Schedule(of(geophysics(petrology(class(

Date% Sylabus%
24(Sept(2013( Introduc:on(to(Petrology(I(
3(Oct(2013( Introduc:on(to(Petrology(II(
8(Oct(2013( Igneous(petrology(I(
15(Oct(2013( Holiday((Eid(AlCAdha)(
22(Oct(2013( Igneous(petrology(II(
29(Oct(2013( Midtest(
12(Nov(2013( Sedimentary(petrology(I(
19(Nov(2013( Sedimentary(petrology(II(
26(Nov(2013( Sedimentary(petrology(III(
3(Dec(2013( Metamorphic(petrology(I(
10(Dec(2013( Metamorphic(petrology(II(
17(Dec(2013( Metamorphic(petrology(III(
24(Dec(2013( Discussion(integrated(study(
 Old(Chinese(wise(words((
•  I(hear;(I(forget(!(aPending(class(
•  I(hear(and(I(see;(I(remember(!(prac:ce(
•  I(hear,(I(see(and(I(do;(I(understand(!(fieldwork(
Fieldwork(ac:vity(in(petrology(class(
Igneous%Petrology%
Geophysics(class(
(GEOCACMFG2940)(
 Defini:on(
•  Igneous(rock:(a(rock(that(solidifies(from(molten(or(
par:ally(molten(material((ie.(magma)(
•  What(is(magma?(HighCtemperature((600(–(1300(°C(
physical(mixture(of(silicate(melt,(crystalline(products(
(mineral),(and(possibly(also(evolved(fluids(and(gas.(
•  Igneous(petrology:(study(of(igneous(rock(or(any(
process(involved(in(forma:on(of(igneous(rocks.(
•  Purpose(of(study:(to(iden:fied(the(final(appearance(
and(characteris:cs(of(igneous(rocks,(which(are(
controlled(by(chemical(and(physical(proper:es(of(
magmas(and(their(surroundings.(
General(genesis(of(igneous(rocks(
 Plate(Tectonic(C(Igneous(Genesis((
1. MidCOcean(Ridges((
(ophiolite(series:(ultramafic,(
gabbro,(basalt)(
2.(IntraCcon:nental(Rias((
((basalt)(
3.(Island(Arcs((
((basalt,(andesite)(
4.(Ac:ve(Con:nental(Margins(
(basalt(–(granite)(
5.(BackCArc(Basins((
((basalt)(
6.(Ocean(Island(Basalts((
((basalt)(
7.(Miscellaneous(IntraCcon:nental(
ac:vity(
((basalt,(kimberlites,(carbona:tes,(
anorthosites)(
 Important(of(basal:c(magma(
•  Basal:c(magma:(parental(to(most(of(the(more(
evolved(magma(types(involved(in(con:nental(
and(oceanic(igneous(ac:vity(that(develop(
through(frac:onal(crystalliza:on(in(the(crust.(
•  !(Will(be(discussed(in(chapter(magma(
differen:a:on.(
Igneous(environment( Extrusive%
(volcanic):%
Lava,%%
pyroclas=c%

Intrusive:%
Plutonic%%
(greater%than%5km),%
Hypabyssal%%
(shallow%intrusion)%
a.(Dyke(

b.(Sill(
 Igneous(C(Plutonic(rock(
•  Phaneri:c(texture((phaneros:*visible):(mineral(composi:ons(can(be(
seen(by(naked(eye,(formed(as(a(result(of(a(longer(cooling(history(
(ex:(granite,(granodiorite,(diorite,(gabbro).(
Fine(grainedC(<(1(mm(diameter(
Medium(grainedC(1C5(mm(diameter(
Coarse(grainedC(5C50(mm(diameter(
Very(coarse(grainedC(>(50(mm(diameter(
a.(Granite( a.(Gabbro(
 Igneous(–(Hypabissal(and(Volcanic(rocks(
•  Aphani:c(texture((aphanes:*invisible):(crystal(can(not(
seen(by(naked(eye(!(andesite,(basalt,(rhyolite(
•  Porphyri:c(texture:(phenocryst(exhibi:ng(grainCsize( c.(Obsidian(
larger(than(the(remainder(minerals((groundmass)(!(
andesite(porphyry(
•  Vesicular(texture:((caused(by(voids(lea(by(vola:le(
escaping(from(the(molten(lava(!(only(for(volcanic(
rocks;(pumice(
•  Glassy(texture:(no(crystal(at(all(!(only(for(volcanic(
rock;(obsidian(
a.(Basalt(
b.(Andesite(porphyry(
GrainCsize(classifica:on(
Crystallinity categories of igneous rocks
Crystallinity Rock term
entirely crystalline holocrystalline
crystalline material and subordinate
hemicrystalline or hypocrystalline
glass
glass and subordinate crystalline
hemihyaline or hypohyaline
material
entirely glassy holohyaline or hyaline
Colour(classifica:on(

Chemical(classifica:on(
 a)( b)(
•  Acid/felsic*(
>63(%(SiO2(
a)(Granite,(b)(rhyolite(
c)( d)(
•  Intermediate(
52(–(63(%(SiO2(
c)(Diorite,(d)(andesite(
•  Basic/mafic**( e)( f)(
45(–(52(%(SiO2(
e)(Gabbro,(f)(basalt(
•  Ultrabasic/ultramafic(
<45(%(SiO2( g)( h)(

g)(Perido:te,(h)(koma:ite(
*Felsic(=(feldspar(–(silica(
**Mafic(=(magnesium(–(ferric(iron(
 Mineral(classifica:on(
•  Felsic(minerals:(quartz,(feldspar((plagioclase(
and(alkali(feldspar:(orthoclase),(feldspartoids(
(nepheline(and(leucite),(muscovite,(corundum.(
–  Lack(of(Mg(!(light(color(!(leucocra:c(
•  Mafic(minerals:(olivine,(pyroxene,(amphibole,(
bio:te.(
–  Rich(of(Mg(!(dark(color(!(melanocra:c(
•  Accessory(minerals:(monazite,(zircon,(apa:te,(
magne:te,(ilmenite,(spinel,(:tanite(
Bowen(reac:onCserries(
 Extrusive((volcanic(rocks)(
•  Lava(flow(
Might(show(a(dense((non(fragmented)(igneous(rock(
( a)(Aa(lava((brecciated)( b)(PahoeChoe(lava((smooted)(
(
(
(
(
(
(
( c)(Columnar(joint(in(lava(

Pyroclas:c((fragmented(pieces(
of(magma)(!(next(page(
 Extrusive((Pyroclas:c(rocks)(
•  Pyroclas:c((fragmented(pieces(of(magma)(
–  Pyroclas:c(flow(!(nuée*ardente*(wedus(gembel)(
•  Rock(>(gas(
•  >(700(m/s(
•  >(1000(°C(
–  Pyroclas:c(surge(((
surge(
•  Gas(>(rock(
•  >(100(m/s(
•  >(100(°C(
–  Pyroclas:c(fall(
•  Ejecta((tephra)(
(
 Classifica:on(of(pyroclas:c(deposits(
Mainly% Mainly%
Clast%size% Pyroclast% unconsolidated:% consolidated:%
Tephra% Pyroclas=c%rock%
Agglomerate,(
>(64(mm( Block,(bomb( Agglomerate(
pyroclas:c(breccia(
Lapilli(tuff,(
<(64(mm( Lapillus( Layer,(lapilli(tephra(
lapillistone(
<(2(mm( Coarse(ash( Coarse(ash( Coarse((ash)(tuff(
<(0.063(mm( Fine(ash( Fine(ash( Fine((ash)(tuff(

"(Tuff( Bomb(

Lapilli(!(
 Triangular(classifica:on(

Method #1 for plotting a point with the components: 70% X, 20% Y, and 10% Z on triangular diagrams.
An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, John Winter, Prentice Hall.
Classifica=on%of%
igneous%–%
plutonic%rocks%

Classification of the phaneritic igneous

rocks: Phaneritic rocks with more than
10% (quartz + feldspar + feldspathoids).
After IUGS*.

*IUGS(=(Interna:onal(Union(of(Geological(Sciences(
!  Alkali%feldspar%=(Feldspar(rich(in(potassium((K)(
and(sodium((Na)(elements.(Ex:(albite,(sanidine,(
orthoclase.(
!  Feldspathoid(=(Feldspar(with(different(structure(
and(lower(silica(content((Si(=(2(~(6;(normal(Si(=(8).(
Ex:(leucite,(nepheline,(sodalite.(
!  Foid(=(fill(the(name(of(feldspathoid(
Classifica:on(of(igneous(C(plutonic(rocks((gabbroic)(

Classification of the phaneritic igneous

rocks: Gabbroic rocks. After IUGS.
Classifica:on(of(igneous(–(ultramafic(rocks(

Classification of the phaneritic igneous

rocks: Ultramafic rocks. After IUGS.
 Classifica:on(of(
igneous(C(volcanic(
rocks(

Classification and nomenclature of volcanic

rocks. After IUGS.
Classifica:on(of(igneous(–(volcanic(rocks((chemical(composi:on)(

Chemical classification of volcanics based on total alkalis vs. silica. After Le Maitre (2002) . Igneous
Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms. Cambridge University Press.
Classifica:on(of(igneous(–(pyroclas:c(rocks(

Classification of the pyroclastic rocks. After Fisher (1966) Earth Sci. Rev., 1, 287-298.
 Reference(
•  Personal(collec:on(images(
•  Various(images(from(website(
•  Igneous(and(metamorphic(petrology(class(
materials,(John(D.(Winter(
•  Igneous(rock(and(their(processes,(Robin(Gill,(
2010(