Physical Education 1st Quarter Reviewer for Examinations

Lesson 1: Brief History and Nature of Dance

1. Lifting a Barbell - Strength
2.2-Minute Plank – Muscular Endurance
3. Dancing Ballet – Body Composition
4. Jogging - Cardiovascular
5. Maintaining a Healthy Diet – Body Composition
6. Learning Gymnastics - Flexibility
7. Carrying a Heavy Bag to School - Strength
8. Monitoring Calorie Intake – Body Composition
9. Wall Push-Ups – Muscular Endurance
10. Doing Sit and Reach – Muscular Endurance
What is Dance?
ØAn act or instance of moving one's body rhythmically usually to music: an act or
instance of dancing.
ØFeatures of Dances
ØMovement of the body which includes hands, arms, and head.
ØMovement from one space to another
ØPrimitive Cultures
ØThe term ''primitive cultures'' was used by the first anthropologists to describe
non-European groups of people and their customs because they believed, and not
always correctly, that they were closely related to prehistoric cultures. As the term has a
somewhat biased and negative connotation, especially when compared to Western
culture, contemporary anthropologists use other words, like ''bands'' and 'tribes.
Primitive Culture Dance Era in the Philippines:
Igorot
ØThere are five Igorot ethnolinguistic tribes living in Luzon's mountain terrains: the
Bontoc, Ifugao, Benguet, Apayo, and the Kalinga tribes, which retained much of their
anito religions. Their lives have been centered on appeasing their gods and maintaining
a harmonious relationship between spirits and man. Dances are usually linked to rituals
for a good harvest, health, prayers for peace, and safety in war.
ØMoro
ØThe Moro people are the various usually unrelated Muslim Filipino ethnic groups. Most
of their dances are marked by intricate hand and arm movements, accompanied by
instruments such as the agong and kulintang.

ØLumad
ØThe non-Islamized natives of Mindanao are collectively known as the Lumad people.
Like the Tagakaulo, they still practice worshiping anitos through dance.
Different Eras of Dance:
ØAncient Egypt
ØThe ancient Egyptians were a dance-loving people. Dancers were commonly depicted
on murals, tomb paintings, and temple engravings. Ideographs show a man dancing to
represent joy and happiness. Pictorial representations and written records from as early
as 3000 B.C. are offered as evidence that dance has a long history in the Nile kingdom.
Ancient Egypt
Dances were performed “for magical purposes, rites of passage, to induce states
ecstasy or trance, mime; as homage; honor entertainment and even for erotic purposes."
Dances were performed inside and outside; by individual pairs but primarily by groups at
sacred and secular occasions. Dance rhythms were provided by hand clapping, finger
snapping, tambourines, drums, and body slapping. Musicians played flutes, harps, lyres,
and clarinets, Vocalizations included songs, cries, choruses, and rhythmic noises.
Different Eras of Dance:
ØGreek and Bacchanalian Dance
ØDance, according to Greek thought, was one of the civilizing activities, like
wine-making and music. Most Greek Mythologies were written by poets, like Homer, and
as the spiritual sustenance for its people, dance communicated its wisdom and truth as
effectively as words.
Greek and Bacchanalian Dance:
The strong dancing tradition prevalent among the Greeks was likely inherited from Crete
which was conquered by Greece around 1500 BC but Greece was very effective in
synthesizing the best from surrounding cultures, its poets and artists borrowed
significantly from surrounding Pyria and Thrace and its scholars were being initiated
into the Egyptian mysteries by temple priests long before Alexander the Great
conquered Egypt. Ancient Greece drove a sharp distinction between the Apollonian
dance and the Dionysian dance. The former – the Apollonian dance – was
accompanied by guitars called lyres, lutes, and kitharas. It was a ceremonial dance
incorporating slower cult dances performed during religious festivals as well as martial
and social dances performed during communal events and funeral practices. The
Dionysian or Bacchanalian dance, associated with the cult of Dionysus, is about
passion, panic, and desire. It is an “orgasmic” dance with breathtaking moves whose
purpose is to connect all to a frenetic dance vibration. The synthesis of the Apollonian
and the Dionysian is the art of dance. The tension between these opposites played an
instrumental role in the shaping of the ancient Greek theatre and the birth of tragedy in
the evolution of the arts for civilization.
Different Eras of Dance:
● The Pre-Colonial Philippines:
ØBefore the recorded history of the Philippines, before the Spanish conquistadors
conquered and Christianized the populace, from the earliest occupation of this volcanic
archipelago, the people danced. They danced to appease the gods, curry favor from
powerful spirits, celebrate a hunt or harvest, and mimic the exotic life forms around
them. They danced their stories and their shamanic rituals, their rites of passage, and
their remembered legends and history.
● The pre-colonial Philippines:
Rural dances include such favorites as the high-stepping Tinikling, which mimics a bird,
and the Gaway-Gaway, which features the movements of children pulling the stalks of
the gaway roots during a bountiful harvest. The pagan tribes, the Higaonon, Subanon,
Bagogo, and others who have inhabited the Philippines for thousands of years,
preserved their customs and symbolic dances. Partly through isolation, they kept their
culture free from the influence of the waves of immigrants who settled the archipelago
over the centuries. Today, tribal dances like Dugso, Sohten, and Lawin-Lawin are
carefully documented and kept alive in performances by Filipino folk dance troupes and
cultural institutions.
Different Eras of Dance:
ØNobility:
ØBaroque dance is the conventional name given to the style of dancing that had its
origins during the seventeenth century and dominated the eighteenth century until the
French Revolution. Louis XIV was a major influence in its development and promotion.
Even at the age of fourteen, Louis was an accomplished dancer: as the sun god Apollo
in the ‘Ballet de la Nuit’ (1653), he became Le Roi Soleil, an image that he was to
cultivate throughout his life. His courtiers were expected to dance in his new style at the
formal balls, and they performed in court ballets, in rather a similar fashion to what was
considered appropriate to Stuart court masques. During the 17th century, dancing had
not only great social importance but could also carry political importance.
Different Eras of Dance:
ØEarly Renaissance Period:
ØAs the arts and sciences flourished in the European Renaissance, dance quickly rose
to preeminence. Dance increased in sophistication and social importance through the
14th century, but unfortunately, no choreographic descriptions survive from this century.
It is from preserved music tabulatures and literature, such as Boccaccio's Decameron,
that we know the names of these lost dances, which include the balli, Carola (carole),
stampita (estampe, istampita, stantipes), salterello, rotta, Trotto and farandole. The 15th
century is the first period in western history to have dances documented well enough for
reconstruction. Several surviving manuscripts describe the dances of the aristocracy,
for whom dance was an important courtly pastime. The dances from the northern
courts (primarily Burgundy – a large area north of the Alps including some of
present-day France, Germany, and the Netherlands tended to be conservative and
Gothic. Southern France (Provence) was more innovative, while Italy was the hotbed of
the avant-garde. The primary dance of the Burgundian court was the stately
Bassedanse. This was a memorized sequence of steps performed as a professional,
danced to music in "perfect" (i.e. triple) time. One surviving Burgundian dance source is
the beautiful handwritten Brussels manuscript, penned in gold and silver ink by an
anonymous scribe. The Italian courts also danced the Bassadanza (as they spelled it),
although it was lighter in spirit and somewhat more intricate than the Burgundian
Bassedanse. But the epitome of Italian court dance was the Ballo. The 15th century Balli
was beautifully designed choreographies for a set number of dancers that featured a
wide variety of steps, figures, and rhythms. Unlike the Bassadanza, the music and dance
phrases of the Balli were inseparable.
Different Eras of Dance:
ØCourts of Europe
ØRenaissance dances belong to the broad group of historical dances. During the
Renaissance period, there was a distinction between country dances and court dances.
Court dances required the dancers to be trained and were often for display and
entertainment, whereas country dances could be attempted by anyone. At Court, the
formal entertainment would often be followed by many hours of country dances which
all present could join in. Dances described as country dances such as Chiarantana or
Chiaranzana remained popular over a long period – over two centuries in the case of
this dance. A Renaissance dance can be likened to a ball. Knowledge of court dances
has survived better than that of country dances as they were collected by dancing
masters in manuscripts and later in printed books. The earliest surviving manuscripts
that provide detailed dance instructions are from 15th century Italy. The earliest printed
dance manuals come from late 16th century France and Italy. The dances in these
manuals are extremely varied in nature. They range from slow, stately "processional"
dances (bassadance, pavane, almain) to fast, lively dances (galliard, coranto, Canario).
The former, in which the dancers' feet were not raised high off the floor were styled the
dance basse while energetic dances with leaps and lifts were called the Haute dance.

Lesson 2: Elements of Dance

“Existence is a movement. Action is movement. Existence is defined by the rhythm of
forces in Natural balance”
The Elements of Dance are the foundational concepts and vocabulary that help
students develop movement skills and understand dance as an artistic practice.
The acronym BASTE helps students remember the elements:
● Body
● Action
● Space
● Time
● Energy
Body Shapes - This refers to how the entire body is molded in space on the
configuration of body parts. The body can be rounded, angular, or a combination of two.
Other body shapes can be from wide to narrow and from high to low. They can be
symmetrical and asymmetrical.
Symmetrical- balanced shape; movements are practically identical or similar on both
sides.
Asymmetrical- unbalanced shape, movements of two sides of the body do not match or
are completely different from each other.
Group Shapes - In this element, a group of dancers performs movements in different
group shapes. They are arranged in ways that are wide. narrow, rounded, angular,
symmetrical, or asymmetrical and are viewed together as a total picture or arrangement
within.
ACTION
Any human movement included in the act of dancing— can include dance steps, facial
movements, partner lifts, gestures, and even everyday movements such as walking.
Dance is made up of streams of movement and pauses, so action refers not only to
steps and sequences but also to pauses and moments of relative stillness. Dancers
may use movements that have been choreographed or traditional dances taught by
others who know the dances. Depending on the dance style or the choreographer's
decision, dancers may also revise or embellish movements they have learned from
others. Understanding and discussing action does not require extensive dance
terminology since movement can be categorized and described according to its
qualities.
SPACE
This is the area the performers occupy and where they move. It can be divided into four
different aspects, also known as spatial elements.
Direction - dance movement can travel in any direction. The performers can go forward,
side, backward, diagonal, circular, and so on. They may also face any direction while
executing a single movement or several phrases.
Size - movements can be varied by doing larger or smaller actions.
Level - movements can be done at a high, medium, or low level.
Focus - performers may change their focus by looking in different directions.
TIME
The keyword for the element of time is When?
Human Movement is naturally rhythmic in the broad sense that we alternate activity and
rest. Breath and waves are examples of rhythms in nature that repeat, but not as
consistently as in a metered rhythm.
Rhythmic patterns may be metered or free rhythm. Western music uses repeating patterns (2/4
or 3/4 for example), but concepts of time and meter are used very differently throughout the
world. Dance movements may also show different timing relationships such as
simultaneous or sequential timing, brief to long duration, fast to slow speed or accents
in predictable or unpredictable intervals. Clock time: The dance is based on units of
seconds, minutes, and/or hours. For example, a certain section of a dance may be
assigned a time such as 30 seconds into which all the choreographed movements must
fit. A performance in a public setting may be set up to repeat continuously between
12:00 Noon and 1:00 PM. Sensed time: Dancers pick up on each other's timing such as
gradually increasing from a walking tempo to a running tempo by cueing off each other
rather than a music score. Another example happens when dancers hold a group shape
and then spontaneously move out of it based on the group's organic impulse.
Event-sequence: An internal or external event signals a change such as repeating a
traveling phrase over and over until everyone arrives at a corner of the stage. You also
see this at sports events when a touchdown triggers a dance cheer. ENERGY The
movements here are propelled by energy or force. A force can either initiate or stop an
action. Dance uses different energies and varied use of these minimizes the monotony
of the movements in performance. There are six qualities of dance energies presented.
Sustained - movements are done smoothly, and continuously, and flow and control do
not have a clear beginning and end.
Vibratory - movements consist of trembling or shaking. A faster version or percussive
movements that produce a jittery effect.
Percussive - movements are explosive or sharp in contrast with sustained movement.
They are accented with the thrust of energy. They have a clear beginning and ending.
Suspended - movements are perched in space or hanging in the air, holding a raised leg
in any direction is an example of a suspended movement.
Swinging - movements trace a curved line or an arc in space. The movements are
released and give in to gravity on the downward part of the motion, followed by an
upward application of energy.
Collapsing - movements are released in tennis and gradually or abruptly give in to
gravity. Letting the body descend to the floor. A slow collapse can be described as a
melting or oozing action in a downward direction.
BODY:
What kind of bodily shapes were used? Was it rounded, angular, or a combination of
two? Was it symmetrical or asymmetrical?
ACTION:
How active do your steps go? Do you pause often? Do you want to have a trained dance
step? Or you are more in improvising choreographed?
SPACE:
What were the directions used? Does it shift from side to side? Move from high to low?
Travel from one spot to another? Have a straight or curved path?
TIME:
Was it fast or slow? Does it ever really stop? Were the rhythmic structures even or
uneven? Does it go with or opposite the music?
ENERGY:
What were the qualities of energies used? Was it sustained, vibratory, percussive,
suspended, swinging, or collapsing? Were the movements bound or free?

Lesson 3: Street Dance (Hip Hop)

It refers to dance styles that have evolved outside of dance studios. It is performed in
the streets, at dance parties, in parks, in school yards, or in any available space. It is
often improvisational and social in nature, encouraging interaction and contact with
spectators and other dancers.
Hip-hop is a cultural movement best known for its impact on music in the form of the
musical genre of the same name. It originates in the Bronx, part of New York City during
the 1970s. It was popularized by African Americans and was influenced by Latin
Americans. The culture of Hip-hop is composed of pillars like D-Jing, rapping,
breakdancing, and graffiti art.
Streetdance is a distinctly Pinoy term, which is very closely related to hip-hop, but rather,
defined by cultural nuances and influences that, as Jungee and others of this breed
have seen, have made street dance a variation of hip-hop dance that is identifiably Pinoy
to the rest of the world.
Key Elements:
● Groove
● Character
● Originality
● Intention
● Creativity
● Social interaction
Characteristics:
In opposite to many other dance forms, most street dances encourage individuality and
originality, and dancers interpret the existing moves freely and even invent new ones to
create a personal style of their own. Improvisation is the heart of most street dances,
though the choreography is also seen, mostly mixed with improvisation or used for
prepared shows. Generally, street dance is based on a unique style or feelings that are
expressed through the dance, usually tied to a certain genre of music. As new moves
evolve based on this feel, the dance is under constant development, and if the feeling
starts to change it might give birth to a completely new dance form.
STREET DANCES (HIP HOP):
Dance Styles:
B-Boying - also known as breaking or breakdancing is the first hip-hop dancing that
originates from Black and Puerto Rican youths in New York City during the early 1970s.
The practitioner is the term given to b-boy or b-girl who does breakdancing. B-boying
and breaking is the original term for breakdance.
Four Movements:

Toprock Footwork-oriented steps performed while

standing
 Downrock Footwork performed with both hands and
feet on the floor

Freezes Stylish poses done on your hand's

Power moves Comprise full-body spins and rotations

that give the illusion of defying gravity.

Dance Styles:
Popping - Popping was popularized by Samuel Boogaloo Sam Solomon together with
his crew, the Electric Boogaloos. It is based on the technique of quickly contracting and
relaxing muscles to cause a jerk in a dancer’s body. Popping forces parts of your body
outwards, similar to an explosion within parts of your body. Popping contracts muscles,
but is followed by relaxation that gives it the jerking appearance of popping.
Locking - Locking is also known as campbellocking, from the name of the creator of this
style Don Campbellock Campbell around 1969 in Los Angeles, California. The Lockers
are the crew of Don Campbell who popularized Locking. It was identified by its
distinctive stops. It is usually performed by stopping the fast movement of the
performer, locking the body into a position, holding it, and then continuing at the same
speed before stopping. In doing locking, dancers hold their positions longer. The lock is
the primary move used in locking, similar to freeze or sudden pause. Krumping - is the
form of dancing that originated in the African-American community of South Central
Los Angeles, California, and is a relatively new form of the “Urban Black dance
movement. It is free, expressive, and highly energetic. Most people paint their faces in
different designs. Krumping is a dance style similar to the release of anger. It is reported
that gang riots in the United States decreased because of these krumping styles.
Tutting - is a creative way of making geometric shapes forming right angle using your
body parts. The style was originally practiced by young funk dancers. It is derived from
the positions people were drawn in during the days of the Ancient Egyptians. Tutting is
greatly respected move of King Tut aka Mark Benson who made this style popular.
Shuffling - The Melbourne Shuffle (also known as Rocking “The Shuffle”) is a rave and
club dance that originated in the late 1980s in the underground rave music scene in
Melbourne, Australia. The basic movements of this style are fast heel-and-toe action
with a style suitable for various types of electronic music. Some variants incorporate
arm movements. Performers of this style are known as Rockers due to its rock music
around 1990’s.
Waacking - It is an African American form of street dance originated in 1970’s as disco
era of underground clubs in Los Angeles and New York City. Waacking has a stylized
posing with a fast synchronized arm movement following beat of the music. It is very
popular element of hip-hop nowadays.