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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

EARTH AND
LIFE SCIENCE
Danger! Geologic Hazards Ahead!

Quarter 1 Week 6 Module 15

Learning Competency: Describe the various hazards
that may happen in the event of earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and landslides. (S11/12ES-If-30)

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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you
while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy
the objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of
this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances
learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key
card.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module.
• Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.
• Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what learnings and
skills did you understand from the previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction - This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
• Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.
• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.
• Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.
• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module.

Lesson
Geologic Processes &
15 Hazards

EXPECTATIONS
You will have to describe the various hazards that may happen in the event
of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides

Specifically, this module will help you to:

• define the terms related to geologic hazards, and
• describe the various hazards that may happen in your community in
the event of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.

Let us start your journey in learning more about the geologic process and hazards that
shapes our planet. I am sure you are ready and excited to answer the Pretest. Smile
and cheer up!

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PRETEST
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. If the answer is not found on the
choices, write letter E and identify the correct answer.
1. If the structure is near the fault line, which of the following can withstand
ground shaking better?
A. medium rise building C. high rise building
B. low rise building D. Both B and C
2. All hazards are caused by an earthquake, except for one?
A. surface faulting C. ground shaking and liquefaction
B. mudflow D. landslides and liquefaction
3. Which of the following manifests surface faulting?
A. displacement of road from its original position
B. sinking of building
C. mudflow
D. landslide
4. Which of the following commonly occurs whenever there is a large magnitude
earthquake?
A. forest fire C. volcanic eruption
B. landslide D. soil liquefaction
5. What part of the human body is heavily damaged when exposed to high
concentration of volcanic gases such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and
hydrogen chloride?
A. lungs C. eyes, mucous membrane and lungs
B. eyes D. mucous membrane
6. Volcanic eruptions release huge amount of volcanic gases such carbon
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Which of the following
substances is produced when sulfur dioxide gas mixes with water droplets in
the atmosphere?
A. acid rain B. methane C. ozone D. coal
7. Which of the following aspects does not trigger landslide?
A. thick vegetation C. steepness of the slope
B. volcanic activity D. ground shaking due to earthquake
8. Why are there less fatalities or death reported due to lava flows compared to
other hazards due to volcanic eruptions?
A. Lavas solidify upon contact with air.
B. Lavas cool off instantly upon contact with the soil.
C. Lava flows can be controlled and directed by dikes and dams.
D. Lavas are slow moving material. People have enough time to flee and escape.
9. Which of the geologic processes can be prevented or even predicted with the
application of genetic and engineering and technology?
A. earthquakes C. volcanic eruptions
B. landslides D. all of the above
10. Why are there less fatalities or death due to volcanic eruptions compared to
earthquakes and landslides?
A. People have enough time to prepare and move to a safer place.
B. LGU’s has prepared the evacuation center ahead of time.
C. Volcanic eruptions can be predicted ahead of time.
D. All of the above.

Great! You finished answering the questions. You may request your facilitator to check
your work. Congratulations and keep on learning!

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LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

At your age, you have
probably experienced various
natural hazards or potential
calamities. What are these
natural hazards? What caused
these hazards? One of the most
common geologic process here in
our country is earthquake.
Let’s first review your background information about earthquakes. Do you still
remember the figure above as discussed from your previous science class in the
junior high school? Let’s try to freshen up your minds by answering the activity.

Fill in the Blanks: Choose the letter of the correct word that completes the sentence.
1. Point A, where slip initiated during the earthquake, is called the ________.
A. dip B. epicenter C. focus D. scarp
2. Point B is called the earthquake ________.
A. dip B. epicenter C. focus D. scarp
3. Point C is called the _________
A. epicenter C. seismic wave
B. fault scarp D. dip of the earthquake

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
There are a lot and different threats in our lives. The year 2020 is very
challenging for almost every one of us as we confront different threats in our lives
such as the pandemic of COVID-19, typhoon Ambo which severely damaged some
provinces in the south last February and the continuous threats of Taal volcano
eruption since January which caused damages to lives and properties in Batangas
and other nearby provinces. People felt distress because they experienced a strong
tremble and aftershocks after a major eruption of the volcano.
Aside from these, one of the most feared threat is the coming of the “BIG ONE”
or the magnitude 8.0 earthquake that may happen with the movement of the West
Valley Fault. As a student what will you do in case a great earthquake suddenly
occurs and you are inside the classroom? inside your house? or outside the streets?
Earthquake is just one of the geologic processes that happens on Earth like
landslides and volcanic eruptions. These geologic processes may cause “threats” in
our lives through the potential hazards it can cause. You will know more about the
different geologic processes and hazards as you proceed on this module.

Note: You can perform the following activities through collaborating with a partner. You can first
answer the activities individually then just communicate your results after.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: How Safe is Our House?
Objectives:
• To evaluate the integrity of the house and its vulnerability to strong earthquakes.
• To realize what how to create the house more resilient from strong earthquakes.
Introduction:
This earthquake disaster awareness material was prepared by Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology of the Department of Science and Technology in collaboration with
the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) under the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) – Japan Science and Technology (JST) Project.

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Directions: Answer the 12-items survey below. Sum up your points and identify the
evaluation on how safe is your house. Write your answers in your answer sheet.

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Guide Questions:
1. How safe is your house based on the self-check survey? Explain the results of
your score.
2. Do you think your house is resilient to strong earthquake? Why? Why not?
Explain your answer.
3. If you have a chance, how will you remodel your house to become earthquake
resilient?

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Activity 2: Geologic Hotspots
Introduction:
Hotspots or hot spots has two different meanings. In geology, a hotspot is a location
on the Earth's surface that has experienced active volcanism (a geologic activity like
earthquake and landslide) for a long period of time. Meanwhile in technology, hotspot
is a physical location where people have Internet access using a router connected to
an Internet service provider. On this activity, you will be encountering two hotspots
because you will be learning more about the different geologic hazards using the
internet.

Objectives:
• To describe the how, why, where and when of the various hazards in the event of
geologic processes like earthquake, volcanic eruptions and landslides happen.
• To maximize the use of credible websites in learning more about our planet.

Directions:
1. Complete the table below through reading the articles about the geologic
processes from the internet. Answer of how/why/where/when the following
geologic processes happens.
Suggested website for your reference:
• https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/hazards/home.html
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/volcanic-hazards-prevention-landslides-lahars-
tsunamis.html

___ it Geologic Hazards

happens? Earthquake Volcanic Eruption Landslide
How
Why
Where
When

In case that you don’t have internet connection, try to analyze the following
pictures and answer the table above.

Earthquake Volcanic Eruption Landslide

http://www.getrealphilippines.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/01/Taal-Volcano-
http://getrealphilippines.com/wp-
eruption-1.jpg https://tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.cH9m
content/uploads/2015/05/earthquake_philippines.jpg
1GlcD0Tvu51rYtqO3AAAAA&pid=Api

2. Based from what you have learned through answering the table above, you may
now describe below on what you think are the various hazards that may happen
in the event that the following geologic activities happen in your community.
a. earthquakes _________________________________________________________
b. volcanic eruptions ____________________________________________________
c. landslides ____________________________________________________________

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REMEMBER
Here’s the key concepts that you must remember on the different geologic processes
and hazards.
Geologic Hazards are hazards that happen due to natural processes coming from
the activities on or beneath the Earth’s surface.
Types of Geologic Hazards:
I. Earthquake - is a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the
sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface.
Types of Hazards
Definition Effects
due to Earthquakes
Deformation on the ground fissuring, displacement
that marks the of the ground due to
Ground Rupture
intersection of the fault movement of the fault
with the earth’s surface.
Disruptive up, down and can cause damage or
sideways vibration of the collapse of structure;
Ground Shaking ground during an may trigger other
earthquake. hazards like
liquefaction & landslide
Phenomenon wherein sinking and/or tilting of
sediments, especially near structure above it;
Liquefaction bodies of water, behave sandboil; fissuring
like liquid similar to a
quicksand.
Down slope movement of erosion;
Earthquake- rocks, solid and other burial and blockage of
induced Landslide debris commonly triggered roads and rivers
by strong shaking.
Series of waves caused flooding; coastal
commonly by an erosion; drowning of
Tsunami
earthquake under the sea. people and damage to
properties

II. Landslides - is the mass movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope due
to gravity. It occurs when the driving force is greater than the resisting force.
Landslide materials may include soil, debris, rock and garbage.
A. Landslide triggers
• intense rainfall • volcanic activity
• natural triggers • man-made triggers
• weathering of rocks
• ground vibrations created during earthquakes
B. Landslide triggering conditions
• steep slopes • overloading on the slope
• weathering of rocks • weakening of slope material
C. Modes of failure – movement of landslides that may occur in: fall,
topple, slide, spread, flow

III. Volcanic Eruptions – is when lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and
volcanic blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or
fissure of a volcano.
Types of Hazards due
Definition
to Volcanic Eruption
Rivers of incandescent of molten rock or lava
Lava Flow
moving downslope or away from an eruption vent.

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These are hot or cold mixtures of water and
volcanic debris that form when volcanic materials
Lahar
interact with water, ice, snow, or loose wet
sediments.
These are hot avalanches of rock, ash, and gas
Tephra Fall or that travel down volcano slopes at high speeds.
Ashfall Tephra (fragmented volcanic particles) or Ash
and Ballistic (fragmented volcanic particles less than 2 mm in
Projectiles diameter) propelled through the atmosphere in an
eruption plume.
Mixtures of fragmented volcanic particles
Pyroclastic Density (pyroclastics), hot gases and ash that rush down
Currents or PDCs the volcanic slopes or rapidly outward from a
source vent at high speeds.
Laterally-directed thrusts of hot gas and ash that
can be generated from an exploding dome on the
Lateral Blast
summit vent or inside the edifice when sudden
mass failure of the volcanic flanks occur.
It is formed from a dissolved component of magma
Volcanic Gas that is released to the atmosphere in large
quantities during eruptions.

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

MODIFIED TRUE or FALSE
Directions: Write TRUE if the underlined word/s are correct, or write FALSE if the
underlined words are wrong and indicate the correct answer.
1. Some factors like topography, bedrock type, location and orientation of the fault
rupture result to varying level of ground shaking.
2. The aftermath of liquefaction can leave large areas covered in a deep layer of
mud.
3. Vertical spreading occurs where sloping ground starts to move downhill, causing
cracks to open up, and are often seen along hill crests and river banks.
4. Earthquake, also known as tremor is defined as any sudden shaking of the
ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through earth’s rocks.
5. Landslides are long wavelength oceanic waves produced by the sudden
movement of seawater by a shallow earthquake, volcanic eruption or submarine
landslide.

FILL ME UP
Directions: Identify the word/s being described by each statement. The number of
blanks is your clue on how many letters you need to fill up.
6. _ _ _ _ known also as molten rock and can erupt as fire fountains.
7. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ flows or hot avalanches of rock, ash, and gas that travel down
volcano slopes at high speeds.
8. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ explosions caused by the interaction of water with hot rock or
magma.
9. _ _ _ _ _ hot or cold mixtures of water and volcanic debris that form when volcanic
materials interact with water, ice, snow, or loose wet sediments.
10. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gases are irritating or poisonous, or cause breathing problems, and
the release of sulfur dioxide may cause acid rain to form.

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POSTTEST
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. If the answer is not found on the
choices, write letter E and identify the correct answer.
1. The following are potential hazards caused by an earthquake, except for
one?
A. ground shaking C. lahars
B. liquefaction D. tsunami
2. When a volcano erupts, it can spew which of the following?
A. rock & ash B. gas C. lava D. all of the above
3. Choose from the following list of the processes that might produce a
tsunami.
A. earthquakes C. landslides
B. volcanic eruptions D. meteorite impacts
4. Identify the geologic event that can occur at a transform boundary.
A. earthquake C. landslides
B. volcanic eruption D. tsunami

5. What force is responsible for erosion and deposition in landslides?

A. gravity B. ice C. temperature D. wind
6. Earthquakes can occur in what three ways?
A. movement along fault lines C. volcanic eruptions
B. movement of magma D. rockfalls
7. When magma explodes into the air and hardens to create rock fragments,
what material is produced?
A. pyroclastic material C. carbon dioxide
B. sulfur dioxide D. soft clay
8. In magma formation, what are the temperature and pressure
requirements?
A. high temperature & high pressure
B. high temperature & low pressure
C. low temperature & high pressure
D. low temperature & low pressure
9. Rocks tumbling down a steep slope would be an example of
A. creep B. landslide C. mudslide D. topple
10. Identify the cause of climate change during a volcanic eruption.
A. ash blocks sunlight, causing temperatures to drop
B. volcanic dust and gas in the upper atmosphere reflect and absorbs
solar radiation
C. volcanic eruptions have no effect on earth's climate
D. Both A and B

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REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET

Name: ____________________________________________ Grade & Section: ____________

Danger! Geologic Hazards Ahead!

REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET No. 15
Directions: Just like how a traffic light remind us of our road safety, answer this
reflective learning sheet about the lesson of Geologic Hazards. You may
express your answers in a more critical and creative presentation using
the suggested format below. Have fun and enjoy!
STOP!
I still don’t understand the part
of the lesson ___________________
________________________________
________________________________
WAIT…
If I am confused or I want to
learn more, how will I help
myself to learn more? _______
_____________________________
GO!
I learned today ______________
_____________________________
I am now ready to proceed to
the next module.

REFERENCES
Bayo-ang, R., Coronacion, M., Jorda, A., & Restubog, A. (2016). Earth and Life Science for Senior High School.
(M. Moncada, Ed.) Quezon City, Philippines: Educational Resources Corporation.

Creative Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/

Department of Science and Technology:Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. (n.d.). Retrieved
from http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/earthquake-hazards

DOST-PHIVOLCS. (n.d.). Department of Science and Technology:Philippine Institute of Volcanology and

Seismology. Retrieved from
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/pdf/Publication_Earthquake%20Preparedness/Flyer-How-
Safe-Is-Your-House.pdf

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Winnie Pizarro-Deinla, Master Teacher II and Rosabelle N. Mahinay, Teacher III
Editors: Rebecca M. Roxas-EPS
Reviewers: Arlen Gatpo-PSDS
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Regional Director
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS in Charge of LRMS and Regional
ADM Coordinator
Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V, Schools Division Superintendent-
Manila
Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S. Carpio, Division EPS in Charge of LRMS and
Division ADM Coordinator

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ANSWER SHEET in Earth and Life Science Module

Quarter 1 - Week 6 - Module 15 : Danger! Geologic Hazards Ahead!

Name: ______________________________ Grade/ Sec. ____________________ Score: ___

Teacher: ____________________________ School: _________________________ Date: ____

General Directions: Write your answers here from Pre-Test to Post-Test including
the answers in the activities. Detach and submit this part to your teacher upon
his/her direction which usually given after you have completed this module.
PRE-TEST
1) 3) 5) 7) 9)
2) 4) 6) 8) 10)

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

1) 2) 3)
ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: How Safe is Our House?
Question Point Guide Questions:
1 a. How safe is your house based on the self-check
2 survey? Explain the results of your score.
3 ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
4
b. Do you think your house is resilient to strong
5 earthquake? Why? Why not? Explain your
6 answer. ______________________________________
7 ______________________________________________
8 ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
9
c. If you have a chance, how will you remodel your
10 house to become earthquake resilient?
11 ______________________________________________
12 ______________________________________________
Total Score ______________________________________________

Activity 2: Geologic Hotspots

___ it Geologic Hazards
happens? Earthquake Volcanic Eruption Landslide
How
Why
Where
When
2.a) _____________________________________________________________________________
2.b) _____________________________________________________________________________
2.c) _____________________________________________________________________________
CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1) 3) 5) 7) 9)
2) 4) 6) 8) 10)
POSTTEST
1) 3) 5) 7) 9)
2) 4) 6) 8) 10)

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