Earthquake

Hazards
Presented by: Group 6
 Objectives:

 Identify various potential

earthquake hazards
 Point with ease the natural signs
of an impending tsunami
 Discuss the effects of different
earthquake hazards
 Interpret different earthquake
hazard maps
 Apply precautionary and safety
measures, before, during, and
after an earthquake
 What is an Earthquake?

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor and

temblor) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the
Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the
Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves .
These are the different hazards that normally result from the occurrence of an earthquake:

● Ground Shaking or Ground Motion

Ground shaking is a term used to

describe the vibration of the ground
during an earthquake. Ground shaking is
caused by body waves and surface
waves. As a generalization, the severity
of ground shaking increases as
magnitude increases and decreases as
distance from the causative fault
increases.
● Ground or Surface Rupture

Surface rupture is an offset of the

ground surface when fault rupture
extends to the Earth’s surface. Any
structure built across the fault is at risk
of being torn apart as the two sides of
the fault slip past each other.
● Liquefaction

Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which

the strength and stiffness of a soil is
reduced by earthquake shaking or other
rapid loading. It normally occurs in
saturated soils, that is, soils in which the
space between individual particles is
completely filled with water.
● Earthquake-induced ground
subsidence and lateral spreading

Subsidence, or lowering of the ground

surface, often occurs during
earthquakes. This may be due to
downward vertical displacement on one
side of a fault, and can sometimes affect
huge area of land. Coastal areas can
become permanently flooded as a result.
● Earthquake-induced landslide

Landslides are frequently triggered by

strong ground motions. The term
landslide includes a wide range of
ground movement, such us rock falls,
deep failure of slopes, and shallow
debris flows.
● Tsunami

A tsunami, also known as a seismic wave,

is a series of waves in a water body
caused by the displacement of a large
volume of water, generally in an ocean or
a large lake. Most tsunamis are caused by
earthquakes on converging tectonic plate
boundaries. However, tsunamis can also
be caused by landslides, volcanic activity,
certain types of weather, and—possibly—
near-earth objects colliding with or
exploding above the ocean.
NATURAL
SIGNS OF AN
IMPENDING
TSUNAMI
1. Animal Behavior
Some zoologists hypothesize that some
animal species like elephants have the
ability to sense subsonic Rayleigh waves
from an earthquake or a tsunami. If
correct and substantiated with more
evidence, monitoring their behavior could
provide advance warning of earthquakes
and tsunamis. It is possible that certain
animals like the elephants may hear the
sounds of a tsunami as it approaches the
coast.
2. Drawback
This is an observable natural sign of an
impending tsunami that is noteworthy. In
fact, drawback can serve as a brief
warning. There are already proofs that
people who observed drawback survived
when they immediately run for high
ground or climbed to upper floors of
nearby buildings.
 All waves have a positive and negative peak a ridge and a
trough. In the case of a propagating wave like a tsunami,
either may be the first to arrive. If the first part to arrive at
shore is the ridge, a massive breaking wave or sudden

• How Drawbacks flooding will be the first effect notice on land. However, if
the first part to arrive is the trough, a drawback will occur
as the shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally

are Formed
submerged areas. Drawback can exceed hundreds of
meters, and people unaware of the danger sometimes
remain near the shore to satisfy their curiosity or to collect
fish from the exposed seabed.

A typical wave period for a damaging tsunami is about 12

minutes. This means that if the drawback phase is the
first part of the wave to arrive, the sea will recede, with
areas well below sea level exposed after 3 minutes.
During the next 6 minutes the tsunami wave through,
builds into a ridge, and during this time the sea is filled in
and destruction occurs on land. During the next 6
minutes, the tsunami wave changes from a ridge to a
trough, causing flood waters to drain and drawback to
occur again.
Different Earthquake Hazard Maps

● Hazard Map

Hazard maps include a time frame/likelihood

reference. Hazard map can be used for land-
use planning, mitigation, and emergency
response. For example, the map (below)
shows the 2010 National seismic hazard
model for New Zealand showing expected
peak ground accelerations for a 475 year
return period earthquake for shallow soils.
● Risk Map

Risk maps show the consequences of an

event with a likelihood scale. The map is made
by considering what we currently know about:
Past faults and earthquakes. The example
below shows Westport, with a 500 year flood
hazard mapped on the left (i.e. a hazard map);
and the figure on the right shows a risk map
with the 500yr flood with number of buildings
per km2 in a damage state of moderate or
greater.
● Susceptibility Map

These maps combine different factors which

contribute to a hazard, to give an indication of
where hazard is more likely to occur. For
example, the figure on the left shows the
susceptibility of slopes to landslides from an
earthquake by combining slope, geology,
rainfall, vegetation, and aspect. No time factor
associated with a susceptibility map (unlike
hazard map).
● Inventory Map

Inventory maps show a collection of events

that have occurred at a location. The location
of previous events is a good indicator of
where future events may occur, and allows
analyses and testing of susceptibility, hazard,
and risk analyses. The example below shows
areas inundated by lahars (or volcanic debris
avalanches) and associated floods from
Ruapehu, over the last 20,000 and 10,000
years, and since 1860. It is also a simplistic
hazard map as it has a timeframe associated
with lahars.
● Evacuation Map

An evacuation map is used by emergency managers and

communities to plan for evacuation in an event. For example, the
tsunami map on the left shows three different zones that may be
required to be evacuated. A map like this is based on modeling of
events.

Red zone - Shore-exclusion zone that can be designated off limits

in the event of any expected tsunami.

Orange zone - Area evacuated in most if not all distant and

regional-source official warnings (i.e., warnings that extend
beyond the red zone, for tsunami from sources more than one
hour of travel time away from the mapped location).

Yellow zone - The yellow zone should cover all maximum

credible tsunami, including the highest impact events. The
intention is that the yellow zone provides for local-source
maximum credible events, based on locally determined risk.
 What to do before an earthquake

1. 2. 3. 4.

Make sure you have

Create an earthquake Don't leave heavy Make up a plan of
a fire extinguisher, objects on shelves
safety plan for you first aid kit, a battery- where to meet your
and your loved ones, (they'll fall during a family after an
powered radio, a quake).
including pets. flashlight, and extra earthquake.
batteries at home.
 What to do during an earthquake

1. 2. 3. 4.

Stay away from outer If you are unable to

Stay calm! If you're If you are able, seek
shelter under a sturdy walls, windows, move from a bed or
indoors, stay inside.
fireplaces, and chair, protect yourself
If you're outside, stay table or desk.
hanging objects. from falling objects
outside.
by covering up with
blankets and pillows.
 Three basic steps during an earthquake
Hold
03 Hold On to your head with
both hands until the
shaking stops.

Cover
02 Cover your head with your
arms.

Drop
01 Drop to the ground in front
of your seat or lean over as
much as possible.
 What to do after an earthquake

1. 2. 3. 4.
Check water, gas, and
electric lines for Be careful around
damage. If any are broken glass and
Check yourself and Turn on the radio.
damaged, shut off debris. Wear boots or
others for injuries. Don't use the phone
the valves. Check for sturdy shoes to keep
Provide first aid for unless it's an
the smell of gas. If from cutting your
anyone who needs it. emergency.
you smell it, open all feet. And expect
the windows and aftershocks.
doors, leave
immediately, and
report it to the
authorities.
Thank you for
listening!