air pressure in leeward is higher than the windward side.
B. The two sides of the same mountain have different climates because of the
water and air movement.
C. The leeward side of the mountain experiences floods while the windward
side experiences less precipitate.
D. Both A and B
Answer the following questions related to the Philippine Climate. Write your
answer in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Why does the Philippines have relatively high humidity?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Why does one need to choose warm clothing, sweatshirts, and jackets when
planning for a vacation to Baguio City?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Why do rainfall distributions throughout the Philippines vary from one region to
another?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Assessment ACTIVITY 3: WHAT What I Know
1. D WILL I WEAR? 1. D 6. B 11. A
2. D 1. short, sando, slippers 2. A 7. B 12. B
2. raincoat, jacket, boots 3. D 8. B 13. A
3. B
3. boots 4. B 9. B 14. B
4. D 5. C 10. B 15. A
5. A ACTIVITY 4: ANALYZE
6. D THIS! What’s In
7. A 1. Yes, because location Across
8.C A is near the ocean. 1. GREENHOUSE GASES
9. B 2. Location C is at higher 3. OCEAN SURFACE
elevation or in the 4. WATER CYCLE
10. B
mountains. 5. TOPOGRAPHY
11. C 3. Yes, because location 9. DENSITY
12. C C is at higher latitude Down
13. D than Location E. 1. GLOBAL WINDS
14. D 4. Bodies of water have a 2. OCEAN CURRENT
15. B moderating effect on 6. MOISTURE
climate of nearby 7. HUMIDITY
landmass because its 8. ALTITUDE
temperature changes
Additional Activity
slower than land What’s More
1. Due to high temperature. ACTIVITY 1: Identifying
Warm & Cold Oceans
temperature and the
What I Have Learned Currents
surrounding bodies of 1. Weather 1. Clockwise
water. 2. Climate 2. Counterclockwise
2. Baguio is at higher 3. Direct sunlight 3. Warm water comes
altitude therefore the 4. Warmer from the equator and
temperature is low. 5. Colder cold water comes from
3. Rainfall distribution 6. Global wind the poles.
7. Moisture 4. It brings cooling effect.
throughout depends
8. Deep ocean currents
upon the direction of 9. Sinks ACTIVITY 2: SIDE OF
the winds that carries 10. Greenhouse effect THE MOUNTAIN
moisture and the 11. Temperature 1. windward
location of the 12. Mountains 2. leeward
mountain systems. 3. it warms and expands
What I Can Do 4. leeward side
1. T 5. the air cools,
2. T condensed, and rain
falls
3. T
4. F
5. T
Answer Key
References
Books
Websites
2021. Baguio's temperature dips to 9.0 degrees Celsius. April 21.
https://www.baguioheraldexpressonline.com/baguios-temperature-dips-to-
9-degrees-celsius/.
Images
Akigka,Corrientes-oceanicas-is.svg,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Corrientes-oceanicas-is.svg.
Bharat Choudhary, Land and Sea Breezes.gif,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Land_and_Sea_Breezes.gif.
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International.
Hand-drawn Season on Earth Digital Worksheet
https://www.canva.com/design/DAEcvKGdKYI/x6RpDtIhML6JBERQFxtm-
Q/edit?layoutQuery=science+worksheet+
HeitordpBlank, US Map.svg.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_US_Map_(states_only).svg.
Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.
Kaidor, Earth Global Circulation,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_Global_Circulation_-
_en.svg. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported.
Thebiologyprimer, Rain Shadow Effect caused by Orographic Lift.png,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rain_Shadow_Effect_caused_by_
Orographic_Lift.png. Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain
Dedication
Yue Guan. Diurnal wind change in coastal area.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diurnal_wind_change_in_coastal_
area.png. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

9
Science
Module 5: Climatic Phenomena
Occuring on a Global Level
Science – Grade 9
Quarter 3 – Module 5: Climatic Phenomena Occurring on a Global Level
First Edition, 2020
over them.


Writers: Jaquilyn A. Floriano, Renelito M. Tabios
Illustrators: Jaquilyn A. Floriano, Renelito M. Tabios
Layout Artist: Anthony D. Angeles, Edgardo D. Pamugas III
Dennis M. Mendoza
Micah S. Pacheco
Dalisay E. Esguerra
Hilda C. Valencia
Office Address: Misamis St., Bago Bantay, Quezon City

Telefax: (632) 8929-0153
9
Science
Climatic Phenomena Occcuring
on a Global Level

Thank you.
What I Need to Know
master Climatic Phenomena Occurring on a Global Level. The scope of this module

Describe certain climatic phenomena that occurs on a global level. (S9ES-
IIIf31)
1. describe climatic phenomena that occur on a global level such as global

warming, climate change, El Niño and La Niña;
2. determine the factors that influence global climatic phenomenon;
3. explain the impact of global climatic phenomenon on the daily lives of the
people; and,
4. create an advocacy material or activity that will raise awareness of the
impact
of global climatic phenomenon to the people.
What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following can cause global warming?

A. volcanic eruptions
B. the amount of rainfall
C. the rising of warm air into the atmosphere
D. the absorption of heat from the earth’s interior.
2. When does greenhouse effect happen?
A. When the earth surface absorb heat from the atmosphere.
B. When the earth surface absorb heat from the earth’s interior.
C. When the upper atmosphere absorb heat from the outer space.
D. When the lower atmosphere absorb heat from the earth’s surface.
3. Which activity does NOT contribute to global warming?
A. reforestation
B. illegal fishing
C. mining activities
D. incineration of garbage
4. What will happen if there is too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
A. Temperature increases
B. Temperature decreases
C. Water vapor condenses
D. Greenhouse effect occurs
5. What causes La Niña?
A. Warming of water in the Atlantic Ocean.
B. Cooling of water in the Atlantic coast of the US.
C. Warming of water in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America.
D. Cooling of water in the tropical Pacific Ocean between the Tropic of
Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
6. During an El Niño year, what happens to ocean temperature in the central
and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean?
A. It is cooler than the average.
B. It is warmer than the average.
C. It is varied throughout the ocean.
D. It remains in the same temperature.
7. Which of the following gases are responsible for the 75% of the global
warming effect?
A. carbon dioxide, oxygen, fluorine
B. carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen
C. carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen
D. carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide
8. Which of the following factors is the contributor to current enhanced (human-
induced) global warming?
A. solar radiation
B. littering everywhere
C. hole in the ozone layer
D. carbon dioxide emissions
9. Which of the following human activities DOES NOT contribute to enhanced
climate change?
A. Always using cars when going even to short distance places.
B. Joining in tree planting activities whenever possible.
C. Rallying against the use of renewable energy.
D. Chopping down rainforests.
10. Which of the following greenhouse gases is the most abundant in the
atmosphere?
A. methane
B. water vapor
C. nitrous oxide
D. carbon dioxide
11. Which statement supports the importance of forests for mitigating climate
change?
A. It provides building materials.
B. It is an important source of food.
C. It serves as a sink in the carbon cycle.
D. It reflects sunlight away from the Earth.
12. Which statement supports reduction of carbon footprint?
A. Drive a hybrid car.
B. Hang blankets to dry.
C. Eat a plant-based diet.
D. Turn off your lights if not needed.
13 – 15. Write:
A. If the first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect.
B. If the first statement is incorrect and the second statement is correct.
C. If both statements are correct.
D. If both statements are incorrect.
13.
I. The El Niño and La Niña are two natural occurrences in the
global climate system as results of variations in ocean
temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific.
II. The El Niño and La Niña affect weather conditions in some
regions and can cause droughts, floods, and storms.
14.
I. El Niño is a term for the warming phase of the El Niño
Southern Oscillation.
II. La Niña is a term for the cooling phase of El Niño Southern
Oscillation.
15.
I. Climate change is a phenomenon in which the Earth’s climate
warms or cools over long periods of time.
II. The effects of climate change include rising sea levels, drought,
water shortages, crop failure, floods, and extreme weather
conditions.
Lesson Earth and Space:
1 Climatic Phenomena
Occurring on a Global Level
This module provides you with scientific knowledge about the relationship of
Greenhouse effect, global warming, climate change, and how those issues affects the
environment and human beings.
1. What is the difference between greenhouse effect and global warming?
2. What is climate change?
3. What are the negative effects of climate change?
4. How can one contribute to lessen the negative effects of global warming?
5. What are the differences between El Niño and La Niña? and
6. How do El Niño and La Niña occur?
What’s In
Let us try to recall your understanding of the concepts of the factors affecting the
climate of an area. Use a separate sheet of paper to answer the questions.
1. In which specific location will have the highest air pressure?

A. at the beach C. below the clouds
B. on mountain top D. above earth’s atmosphere
2. Why is the part of the ocean near the equator receiving more heat than the
other parts?
A. The equator is closer to the sun.
B. The equator has higher sea levels.
C. The equator receives more direct sunlight.
D. The equator rotates more quickly on earth’s axis.
3. Which of the following factors contribute to the tropical climate that is
experienced in the Philippines?
A. Altitude C. Landmass
B. Latitude D. Topography
5. Which person is talking about the weather?
A. Let us go to the beach.
B. It is hot and sunny today.
C. There is a hole in the ozone layer.
D. It rains a lot in spring in my village.
What’s New
“There’s one issue that will define the contours of this century more
dramatically than any other, and this is the urgent threat of a changing
climate”
1. What message does the passage convey? arack Obama
2. Why are most of the countries around the world do threatened by climate
change?
3. What do you think are the adverse effect of climate change to

human/society?
In this module you will learn the different global climatic phenomena such as
greenhouse effect, global warming, climate change, La Niña and El Niño. You will
also determine the different factors that influence these global climatic phenomena,
the negative effects of climate change, and some activities that contribute to lessen
the negative effects of global warming.
What is It
Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is the natural warming process of the Earth that results
when gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the earth that would otherwise escape
into space. Sunlight makes the earth habitable. While 30 percent of the solar energy
that reaches our world is reflected back to space, approximately 70 percent passes
through the atmosphere to the earth’s surface, where it is absorbed by the land,
oceans, and atmosphere, and heats the planet. This heat is then radiated back up in
the form of invisible infrared radiation. While some of this infrared radiation
continues on into space, the vast majority—indeed, some 90 percent—gets absorbed
by atmospheric gases, known as greenhouse gases, and redirected back toward the
earth, causing further warming.
The different greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride, and water
vapor. These gases can be naturally occurring, or man-made. The effect of each
greenhouse gas on earth’s climate depends on its chemical nature and its relative
concentration in the atmosphere. Some gases have a high capacity for absorbing
infrared radiation and occur in significant quantities, whereas others have
considerably lower capacities for absorption and occur only in traces. Among the
different greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide absorbs the least amount of energy.
For most of the past 800,000 years, much longer than human civilization has
existed, the concentration of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere was between about
200 and 280 parts per million. But in the past century, that concentration has
jumped to more than 400 parts per million, driven up by human activities such as
burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The higher concentrations of greenhouse
gases and carbon dioxide is causing extra heat to be trapped and global temperatures
to rise.
Source: A loose necktie, Greenhouse-Effect-t2.svg,

Figure 1. The Greenhouse Effect https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg. Creative
Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International.
Global Warming
Global warming is caused by several factors such as man-made,

anthropogenic, or natural. One example of natural causes is the released of methane
gas from arctic tundra and wetlands. Burning fossil fuels is one of the man-made
causes of global warming resulting to pollution. When fossil fuel is burned it gives
off carbon dioxide. Global warming can bring sea level to rise due to the melting of
ice caps and glaciers. Consequently, people may experience severe weather
disturbances like strong typhoons, heavier rainfalls, and climate change. Normally,
sunlight enters the earth’s atmosphere, absorbed and then reradiated by back into
space. However, because of the greenhouse effect where the earth’s atmosphere is
accumulating additional greenhouse gases and trapping the earth’s infrared
radiation from leaving into space raises the earth’s temperature and causes climate
change.
Source: Enescot, Effects of Global Warming, Plotted Against
Changes in Global Mean Temperature.png,
Figure 2. Impact of Global Warming https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Effects_of_global
_warming,_plotted_against_changes_in_global_mean_tempe
rature.png. Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public
Domain Dedication.
Climate Change
Climate Change is a long-term change in the average weather patterns. It is

incorporated with the two phenomena, the global warming and large – scale change
in weather patterns. Changes in Earth’s climate since the start of the twentieth
century are mainly caused by human activities, such as burning of fossil fuels for
energy and transportation, agricultural and industrial activities, deforestation and
others. Deforestation is the primary cause of carbon dioxide release because forest
and trees store carbon dioxide and commonly known as “carbon sinks”. The average
temperature of the Earth is determined by greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases in
the lower atmosphere trap the heat, that should be reflected back to the outer space,
and contributed much to the increase of the Earth’s average surface temperature.
Natural processes also contribute to global climate change such as volcanic activity,
changes within the Sun’s energy output, and variations in Earth’s orbit. Climate
records give proof of global climate change key indicators, like land and ocean
temperature increase, rising ocean levels, melting of ice at Earth’s poles and in
mountain glaciers, severe and frequent change in extreme weather phenomena like
hurricanes, heat waves, wildfires, droughts, floods and precipitation, and cloud and
vegetation cover changes.
El Niño
Some parts of the

world may experience two
cyclical events the El Niño
or the La Niña and may
lead to the extinction of
some fauna and flora. El
Niño is a lengthy warming
in the eastern part of the
Pacific Ocean. This
natural phenomenon
occurs at irregular
intervals of two to seven
years and lasts for nine
months or two years at
most. Figure 3. Drought
Source: CSIRO, CSIRO ScienceImage 429 Drought Effected Landscape.jpg,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_429_Drou
ght_Effected_Landscape.jpg. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported.
Normally, as trade wind moves from east to west, it collects warm air. But
when trade winds is weakened, it causes the piling up of warm surface water and
making the part of the Pacific Ocean warmer leading to El Niño phenomenon. This
happens when the upwelling of colder water is blocked by the large quantities of
warm surface water. El Niño will most likely bring severe drought. It is believed that
it causes stronger thunderstorm disturbance and massive storms. It also causes the
decrease of the population of some species.
La Niña
La Niña is the
opposite climatic
disturbance to El Niño. This
natural phenomenon may
but does not always follow
El Niño events. It may last
for nine to twelve months
but in some cases, it lasts
for two years. This event is
triggered by the cooling of
the eastern part of the
Pacific Ocean. Trade winds
that move from east to west
are strengthened. Figure 4. Floods Source: Thapaliyashreeram, Flooding village.jpg,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flooding_village.jpg.
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International.
Moving air brings along too much water vapor. Areas that experienced severe
drought which was caused by El Niño may encounter above normal rainfall. But in
some cases, areas that experience dry season will be drier than normal conditions.
La Niña’s effects are the opposite of El Niño.
What’s More
ACTIVITY 1: HOW DOES GREEHOUSE EFFECT HAPPEN?

Analyze the given diagram below. Illustrate the greenhouse effect and describe it in
relation to global warming and climate change. You may also refer to the concept
bank for the proper labels of your illustration. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
Source: Wikilakz, Greenhouse effect.png, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Greenhouse_effect.png. Creative Commons

Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
ACTIVITY 2: WHAT DO YOU THINK?
A. Read the given statements about greenhouse effect and global warming. Make
your decision whether you AGREE or DISAGREE to each statement. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
__________1. Some greenhouse gases are naturally present in the Earth’s
atmosphere.
__________2. All of the radiation from the Sun is absorbed by the Earth.
__________3. Plants and animals are already changing their behavior because of
climate change.
__________4. Without the greenhouse effect the Earth would be cold.

__________5. The trade winds are weaker during an El Niño event.
B. Read each statement and classify whether it describes La Niña or El Niño.

Write LN for La Niña and EN for El Niño. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. The episodes of ocean warming that affect the eastern
tropical Pacific.
________
2. A powerful climate change that occurs about every two to

seven years.
________
3. It can cause wild weather on the west coast and strong ________
winds over the Pacific Ocean, violent typhoons, rainstorms,
and floods.
4. It occurs when the ocean waters are cooler than normal. ________
5. The episode when winds push from east to west resulting to
a wetter weather to the Pacific region.
________
ACTIVITY 3: LET ME SPEAK!
Write a reflection on any the following images (you may also select only one image
for reflection). Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Source: Dorothe, Garbage Paradise Sun Aircraft Trash Mountain, https://pixabay.com/photos/garbage-paradise-sun-aircraft-4277613/. Pixabay License
Source: Gerd Altmann, Forest Fire Forest Climate Change Fire Heat Flame, https://pixabay.com/illustrations/forest-fire-forest-climate-change-3836834/. Pixabay License
Source: Yuri, Drought Desert Elephant Dry Global Warming, https://pixabay.com/illustrations/drought-desert-elephant-dry-1733889/. Pixabay License.
Rubrics for Essay
Indicators 4 3 2 1
(Very Good) (Good) (Fair) (Poor)
Content All major points Some major Few major Major points
of the topic are points of the points of the stated are not
stated clearly topic are stated topic are stated clear and lacks
and supported and supported but lacks specific
with specific with specific specific examples.
examples. examples. examples.
Organization The ideas show The ideas show The ideas are The ideas lack
and Structure high degree of high degree of misplaced and
attention to logic attention to logic shows poor logical
and reasoning and reasoning logical organization
and leads to but leads to organization and conclusion.
strong weak that leads to
conclusion. conclusions. vague
conclusion.
Mechanics Without errors Few errors in Frequent errors More errors in
in spelling, spelling, of spelling, spelling,
punctuation, punctuation, punctuation, punctuation,
capitalization, capitalization, capitalization, capitalization,
sentence sentence sentence sentence
structure and structure and structure and structure and
grammar. grammar, and grammar; and grammar; and
thought is not thought is lacks thought.
obscured. obscured.
What I Have Learned
Write the word that correctly completes the statement. Write your answer on a
1. The _________________ is the warming of earth’s atmosphere due to the build-up

of heat-trapping gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane.
2. The _______________ is the gradual increase in the overall temperature of earth’s

atmosphere due to the greenhouse effects. This effect is caused by increased
levels of greenhouse gases such as _______________, chlorofluorocarbons,
methane, and other gases in the air, many of them released by human activity.
3. _________________ is any substantial change in earth’s climate that last for an

extended period. It brings drastic effects to people, plants, and animals.
4. The _______________ phenomena happens when the temperature in the eastern

Pacific Ocean rises above normal.
5. The _______________ phenomena occurs when the temperature in eastern Pacific

Ocean decreases below normal.
What I Can Do
Create an advocacy campaign material/activity to raise the awareness of people on

the adverse effect of global climatic phenomenon to humanity and society.
Rubrics for Advocacy Campaign Material
Indicators 4 3 2 1
(Very Good) (Good) (Fair) (Poor)
Issue The issue selected 50% of the 40% of the 30%. of the
as the focus for focus issue focus issue focus issue
the awareness are clear are clear are clear
campaign is an
important one and
one of the
campaigner feels
a particular
concern for.
Sufficient
justification for
explanation of
this is provided in
the activity
Articulation What the issue is, 50% accurate 40% accurate 30% accurate
of the issue how it affects and and and
individuals articulated articulated articulated.
society, or
another entity (for
example, the
environment) and
the goal for the
awareness
campaign are
accurately and
clearly
articulated.
Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is the best practice to reduce the effect of climate change?
A. organic farming
B. livestock raising
C. burning fossil fuel
D. car manufacturing
2. Which is TRUE about greenhouse effect?
A. Greenhouse gases on the surface absorb heat from the atmosphere.
B. Greenhouse gases on the surface absorb heat from the earth’s
interior.
C. Greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere absorb heat from the
outer space.
D. Greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere absorb heat from the
earth’s surface.
3. Which of the following is NOT likely result of global warming?
A. Rising sea level
B. Worsening health effects
C. Increased storm frequency and intensity
D. Increased agricultural productivity worldwide
4. Which condition happens during La Niña phenomenon?
A. Trade wind becomes stronger.
B. Upwelling of cold water is blocked.
C. Air pressure in the western Pacific increases.
D. Air pressure in the eastern Pacific decreases.
5. Which of the following gases is NOT a greenhouse gas?
A. Methane
B. Nitrogen
C. Water vapor
D. Carbon dioxide
6. Which of the following phenomena are included in climate change?
A. Decomposition and germination
B. Weather changes and precipitation
C. Volcanic eruptions and earthquake
D. Global warming and extreme change in weather patterns
7. Which of the following is NOT expected to increase with enhanced climate change?
A. Flood
B. Drought
C. Less typhoons
D. Sea level rising
8. Which activity contributes the MOST to carbon emissions?
A. Forestry
B. Transport
C. Agriculture
D. Energy supply
9. Which can cause global warming?
A. Deforestation
B. Industrial and agricultural activities
C. Air pollutants due to extraction of natural gas
D. All of the above
10. Which of the following is classified as natural factor that caused global
warming?
A. Burning of fuels
B. Melting of ice caps
C. Typhoon and heavy rains
D. Methane release from arctic wetlands
11. El Niño: _____________ La Niña: _____________

A. unnatural warming, natural cooling
B. natural warming, unusual cooling
C. unusual warming, unusual cooling
D. unusual warming, unnatural cooling
12 - 15. Write:
A. If the first statement is correct and the second statement is
incorrect.
B. If the first statement is incorrect and the second statement is
correct.
12.
I. Methane has a lesser warming effect than CO2.
II. Carbon dioxide is responsible for over 60% of the enhanced
greenhouse effect.
13.
I. Burning of fossil fuels is releasing carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere at a faster rate than it can be absorbed.
II. The current atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide are rising by
over 10% every 20 years.
14.
I. El Niño phenomenon is the unusual cold ocean temperatures in
the Equatorial Pacific.
II. La Niña phenomenon is the unusual warm ocean temperatures
in the Equatorial Pacific.
15.
I. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the
atmosphere and the main cause of global warming.
II. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide and water vapour, trap heat and prevent it from going into
space.
Answer the questions below to test your understanding about global climatic
phenomena.
1. What does global warming have to do with a greenhouse?
2. Explain why the greenhouse effect has increased over the years.
3. Enumerate at least 5 best practices to reduce the effect of climate change.
What I Know
1. A
2. D
3. A
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. D
8. D
9. B
10.B
11.C
12.C
13.C
14.C
15.C
What’s In
1. D
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. B
What’s More
ACTIVITY 1: HOW DOES GREEHOUSE-EFFECT HAPPEN?
Answer Key
ACTIVITY 2: WHAT DO YOU THINK?
A. Agree or Disagree
1. Agree
2. Agree
3. Agree
4. Agree
5. Disagree
6. Agree
7. Agree
8. Agree
B. LN or EN
1. LN
2. LN
3. LN
4. EN
5. EN
ACTIVITY 3: LET ME SPEAK!
What I Have Learned
1. Greenhouse effect
2. Global warming, carbon dioxide
3. Climate change
4. El Niño
5. La Niña
What I Can Do
Assessment
1. A
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. D
10. D
11. C
12. B
13. C
14. D
15. C
References
Book
Liza A. Alvarez, Dave G. Angeles, Hernan L. Apurada, Ma. Pilar P. Carmona, Oliver
A. Lahorra, Judith F. Marcaida, Ma. Ragaele A. Olarte, Estrella C. Osorio, Digna C.
Paningbatan, Marivic S. Rosales, and Ma. Teresa B. Delos Santos: Science Learners
Module 9. Department of Education: 2017; 196-210
Website
National geographic. “Global Warming.” Accessed January 15, 2021.
www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/global-warming
National ocean service. “What are El Niño and La Niña?.” Accessed January 15, 2021.
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html
Pacific marine environmental laboratory. “El Niño.” Accessed January 15, 2021.
https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/elnino/what-is-la-nina
Pacific marine environmental laboratory. “La Niña.” Accessed January 15, 2021.
https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/elnino/what-is-la-nina
Image
A loose necktie, Greenhouse-Effect-t2.svg,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg. Creative
Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International.
CSIRO, CSIRO ScienceImage 429 Drought Effected Landscape.jpg,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_429_Drought_Effe
cted_Landscape.jpg. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
Don Morgan, “What is Climate Change and Global Warming and How Does it Affect
Us”, Job One for Humanity. October 26, 2015.
https://www.joboneforhumanity.org/tags/climate_change_definition.
Dorothe, Garbage Paradise Sun Aircraft Trash Mountain,
https://pixabay.com/photos/garbage-paradise-sun-aircraft-4277613/. Pixabay
License
Enescot, Effects of Global Warming, Plotted Against Changes in Global Mean
Temperature.png,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Effects_of_global_warming,_plotted_agai
nst_changes_in_global_mean_temperature.png. Creative Commons CC0 1.0
Universal Public Domain Dedication.
Gerd Altmann, Forest Fire Forest Climate Change Fire Heat Flame,
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/forest-fire-forest-climate-change-3836834/.
Pixabay License.
Thapaliyashreeram, Flooding village.jpg,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flooding_village.jpg. Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International.
Wikilakz, Greenhouse effect.png,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Greenhouse_effect.png. Creative
Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
Yuri, Drought Desert Elephant Dry Global Warming,
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/drought-desert-elephant-dry-1733889/.
Pixabay License.

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

9
Science
Quarter 3 – Module 6
Constellations at Different
Times of the Year
Science – Grade 9
Quarter 3 – Module 6: Constellations at Different Times of the Year
First Edition, 2020
over them.


Writers: Jaquilyn A. Floriano, Renelito M. Tabios
Illustrators: Jaquilyn A. Floriano, Renelito M. Tabios
Layout Artist: Anthony D. Angeles, Jacqueline E. Libut
Dennis M. Mendoza
Micah S. Pacheco
Dalisay E. Esguerra
Hilda C. Valencia
Printed in the Philippines___________________________

Telefax: (632)8929-0153
9
Science
Constellation at Different Times
of the Year

Thank you.
What I Need to Know
master the different constellations that we observe at the different times of the year.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which
you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
Show which constellations may be observed at different times of the year

using models. (S9ES – IIIj34)
1. describe a constellation and its origin;

2. identify some constellations observed in the northern and southern
hemisphere;
3. describe the position of a constellation in the course of night;
4. explain why some constellations are not seen at certain months;
5. identify constellations that may be observed at different times of the year in
the Philippine sky; and,
6. discuss whether or not popular beliefs and practice with regard to
constellations and astrology have scientific basis.
What I Know
1. Which statement is TRUE about stars?

A. Starts are made of dust particles.
B. Stars are made of liquid substances.
C. Stars are made of different solid rocks.
D. Stars are made of hydrogen and helium gas.
2. What is the closest star to Earth?
A. Antares
B. Rigel
C. Sirius
D. Sun
3. Which statement is TRUE about the color of stars?

A. It indicates the surface temperature of stars.
B. It indicates the location of stars in the galaxy.
C. It indicates the amount of oxygen in each star.
D. It indicates the distance of stars from the Earth.
4. Which stars do we always see at night?

A. Stars on the horizon
B. Stars over the North Pole
C. Stars in bigger constellations
D. Stars in smallest constellations
5. Which of the following statements BEST describes the Polaris?

A. It is the North star straight overhead.
B. It is the brightest north star in the sky.
C. It is the star in the northern horizon.
D. It is the star that appears near the north celestial pole.
6. Why do stars appear to move in the sky? Because ___________.

A. the new stars are born
B. the night sky is rotating
C. the Universe is expanding
D. the Earth is rotating on its axis
7. Which statement BEST describes constellations?

A. It is a group of high energy stars in the sky.
B. It is a recognizable pattern of stars in the night sky.
C. It is a collection of stars, dusts, and rocks in the sky.
D. It is a group of clouds and dust particles that formed patterns in the
night sky.
8. How are the constellations originally named?

A. From the groups of brightest stars
B. From the geometric coordinates resembled
C. From the Latin words of the location of the Earth
D. From the names of known persons or animals resembled
9. Which constellation is known as the Hunter?

A. Cassiopeia
B. Leo
C. Orion
D. Ursa Major
10. Which constellation includes the Big Dipper?

A. Cassiopeia
B. Orion
C. Ursa Major
D. Ursa Minor
11. How do early people use the constellations?
A. to navigate the sea
B. to locate the other stars
C. to keep track of the calendar
D. All of the above
12. Which statements is TRUE?

A. At the equator, stars seem to rise in the west and seem to set in the
east due to earth’s rotation and revolution around the sun.
B. At the equator, stars seem to rise in the east and seem to set in the
west due to earth’s rotation and revolution around the sun.
C. At the equator, stars seem to rise in the north and seem to set in
the east due to earth’s rotation and revolution around the sun.
D. At the equator, stars seem to rise in the north and seem to set in
the south due to earth’s rotation and revolution around the sun.
13-15. Write:
incorrect.
correct.
13. I. Constellations may be only visible during certain seasons

because the Earth orbits around the sun.
II. All constellations are visible in the sky throughout the year.
14. I. People located in the northern hemisphere will see the same
constellations as those in the southern hemisphere.
II. The stars appear to rotate in the sky near the poles.
15. I. Ursa Major is also called great bear and is one of the largest
constellations.
II. Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, and Orion are the three important
constellations.
Lesson
Constellations at Different
1 Times of the Year
This module provides you with scientific knowledge about the history of
constellation of stars as well as their origin and unique symbols.
1. Are stars the same in terms of size, color, and brightness?
2. What is a constellation?
3. Why do some constellations appear once in a year?
4. How different beliefs regarding constellations affect our lives?
What’s In
Let us recall your understanding about the solar system. Write T if the
statement is TRUE and F if the statement is FALSE. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Sun is the main source of energy on Earth.

2. Sun is the nearest stars to Earth.
3. Moon is also considered as star that emits its own light.
4. The rotation of the Earth on its axis causes the change of seasons.
5. Stars are members of the Solar system.
What’s New
According to Anaxagoras, the purpose of life is the investigation of the sun,

the moon, and the heavens. In the Philippines, believing in horoscopes and zodiac
signs are one of the unique culture of Filipinos, because they believe that each zodiac
sign has an impact in making decisions whether for business and love life. But are
these zodiac signs helpful and useful in making a sound decision? Or perhaps, it is
just a normal phenomenon that happens every day. In this module you will learn
about constellations, its origin and beliefs. But before that, try to name at least five
zodiac signs including the specific month.
Directions: Give at least 5 zodiac signs including the month.
Zodiac Sign Month
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Guide Questions:
1. What are the animals or objects associated to zodiac signs?

2. What zodiac sign is represented by the water and covers the dates from
January 21 to February 19?
3. What sign of the zodiac is known as 'The Twins'?
What is It
Do you know that a person can see approximately 3,000 stars on the average?
These stars differ in brightness, size, and color. The colors of stars are blue, oranges,
red, white, and yellow. Each color indicates its approximate surface temperature as
shown in the table below.
Colors of Star and the Approximate Surface Temperatures
Color Surface Temperature Example
Red 3000 K Betelgeuse
Orange 4000 K Aldebaran
Yellow 6000 K Sun
White 10,000 K Vega
Blue 25,000 K Spica
The brightness of stars as seen from Earth is based on the apparent

magnitude or brightness of stars as observed from Earth and the absolute magnitude
or brightness of stars at a standard distance of 10 parsecs or 32.6 light-years from
Earth. The apparent brightness depends on the location of the observer.
This image is courtesy of Nick Strobel

https://www.astronomynotes.com/starprop/s4.htm
Have you seen patterns in the sky at night? Due to the difference in apparent
magnitude of the stars, you are able to see patterns in the sky and these patterns
are called constellations. The word constellation from the Latin word “con” means
Group and “stella” means stars. However, constellations are more than just patterns
in the sky. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined constellations as
boundaries in the sky to aid determining locations of newly discovered astronomical
objects. The more recognizable patterns of stars are known as asterism. Big Dipper
is an example of an asterism that is in the constellation Ursa Major. This history of
constellation is passed from generation to generation including the beliefs about sun
and moon, however due to some circumstances this information about stars were
not preserved. As of today, we have 88 constellations that astronomers studied and
most of these stars are based on Greek groups and there are also 48 accredited
constellations recorded in Ptolemy's almagest.
There are billions of stars in the night sky and stargazing could be an
exceptional way to explore it. Many people are having difficulty on recognizing stars
and constellations. Ursa Major is an easily recognizable constellation in the night sky
that looks like a large spoon. It is composed of seven bright stars. Another
constellation is Ursa Minor, composed also of seven stars that resembled a small
spoon.
Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ursa_Major_-_Ursa_Minor_-_Polaris.jpg
Stars are distant celestial bodies from Earth and Sun is the nearest star. Stars
and constellations are visible depending on the location of an observer and the
season in that place. Some stars and constellations are only visible at a specific
month. Why do stars appear to move to move in the sky? This is because Earth rotates
on its axis, thus the stars appear to move across the night sky from east to west, and
the sun seems to rise in the east and set in the west. The stars that are close to
celestial poles, appears to move a little in the night sky. Polaris is the North star
because it is located close to the north celestial pole. Stars that are around a celestial
pole are called circumpolar stars forming recognizable patterns known as
circumpolar constellations. The northern circumpolar constellations are Ursa Major,
Ursa Minor, Cassiopeia, and Draco. The southern circumpolar constellations are
Carina, Centaurus, and Crux. The circumpolar stars remain in the night sky and
stay visible all year from the northern hemisphere. All stars observed from the
equator are not circumpolar for it appears to rise in the east and set in the west.
Ursa Minor
Scorpius
Orion
Celestial Sphere
People living in the northern or southern hemisphere can observe

constellation that are to the north or south of Earth while those in the equator can
observe constellations depending on their distance to the equator. As the Earth
rotates around the sun the visibility of constellations changes throughout the year.
As shown in the illustration of celestial sphere, people in the northern hemisphere
can see Ursa Minor throughout the year but this constellation not visible to those in
the southern hemisphere.
Why do we see different constellations at different times of the year? This is

because the Earth orbits around the sun from west to east making the star seems to
rise in the east and set in the west. The rotation of the Earth on its axis causes the
observed movement of the stars in the night sky while the revolution allows the
observer to see a certain part of the sky at different months of the year.
There are some constellations in Northern and Southern Hemisphere that

varies from March to December. The constellations that are visible from late March
to late June (Northern Spring/Southern Autumn) are listed as follows:
Antlia Centaurus Leo Sextans

Bootes Corvus Lynx Ursa Major
Cancer Crux Musca Ursa Minor
Canes Venatici Hydra Pyxis Virgo
Late June to late September (Northern Summer/Southern Winter):
Apus Circinus Pavo Scutum

Aquila Draco Sagitta Serpens
Ara Equuleus Sagittarius Telescopium
Capricornus Hercules Scorpius Delphinus
Late September to late December (Northern Autumn/Southern Spring):
Andromeda Cepheus Octans Sculptor

Aquarius Cetus Pegasus Triangulum
Aries Grus Perseus Tucana
Cassiopeia Lacerta Phoenix
Late December to late March (Northern Winter/Southern Summer):
Auriga Eridanus Hydrus Reticulum

Caelum Fornax Lepus Taurus
Camelopardalis Gemini Orion Vela
Canis Major Horologium Pictor Volans
Try finding the constellation mentioned above in this illustration.
Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Field_Book_of_the_Stars-053
Constellations_of_Summer.svg
In ancient times, people believed that constellations have practical uses such
as relating their God’s message of love, care, blessing, and anger on the different
positions of stars in the sky. They also used constellations to keep track on the
calendar of when to plant and harvest the crops, for example if the constellation
Orion is visible then, the winter season is coming while the appearance of summer
triangle indicates the summer season. These patterns allowed farmers to plan ahead
for agriculture. The constellations helped in navigation and aided sailors to travel
across the oceans by finding the Polaris or North star and estimating its height to
figure out the north and south latitude. This allowed the discovery of known great
civilizations and cultures.
Here in the Philippines, Filipino ancestors considered observing the stars as

guide towards making major decisions such as selecting the right month to plant
and harvest, warning for the coming of kaingin period, and other sacrifices. This
belief was passed through generations and made every citizen unique. The Balatik
and Moroporo are among the constellations and asterisms that were recognized in
the archipelago. The Balatik constellation appears in December. It was used by the
tribal hunters in the country to foretell the coming of kaingin period and time for
planting while other tribes used the constellation as a reminder of the time of
sacrifices. The Moroporo was used for sea navigation and to signal the beginning of
the planting season. History reminds people that our ancestors believed on the
patterns of stars in the sky.
What’s More
ACTIVITY 1. FACT OR BLUFF!
Direction: Read carefully the statements below. Mark it with if it is a fact about
the stars and constellations while mark it with if it is a bluff or not a
fact. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
_____ 1. All the stars in the in the galaxy orbit around the sun every 100 million
years.
_____ 2. Constellations are far away from each other.
_____ 3. The word constellation came from a Latin word which means set of stars.
_____ 4. Stars give off energy as heat and light.
_____ 5. As the earth rotates on its axis, the constellations appear to be rotating
clockwise in the sky.
_____ 6. Spica is the hottest because it gives off a bluish light while Betelgeuse is the
coolest because it gives off a reddish light.
_____ 7. Sun is the hottest star.
_____ 8. Ursa Major is the largest northern constellation and the third largest in the
night sky. The brightest stars of this constellation form an asterism known
as the Big Dipper.
_____ 9. The visible stars in each constellation are closer to planet earth.
_____ 10. Constellations may be only visible during certain seasons due to the Earth’s
revolution around the sun.
ACTIVITY 2. WHAT IS THE NAME?

Direction: Identity the name of constellations below. Write your answer on a
1. __________________________ 5. ______________________________
2. ________________________ 6. ______________________________
3. ________________________ 7. __________________________
4. ___________________________ 8. _________________________
ACTIVITY 3. REVEAL MY IMAGE

Direction: Properly connect the stars to reveal the constellation. Draw your answer
1. Orion 5. Leo
2. Sagittarius 6. Ursa Major
3. Cassiopeia 7. Ursa Minor
4. Hercules 8. Gemini
ACTIVITY 4. VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE

Direction: Identify at least one visible constellation in the correct position of Earth
as it revolves around the sun. Write the correct answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1.
4.
2.
3.
What I Have Learned
Direction: Determine the word that completes the statement. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. _________is a ball of plasma held together by gravity. Its color ranges from red
to blue. The color of the star indicates its __________.
2. _________is the star that is closest to Earth.
3. _________is commonly known as North Star. It is the brightest star in the

constellation_________.
4. The _________of the Earth on its axis causes the nightly movement of the stars
across the sky.
5. The _________is responsible for the visibility of the different parts of the sky
at different parts of the year.
6. As the Earth revolves around its orbit, the stars that were concealed by the
bright light of the Sun in the previous months will appear in the _________.
7. __________is a group of visible stars that forms a perceived pattern, usually

representing an animal, mythological person, or an object.
What I Can Do
Finding the Polaris

Polaris is the North star because it is located close to the north celestial pole.
It is one of the well-known stars and it usually serves as a guide by seafarers.
Let us find out its location in the star map by following the directions given
below:
Source:
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/nightsky-astronomy-stars-background-16967/
1. Trace the Big Dipper. Locate the stars Dubhe and Merak, these two
stars outline the outer part of the Big Dipper's bowl.
2. Trace a line from Merak through Dubhe and to the Polaris.
3. Remember that Polaris is part of the Little Dipper or Ursa Minor. This
constellation is composed of seven stars, three in the handle and four
in the head of the spoon. The Little Dipper is found above Big Dipper.
Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper.
Assessment
1.Which of the following statement is TRUE about constellations?

A. The patterns of asteroids viewed from earth that resembled different
images.
B. The earth-based interpretation of two-dimensional star patterns on the
sky.
C. The patterns on the sky made up of stars with different brightness and
distances from earth.
D. Both B and C.
2. Are all the constellations visible from anywhere on Earth in the entire year?
A. No, because as the Earth revolves around the sun.
B. No, because there are times that stars do not give off light.
C. Yes, because all constellations can be found in a one place.
D. Yes, because all the constellations do not change its position.
3. How do ancient Greeks name stars within the constellation?

A. according to figure
B. according to distance
C. according to brightness
D. according to their position in the constellation
4. How are constellation being used?

A. in navigation
B. in keeping track of the calendar
C. in assessing when to plant crops
D. all of the above
5. Why are most of the constellations visible at night?

A. Because stars travel at night.
B. Because the sun is too bright.
C. Because they only appear at night.
D. Because of the motion of earth in its orbit around the sun.
6. Can you see the same stars every night?

A. Yes, stars do not change position.
B. Yes, we are seeing the same stars every night.
C. No, the stars travel from one place to another.
D. No, as the earth rotates the part of the sky you can see changes.
7. Why are some constellations not seen in certain months?
A. Because the earth revolves around the sun.
B. Because the brightness of the sun outshines their visibility.
C. Because of the gravity that affects the rotation and revolution of the
earth.
D. Because of the tidal waves attracting each other, creating a huge
tsunami that washed out the constellation.
8. Is the sun the biggest factor why there are less visible constellations during
daytime?
A. No, because the sun has nothing to do with it.
B. Yes, because it is closer, and brighter as seen on earth.
C. Yes, because it helps transform them into other celestial bodies.
D. No, because the sun is the one responsible to give light to the moon.
9. Which of the following statements BEST describes why Polaris is used widely in
navigation?
A. It can be seen easily.
B. It changes its position every night.
C. It is often situated in a good position in the sky.
D. It does not change its position at any time of the night.
10. Knowing the altitude of Polaris will determine your latitude. If you are at the
north pole, how many degrees is the north star above the horizon?
A. 45
B. 90
C. 180
D. 360
11. Which determines a good view of constellation from earth?

A. The position of the earth in its orbit
B. The location of the person
C. The movement of the earth
D. None of the above
12. Why do we get to see particular zodiac constellation at specific times of the
year?
A. Because the earth rotates.
B. Because the sun seems to rise and set.
C. Because the earth revolves around the sun.
D. Because the zodiac constellations have its own path.
13. Why is Polaris considered a circumpolar constellation?

A. Because Polaris seems to rise and set.
B. Because Polaris is visible at night all year round.
C. Because Polaris is only visible in the polar regions.
D. Because Polaris is part of the zodiac constellations.
14-15 Write:
incorrect.
correct.
14. I. Constellations are group of high energy stars in the sky.

II. Constellations are collection of stars, dusts, and rocks in the sky.
15. I. The name of constellations came from the groups of brightest stars.
II. The name of constellations came from the geometric coordinates
resembled.
Directions: Write a short essay on how early Filipinos used the constellations and
how it affected their way of living. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
Rubrics for Essay

Indicators 4 3 2 1
(Fair)
(Very Good) (Good) (Poor)
Content All major points Some major Few major Major points
of the topic are points of the stated are not
points of the
stated clearly topic are clear and lack
and supported topic are stated stated but specific
with specific and supported lacks specific examples.
examples. with specific examples.
examples.
Organization The ideas show The ideas show The ideas are The ideas lack
and Structure high degree of high degree of misplaced and logical
attention to logic attention to shows poor organization

logic logical
and reasoning organization and conclusion.
and leads to and reasoning
strong that leads to
conclusion. but leads to vague
weak conclusion.
conclusions.
Mechanics There is no error There are few There are There are more
in spelling, errors in frequent errors errors in
spelling, of spelling, spelling,
punctuation,
punctuation, punctuation, punctuation,
capitalization,
capitalization, capitalization, capitalization,
sentence sentence sentence sentence
structure and
grammar. structure and structure and structure and
grammar, and grammar; and grammar; and

thought is not thought is lacks thought.
obscured. obscured.
What’s More
Activity 2
What is the Name?
1. Ursa minor 5. Saggitarius
2. Cassiopeia 6. Aguila
3. Cygnus 7. Lyra
4. Corona Borealis 8. Big Ber
What’s More What’s New
Activity 1 (Guide Questions)
Fact or Bluff
1. Aries – Ram
1. 6. Taurus – Bull
2. 7. Cancer – Crab
Leo – Lion
3. 8. Scorpio – Scorpion
4. 9. Capricorn – Goat
Pisces – Fish
5. 10.
2. Aquarius
3. Gemini
What’s New What’s In What I Know
1. T 1. D
Aries – Marcg 21 – April 20 2. T 2. D
Taurus – April 21 – May 20 3. F 3. A
Gemini – May 21 – June 20 4. T 4. B
Cancer – June 21 – July 22 5. T 5. D
Leo – July 23 – August 22 6. D
Virgo – August 23 – September 22 7. B
Libra – September 23 – October 22 8. D
Scorpio – October 23 – November 22 9. C
Sagittarius – November 23 – December 21 10. C
Capricorn – December 22 – January 19 11. D
Aquarius – January 20 – February 19 12. B
Pisces – February 20 – March 20 13. A
14. B
15. C
Answer Key
Additional Activities Assessment
1. D
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. D
6. D
7. A
8. B
9. D
10. B
11. A
12. C
13. B
14. D
15. B
What I Can Do What I Have Learned
1. Star, temperature
2. Sun
3. Polaris, Ursa Minor
4. Rotation
5. Revolution
6. Night Sky
7. Constellation
What’s More
Activity 4
Visible and Invisible
1. Leo, Libra, Hydra
2. Orion, Gemini, Taurus
3. Pegasus, Pisces, Andromeda
4. Scorpius, Sagittarius, Cygnus, Lyra
Reveal My Image
Activity 2
What’s More
References
Wikihow. n.d. How to Identify Stars. Accessed January 27, 2021.

https://www.wikihow.com/Identify-the-Stars.
Bonč, Ursa Major - Ursa Minor - Polaris.jpg,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ursa_Major_-_Ursa_Minor_-_Polaris.jpg.
Goran tek-en, Field Book of the Stars-053-Constellations of Summer.svg,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Field_Book_of_the_Stars-053-
Constellations_of_Summer.svg. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0
International.
iStock, Nightsky Astronomy Stars Background Black Cosmos,

https://pixabay.com/illustrations/nightsky-astronomy-stars-background-16967.
Pixabay License.
Nick Strobel, “Magnitude System,” Astronomy Notes, August 13, 2014,
https://www.astronomynotes.com/starprop/s4.htm

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Science 9 Q3

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9

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – National Capital Region

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

The module focuses on achieving this learning competency:

Describe the different types of volcanoes and volcanic eruption. (S9ES-

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the structure of a volcano;

1. Which of the following BEST describes a volcano?

2. Which of the following statements about volcanoes is TRUE?

For questions 3-5, refer to Figure 1 (Parts of a volcano)

Figure 1. Parts of a Volcano

3. Which part represents the magma chamber?

4. What part of the volcano is represented by Part 1?

8. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the composition and formation

9. Volcanoes are classified as active or inactive. Which of the following is used to

13. Taal volcano in Batangas exhibits phreatic or hydrothermal eruption. Which of

14. Which of the following is a sign of an impending volcanic eruption?

15. Which of these is NOT a sign of impending volcanic eruption?

1. What is the structure of a volcano?

TRAVEL THE PHILIPPINES:

Figure 2.3. Mount Pinatubo Figure 2.4. Mount Mayon

1. Which of these volcanoes is/are present in your community or region?

Figure 3. The Structure of volcano

The Parts of a Volcano are:

Other Geologic features of a volcano:

 Magma Chamber is a region beneath the vent of a volcano where molten

 Conduit is an underground central tube-like or pipe-like structure of a

 Side Vent is a smaller outlet through which magma escapes.

 Crater is the mouth of the volcano which is a funnel-shaped or bowl-

Types of Volcanoes Based on Structure

Cinder Cone Volcano

Figure 4.1 Mount Babuyan Figure 4.2 Taal Volcano

Figure 5.1 Mount Mayon Figure 5.2 Mount Arayat

Figure 5.3 Mount Kanlaon Figure 5.4 Mount Apo

Figure 6.1 Mount Mauna Loa

Types of Volcanoes Based on Activity

Another way of classifying volcanoes according to the Philippine Institute of

Figure 7. Mount Banahaw Figure7.1. Mount Hibok hibok

Figure 7.2. Mount Kanlaon Figure 7.3. Mount Apo

Types of Volcanic Eruptions

Different types of volcanoes erupt differently. They are generally classified as

 Phreatic or hydrothermal is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks

Figure 8. Hydrothermal eruptions

Figure 8.1 Phreatomagmatic eruption

Figure 8.2. Strombolian eruption

Figure 8.3. Vulcanian eruption

 Plinian is excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic

Figure 8.4. Plinian eruption

Kevin Sebold, “Strombolian eruption”, March 30, 2013, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fuego_Eruption.jpg

ACTIVITY 1: NAME MY PARTS

Magma Chamber magma Crater Lava

No. Parts Description

ACTIVITY 2: WRITE MY TYPE

1. It is the most abundant and the simplest type of volcano.

Figure 10. Active and Inactive Volcanoes in the Philippines

ACTIVITY 4: THE GREAT IMPACT

1. Inactive volcanoes are those volcanoes that has

3. Magma is a molten rock which give off onto the

5. Cinder cone volcanoes are a large, typically steep-

10. Mauna Loa is the largest shield volcano.

3. Volcanoes are classified as _ or __ based on their records of

4. According to structure of volcanoes are classified as , ,

8. Examples of inactive volcanoes in the Philippine are ____ and .

9. The following are the types of volcanic eruption: , ,