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Disaster
Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 6
Potential Earthquake Hazards

Compiler/Contextualizer: Vellen G. Delfin

 FIRST QUARTER
Week 6 - Module 6
Potential Earthquake Hazards
Content Standard : The learners demonstrate understanding of the
potential earthquake hazards (ground shaking,
ground rupture, liquefaction, earthquake-induced
ground subsidence, tsunami, and earthquake-
induced landslide).

Performance Standard : The learners develop an emergency preparedness

plan to guide them on what to do before, during
and after an earthquake.

Competency/Code : 1. Identify various potential earthquake hazards;

2. Recognize the natural signs of an impending
tsunami;
3. Analyze the effects of the different earthquake
hazards

Learning Outcomes : 1. Illustrate various potential earthquake hazards

through a poster;
2. Create safety tips on the effects of different
earthquake hazards.
__________________________________________________________________________________

What I Know
Instructions: Read each sentence carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is an earthquake?
a. An intense low pressure with a minimum sustains speed per kph
b. Downward movement of slope materials either slowly or quickly
c. Series of sea waves commonly generated by under-the-sea earthquakes
d. Weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden
movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface

2. The following are potential earthquake hazard except _____.

a. Landslide c. Tsunami
b. Ground subsidence d. Typhoon

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3. Which of the following shows a negative effect of potential earthquake hazards?
a. Solidarity among the people affected by earthquake will be shown.
b. Government immediately helping the affected area of earthquake.
c. Fire may occur as gas and power lines may be interrupted.
d. Earthquakes make oil and gas extraction more efficient.

4. ____________ is the mixing of sand or soil and water underground during the
shaking of a moderate or strong earthquake.
a. Ground Shaking c. Tsunami
b. Liquefaction d. Earthquake Induced-Landslide

5. Which of the following are the possible effects of a magnitude 9 earthquake?

a. Buried due to tsunami c. Ground rupture of the ground
b. Collapsing of buildings d. All of these

6. One of the effects of this potential hazard is tilting of a building due to

softening of the ground.
a. Ground rupture c. Ground Subsidence
b. Earthquake-induced landslide d. Liquefaction

7. These are shocks which usually follows the main shock of an

earthquake and usually weaker.
a. Shockwaves c. Aftershocks
b. Sea waves d. Magnitude

8. Drop-Cover-and-Hold should be done in what phase of earthquake?

a. Before an Earthquake c. After an Earthquake
b. During an Earthquake d. None of these

9. Jennifer was in the beach when a magnitude 8.9 hit the area, she noticed that
the sea disappeared, what could possibly happen next?
a. A tsunami might occur.
b. An earthquake will happen
c. She will go farther to swim.
d. She will gather seashells from the shore.

10. Greg is one of the Junior DRRR officers in their class and his task is to create
an infographic on what to do during an earthquake. Which of the following
will be part of his “During an Earthquake Safety Tips”?
a. Create an emergency plan. c. Do the drop-cover-and hold.
b. Assist others for first aid. d. Immediately leave the room.

11. Which of the following refers to the record of earthquake retrieved from
seismograph?
a. Intensity c. Seismometer
b. Seismograph d. Seismogram

12. Which of following is the sign of an impending tsunami that you can hear?
a. Ground shaking severely, for a long time.
b. Rumbling sound of an approaching waves.
c. Unusual disappearance of water, or oncoming wall of water
d. Tsunami often come ashore as a wall of water, and quickly flood inland.

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 13. When you are trapped during an earthquake under some debris, the following
are the things that you should do except _____.
a. Light a match.
b. Do not move around or kick up dust.
c. Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing.
d. Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate you.

14. ________ an earthquake, you must check yourself and others for injuries and
get first aid if necessary.
a. Before c. After
b. During d. None of these

15. A type of tsunami which can travel from 1 to 24 hours before reaching the
coast of the nearby countries is ________.
a. Far field tsunami c. Local tsunami
b. Shallow tsunami d. tidal waves tsunami

Lesson
Potential Earthquake
1 Hazards
What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

o identify the different types of potential earthquake hazards;
o cite the natural signs of impending tsunami;
o create an infographic on what to do before, during, and after an
earthquake.

What’s In
In the previous module, you have learned about the basic concept of hazard including
the different types hazards and its impact to people and environment. Now, let us
have a short review.

Instructions: Draw a wow face “ ” if the situation shows a natural hazard and a
sad face “ ” if it is a human-induced hazard on a separate sheet of paper.

_____1. Jenny got a head injury during the ground shaking

_____2. A factory throws their waste oil in the sea.
_____3. Due to the heavy rain, Colon Street was flooded.
_____4. PAGASA warned a full-blown of El Nino in 2019.
_____5. Because of someone’s hatred, an arson was done which caused around
Php 100,000.00 damage to property.

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In this activity, you were able to identify the natural and human-induced hazard.
You have learned that a natural hazard is a naturally occurring phenomena while
a human-induced hazard is man-made. So, with these hazards, can you prevent
them to happen? If so, what can you do? If not, what will you do to recover? In the
next modules, you will be able to deepen your knowledge and skills in preparation
for the specific hazards.

What’s New

Do this!
Ask someone to put a book on your hand. What do you feel? How about putting 7-8
books on top of the same hand? Would you feel the same? What if the books are
concrete rubbles of a building due to an earthquake and you are the only one covered
by those? What would you feel? Do you know what will you do?

What Is It

DEFINITION:
EARTHQUAKE (also known as quake, tremor or temblor) is a weak to violent
shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below
the earth’s surface. It is a wave-like movement of the earth’s surface and may
classified as tectonic or volcanic.

Volcanic Earthquakes are produced by movement of magma beneath volcanoes.

Tectonic Earthquakes are produced by sudden movement along faults and plate
boundaries.
How does an earthquake occur? (See diagram for explanation.)

Image by Tammy Tweten

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 MORE EARTHQUAKE TERMINOLOGIES:
Focus – actual location beneath the surface where the earthquake begins
Epicenter – point on the earth’s surface located directly above the focus of an
earthquake
Fault – refers to a fracture, fissure, or a zone of weakness where movement has
occurred.
Magnitude – energy released at the source of the earthquake and determined by
seismographs
Intensity – strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location
Seismograph – instrument that records an earthquake
Seismometer – sensor that detects ground motion
Seismogram – record of earthquake retrieved from a seismograph
Aftershock – usually weaker earthquakes that follow the main shock of an
earthquake’s sequence
The type of earthquake hazard depends on the strength of seismic activity, along with
such factors as local topographic and built features, subsurface geology, and
groundwater.

POTENTIAL DEFINITION EXAMPLE EFFECTS OF

EARTHQUAKE PHOTO EARTHQUAKE
HAZARD HAZARDS

disruptive -strong shaking cause

up-down objects to fall, break
and window, and others
Ground sideways -result to minor to
shaking movement or major damages such
motion as collapse of a
experienced structure (Hyatt Hotel,
during Baguio City-1990 Luzon
GNS Science Earthquake)
earthquake
-ripping apart of any
structure built across
displacement the fault when the
Ground on the ground ruptures
Rupture ground due (Not all cracks on the
to the ground are faults,
movement of some are just surficial
fault cracks because of
Photo by: Nicola Litchfield ground failure
(Masbate 1994
Earthquake)
Mixing of -tilting or sinking of a
sand or soil heavy load or
and water structures due to
Liquefaction underground softening of the
during the ground as the
shaking od a sediment could no
moderate or longer hold the load
strong Photo by: Stuff.co.nz
(Dagupan City, 1990
earthquake Earthquake)

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 sea waves -death due to
resulting drowning
from the -flood around the area
Tsunami disturbance (August 1976 Moro Gulf
of ocean Earthquake and Tsunami
and November 1994
floor by an Oriental Mindoro and
earthquake Photo by: Manichi Shimbum Tsunami)

-loose thin soil

failures in covering on the slopes
Earthquake- steep or hilly of steeps mountains
induced slopes are prone to mass
landslide triggered by movement
an -being buried under
earthquakeauthority.com
earthquake landslide
a gradual -sinking of structure
Earthquake- settling or on top of the sinked
induced sudden earth’s surface
ground sinking of -damage roads and
subsidence the earth’s torn apart
surface undeground power or
water lines
Colorado Geological Survey
To deepen your knowledge regarding the potential earthquake hazard and its effects.
You may watch the Luzon Earthquake which was known as the “Killer Earthquake
in 1990”: https://tinyurl.com/1990Luzon-Earthquake.
Do you remember?
You were 9-11 years old when the controversial “Chona Mae” incident happened in
2012 when people from the downtown of Cebu City hurriedly went to the highland
just to save themselves from the impending tsunami in which later found out that it
was not true as someone was just allegedly looking for his daughter named “Chona
Mae”. But why do you think people panic? What made them believe that a tsunami
would really occur? What are the signs of an impending tsunami and how can we
prepare ourselves?

Tsunamis v.s Storm Surge

Tsunamis (tidal waves; harbor waves) are series of sea waves commonly generated
by under-the-sea earthquakes and whose height could be greater than five (5)
meters.
Storm surges are wind generated waves on the surface of the sea according to
PHILVOCS 2008, Training Module School Teachers’ Seminar-Training on Natural
Hazards Awareness and Preparedness Focus on Earthquakes and Volcanoes.

Two kinds of Tsunami

A. Local Tsunami – confined to coasts within a hundred kilometers of the source
usually earthquakes and a landslide or a pyroclastic flow. It can reach the
shoreline within 2 to 5 minutes. (August 1976 Moro Gulf and Tsunami)
B. Far Field or distant tsunamis – can travel from 1 to 24 hours before reaching
the coast of the nearby countries. These tsunamis mainly coming from the
countries bordering Pacific Ocean like Alaska in USA and Japan (2011).

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 PTWC (Pacific Tsunami Warning Center) and NWPTAC (Northwest Pacific Tsunami
Advisory Center) are responsible agencies that closely monitor Pacific-wide
tsunami event and send tsunami warning to the countries around the Pacific
Ocean.
When does a tsunami occur?

Tsunamis occur when the earthquake is shallow-seated and strong enough

(magnitude 6.5 or greater) to vertically displace parts of the seabed disturb the
mass of water over it. Aside from earthquake, tsunamis also occur due to
submarine or coastal landslides and submarine volcanic eruptions. Tsunamis can
flood low lying coastal areas and drown people.

What are the signs of impending tsunami?

Tsunamis can be detected using our human senses. Recognize a tsunami’s natural
signs through:

FEEL
• Big local earthquakes may cause tsunamis
• Ground shaking severely, or for a long time.

SEE
• Unusual sea level change, sudden sea water retreat or rise. Exposure of
corals, underwater rocks and marine life.
• Tsunami often come ashore as a wall of water, and quickly flood inland.
• Unusual disappearance of water, or oncoming wall of water.

HEAR
• Abnormal ocean activity, a wall of water and approaching tsunami create
a loud roaring sound similar to a train or jet aircraft.
• Rumbling sound of an approaching waves.

RUN
• Don’t wait for official evacuation orders.
• Immediately leave low-lying coastal area
• Move inland to higher ground.
• RUN if you see a tsunami coming.

To know more the tsunamis that happened in the world, watch the biggest tsunamis
in history https://tinyurl.com/biggest-tsunami-in-history.
We do not know the exact date or time an earthquake would occur same as we also
do not know which specific area in the Philippines a big earthquake will happen, but
we know its possible effects and impacts. Technically, we cannot prevent an
earthquake from happening, but we can do things to lessen or even prevent some of
the negative impacts an earthquake might bring, and these are the following.

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What to do BEFORE, DURING and AFTER an Earthquake?

BE PROACTIVE!
Know – Check if your home, school or workplace is near an active
fault and if it is prone to the different effects of potential earthquake
hazards. Identify which areas in your house or building can be used
BEFORE as refuge during an earthquake.
Plan – Adhere to proper structural design and engineering practices
when constructing houses or building. Create a disaster plan to
protect yourself and family and familiarize yourself with the building
you are in, where the exit points are as well as the shortest way out.
Prepare – Reinforce your house and prepare earthquake emergency
survival kit. Strap heavy furniture or cabinet to the wall, store
breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable items in the
lowermost shelves and firmly secure. Most cases of injuries cause by
an earthquake is due to falling objects so be conscious in placing
materials on shelves and cabinets. Heavy objects should be kept in
lower shelves. Check the stability of hanging objects which may fall
during strong shaking.
INDOORS
-DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under sturdy table or
other piece of furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. If
there isn’t a table or desk near you, cover your face and head with
your arms and crouch in an inside corner of the building.
Be alert, keep your presence of mind and do not panic. (People get
injuries most of the time because they panic.)
-Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and
anything that could fall such as lighting fixtures or furniture.
DURING -Stay in bed if you are there when the earthquake strikes. Hold on
and protect your head with a pillow, unless you are under a heavy
light fixture that could fall. In that case, move to the nearest safe
place.
-Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is safe to go outside. Do
not exit a building during the shaking.
-Be aware that the electricity may go out or the sprinkler system or
fire alarms may turn on.
OUTDOORS
-If outside, best to move to an open area, stay away from power lines,
posts, walls and other structures that may collapse.
-Stay away from buildings as glass windows may break and cause
injury.
MOVING VEHICLE
-Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay in the vehicle. Avoid
stopping near or under buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility wires.
-Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped. Do not attempt
to cross bridges and flyovers.
TRAPPED UNDER DEBRIS
-Do not light a match.
-Do not move around or kick up dust.
-Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing.
-Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate you. Use a whistle if one
is available. Shout only as last resort as shouting can cause you to
inhale dangerous amounts of dust.

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 -As soon as the shaking stops, check yourself and others for injuries.
Get first aid if necessary.
AFTER -Immediately get out of the building. Use the stairs and NEVER use
the elevators. Take the shortest way out.
-Keep communication lines open for emergency, rescue and other
disaster responders who need communication for their coordination.
-Help reduced the number of casualties by staying out of damaged
buildings.
-Obey authorities.

What’s More
Activity 1 – Modified True or False!
Instructions: Read each statement carefully. Write T if the statement is true and if
it is false, write the word/s that makes the statement false and change to correct
answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
_____1. Earthquake is a feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced
by sudden movement or rock materials.
_____2. In an impending tsunami, you can hear a rumbling sound of an approaching
waves.
_____3. Earthquake-induced ground subsidence is a gradual settling or sudden
sinking of the earth’s surface
_____4. Tsunami is a process that transforms the behavior of a body of sediment from
that of a solid to that of a liquid.
_____5. Ground shaking is a disruptive up-down and sideways movement or motion
experienced during earthquake.
_____6. Epicenter is a point on the earth’s surface located directly above the focus
of an earthquake.
_____7. Earthquake-induced landslide is failure in steep or hilly slopes triggered by
an earthquake.
_____8. Magnitude is strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain
location.
_____9. International big earthquakes may cause tsunami in local area.
_____10. Aftershock is also known as quake, tremor or temblor.

Activity 2 – Identify me!

Instructions: Write B if the following safety tips should be done before an
earthquake, D if during and A if it should be done after an earthquake. Write the
letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper. You can repeat your answer.

_____1. Be alert, keep your presence of mind and do not panic.

_____2. Creating an emergency exit plan.
_____3. Check yourself and others for injuries. Get first aid if necessary.
_____4. Move to an open area when already outside while having an earthquake.
_____5. Preparing for a survival kit in case of an earthquake.
_____6. Never use an elevator when going out from a building.
_____7. Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that
could fall such as lighting fixtures or furniture.
_____8. DROP-COVER-and HOLD
_____9. Check if your home, school or workplace is near an active fault.
_____10. Help reduced the number of casualties by staying out of damaged buildings.

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 What I Have Learned

Instructions. Complete the following statements and write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.

Earthquake is define as ________________________________________________________

The types of potential earthquake hazards are ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
The natural signs of an impending tsunami are___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
It is important to learn the safety precautions before, during and after and
earthquake because _____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.

What I can do
Activity 1: Be Creative!
Based on what you have learned from this lesson about the types of potential hazard,
draw a poster on a short bond paper or ¼ illustration board and write an explanation
about it at the back. Criteria for grading is Content – 35%, Creativity and originality
– 35% and Explanation – 30%. You are free to think of your own theme relevant to
the topic.

Activity 2: Know what to do!

Create your own safety tips infographic to avoid or prevent the effect of an earthquake
either. Choose one specific setting of your safety tips either at home, at school or at
a workplace. You may use canva.com for the template or a publisher or simply create
on a separate short bond paper). Criteria for grading is Content – 35%, Creativity –
30% and Originality – 35%.

Assessment

Instructions. Read each sentence carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a series of sea waves commonly generated by under-the-sea earthquakes.

a. Earthquake c. Tsunami
b. Landslide d. Typhoon

2. Which of the following is not a potential earthquake hazard?

a. Landslide c. Tsunami
b. Ground subsidence d. Typhoon

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3. Which of the following shows a negative effect of potential earthquake hazards?
a. Death cause of being buried under a landslide or collapsed building.
b. Fire may occur as gas and power lines may be interrupted.
c. Torning apart of any structure built across the fault when the ground
ruptures.
d. All the above.

4. When does a liquefaction occur?

a. It occurs when there is a failure in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an
earthquake.
b. It occurs when there is displacement on the ground due to the
movement of fault.
c. It occurs when there is a mixing of sand or soil and water underground
during the shaking of a moderate or strong earthquake.
d. It occurs when there is a disturbance of the ocean floor.

5. Which of the following are the possible effects of a magnitude 8.6 earthquake?
a. Being buried due to tsunami c. Ground rupture of the ground
b. Collapsing of buildings d. All of these

6. One of the effects of this potential hazard is collapsing of buildings due to

strong shaking.
a. Ground rupture c. Ground Subsidence
b. Ground shaking d. Liquefaction

7. What might happen when ground ruptures dam and levee?

a. Fire c. Earthquake
b. Flood d. Tsunami

8. Which of the following are needed in an earthquake emergency kit?

a. Canned goods c. Biscuits
b. Whistle d. All of these

9. You saw someone going inside an elevator as his way of going out from the
building after the shaking of the ground. As a student trained in DRRR, what
will you do?
a. Go with the person to easily go out .
b. Shout at the person and tell him to be safe.
c. Ignore the person and go on your own using the stairs.
d. Stop the person and inform the consequences of using an elevator.

10. Anasthesia is one of the Junior DRRR officers in their class and her task is to
create an infographic on what to do after an earthquake. Which of the
following will be part of her “After an Earthquake Safety Tips”?
a. Create an emergency plan. c. Do the drop-cover-and hold.
b. Checking oneself and others. d. Reinforcing the house.

11. Which of the following refers to sensor that detects ground motion?
a. Intensity c. Seismometer
b. Seismograph d. Seismogram

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 12. Which of following is the sign of an impending tsunami that you can feel?
a. Ground shaking severely, for a long time.
b. Rumbling sound of an approaching waves.
c. Unusual disappearance of water, or oncoming wall of water
d. Tsunami often come ashore as a wall of water, and quickly flood inland.

13. When you are trapped during an earthquake under some debris, which of
the following are the things that you should do?
a. Do not move around or kick up dust.
b. Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing.
c. Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate you.
d. All of the above

14. ________ an earthquake, reinforce your house and prepare earthquake

emergency survival kit.
a. Before c. After
b. During d. None of these

15. A type of tsunami which is confined to coasts within a hundred kilometers of

the source usually earthquakes and a landslide or a pyroclastic flow is ______.
a. Far field tsunami c. Local tsunami
b. Shallow tsunami d. tidal waves tsunami

Additional Activities
Laging Handa!
As a preparation for any emergency such as an earthquake, organize a 72-hour
survival pack for your family. List all the items that you will prepare that will help
you and your family survive in any emergency and explain the importance of each
item. Write each item on a short bond paper with the explanation. (You can include
a photo of each item.)

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 13
What’s More
Activity 1
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. Tsunami-
Liquefaction
5. T
What's In 6. T
7. Magnitude- Intensity
9. International - Local
1.
10. aftershock -
2. earthquake
3.
Activity 2
4. 1. D
5. 2. B
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. D
8. D
9. B
10. A
Answer Key (Module 6)
References
Electronic Sources:
Base Camp Emergency Response Team. (05 Dec 2017). “During an Earthquake:
Things to do”. Retrieved 14 July 2020 from http://www.bcert.org.ph/earthquake-
resources/during-earthquake/things-to-do/

International Tsunami Information Center I UNESCO/IOC-NOAA Partnershi. (2020).

“Natural Warning Signs-Sensing a Tsunami”. Retrieved 14 July 2020 from
http://itic.ioc-
unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=1195&
Itemid=1195

Photos:
Tweten, Tammy (2015). “Earthquake”. Retrieved 14 July 2020 from
https://www.thinglink.com/scene /708786631250804738
Colorado Geological Survey. (2020). “Ground Subsidence”. Retrieved 13 July 2020
from https://www.coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/hazards/ground-subsidence/
Litchfield, Nicola GNS Science. (2009). “Ground Rupture”. Retrieved 13 July 2020
from https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/News-and-Events/Media-Releases/strongest-
ground-shaking-in-NZ
GNS Science (2009). “Ground Shaking”. Retrieved from 13 July 2020 from
https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-
Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquake-Hazards
Temblor. (2019). “Liquefaction”. Retrieved 13 July 2020 from
https://temblor.net/earthquake-insights/living-with-liquefaction-part-1-514/
NBC Universal. (2020). “Tsunami” Retrieved 13 July 2020 from
https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/what-tsunami-ncna943571

Books:
Mabutas, Jose Gabriel Virgil S. et al. Reference for Emergency Disaster.
“Earthquakes”. Department of Science and Technology, Science and Technology
Information Institute and NOAH Strategic Communication Intervention Project.
(2014)

Dianala, John Dale B. et al. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Reader.
“Earthquake Hazards”. Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources.
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Building, DepEd Complex, Meralco Ave. Pasig City (2017)

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

o Name
o Grade and Section
o Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission as agreed with your teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you.
4. Return them at the end of the school year

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