Disciplines and Ideas Applied in the Social Science 1st Quarter Reviewer

for Examinations
Lesson 1: Introduction of Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social
Sciences
Differences between the Social Science and Applied Social Science:
Counseling:
1. The Disciplines of Counseling
1.1. Counseling
● Definitions
● Goals
● Scope
● Core Values
● Principles
2. Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling
● Roles, functions, and competencies of counselors
● Areas of specialization where counselors work
● Career opportunities for counselors
● Rights, Responsibilities, Accountabilities, and Code of Ethics
3. Clientele and audiences in Counseling
3.1 Characteristics and needs of various types of clientele and audiences
● Individuals
● Groups and organizations
● Communities
4. Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools in Counseling
4.1 Settings
● Government
● Private Sector
● Civil Society
● Schools
● Community
5. Social work services, processes, and methods
● Mass Media
● New Media and Social Media
● Telecommunications
Importance of Social Sciences:
6. Functions of Applied Social Sciences
● Self-development
 ● Persuasion
● Art and Entertainment
● News and Information
● Organizing advocacy and mobilization
● Education
● Socialization
7. Effects of Applied Social Sciences Processes
● Awareness and knowledge, social media, self-understanding
● Attitude and value change disaster risk reduction and climate change, the bahala
na habit
● Behavioral change power and corruption, conflict management and
peacebuilding process, risk assessment behavior
● Structural Change, personal and family relations, gender, overseas migration of
OFW, domestic violence, single parenting, community life, criminality, and
substance abuse.
Social Science:
● Human Geography
● Economics
● Linguistics
● Political Science
● Anthropology
● Communication
● Sociology
● Psychology
● Criminology
● Law
● Development Studies
● Cultural Studies

Lesson 2: DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

Defining Social ScienceandApplied Social Scien
SOCIAL SCIENCE
> These are disciplines concerned with the systematic study of social phenomena.
> particular area of study that relates to human behavior and society.
> The study of human society and the manner in which people behave and influence
the world around us.
> The uttermost goal of social science is to answer different questions and problems
about society and the human condition on how to improve it.
> It provides vital information for governments, policymakers, local authorities,
nongovernmental organizations, and others.
BASIC/PURE SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES:
1. Anthropology
2. Economics
3. Geography
4. History
5. Linguistics
6. Political Science
7. Psychology
8. Sociology
9. Demographics
ANTHROPOLOGY:
> The study of what makes us human.
> The scientific study of humans and human behavior and societies in the past and
present.
> Economics is a social science concerned with producing, distributing, and consuming
goods and services.
GEOGRAPHY
> The study of places and the relationships between people and their environments.
HISTORY
> The discipline that studies the chronological record of events (as affecting a nation or
people), based on a critical examination of source materials and usually presenting an
explanation of their causes.
LINGUISTICS
> The scientific study of language and its structure.
> It involves analyzing language form, language meaning, and language in context.
PSYCHOLOGY
> The scientific study of the mind and behavior. It is a multifaceted discipline and
includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports, health,
clinical, social behavior, and cognitive processes.
> Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. Sociology’s
subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the state,
from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture,
and from social stability to radical change in whole societies.
DEMOGRAPHICS
> The study of a population based on factors such as age, race, and sex. Governments,
corporations, and nongovernment organizations use demographics to learn more about
a population's characteristics for many purposes, including policy development and
economic market research.
APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE
> The study that uses the knowledge-based theories, principles, and methods of
interdisciplinary disciplines of basic social science to understand society and to help
address or solve a social problem or practical problems in society.
> Is a broad field that draws on different social theories & perspectives and combines
theory and practice drawn from different social disciplines that highlight the complexity
of social issues.
> It transcends individuals in specialized social science and finds its true essence
through active engagement with the larger society in action.
> In this worktext, three of the applied social sciences are emphasized to demonstrate
how theories and concepts can be brought together to one discipline in an applied
sense:
> counseling, social work, and communication.
Relationship between Social Sciences and Applied Social Sciences:
Social Sciences are more specific and focused on a distinct facet of a social
phenomenon.
Applied Social Sciences focus on a distinct issue but use insights airing from various
social science disciplines.
When social science theories, concepts, methods, and findings gain application to
problems identified in the wider society, then applies social science is achieved.
FUNCTIONS AND EFFECTS OF APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES:
• They generate knowledge in a way for evidence-based actions and solutions to social
problems and issues.
• They generate practical solutions to complex social problems.
• Communication provides access to information and serves the rights of an individual
and the public to be informed and to be heard by the communities.
• Counseling provides healing, courage, and strength for an individual to face his issues.
• Social work promotes social change and the empowerment and liberation of people to
enhance their holistic well-being.
COUNSELING:
> Empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health,
wellness, education, and career goals.
> It involves helping people make needed changes in ways of thinking, feeling, and
behaving.
SOCIAL WORK:
> It focuses on social change, problem-solving in human relationships, and the
empowerment and liberation of people to enhance social justice.
COMMUNICATION:
> Focuses on how humans use verbal and nonverbal messages to create meaning in
various contexts across cultures using a variety of channels and media.

Lesson 3: THE DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING

COUNSELING
Sociology defines counseling as “the process of guiding a person during a stage of life
when reassessments or decisions have to be made about himself or herself and his or
her life course.”
It is allied to psychology and deals with normal responses to normal life events, which
may sometimes create stress for some people.
It is generally a non-clinical intervention.
Traditionally in many societies, counseling is provided by family, friends, and wise
elderly.
Counseling is not the same thing as giving advice (making recommendations).
Counseling helps clients to make their own decisions.
• Goals of Counseling:
- Empowering a client
- Emancipation from a felt problem
- Client to attain insight and understanding of oneself
- Client to develop skills and abilities that require self-management
Counselors - are professionally trained and certified to perform counseling. Exist in a
wide range of areas of expertise: marriage, family, youth, student, and other life
transitions dealing with managing issues of loss & death, divorce, retirement, parenting,
and bankruptcy.
COUNSELORS and their Jobs:
● Provide Advice
● Provide guidance in decision-making in emotionally significant situations.
COUNSELORS - It is in a wide range of areas of expertise.
● marriage
● family
● youth
● Students
Other life transitions deal with managing issues of:
● loss of death
● retirement
 ● divorce
● parenting
COUNSELING:
As a discipline, it is allied to Psychology and deals with normal responses to normal life
events, which may sometimes create stress for some people who, in turn, choose to ask
for help and support.
Counseling is generally a non-clinical intervention.
Traditionally in many societies, counseling is provided by family, friends, and wise
elderly.
Counseling is widely considered the heart of the guidance services in school.
Counseling utilizes appraisal & assessment to aid counseling by gathering information
about the client through the use of psychological tests & non-psychometric devices.
PSYCHOMETRICS:
A branch of psychology that deals with the design, administration, and interpretation of
quantitative tests for the measurement of psychological variables such as intelligence,
aptitude, interest, and personality traits.
COUNSELING vs. PSYCHIATRY
Counseling is NOT to be confused with psychiatry, which is a branch of general
medicine that deals with the treatment of the mentally ill by medically trained
professionals using clinical interventions including drugs, surgical procedures, and
non-physical approaches.
GOALS OF COUNSELING
Aimed at empowering a client.
The general goal is to lean individual clients or groups to self-emancipation in relation to
a felt problem. At some stage in the process, the client should:
v attain insight and understanding of oneself,
v achieve better self-awareness, and
v be able to manage oneself positively.
Client empowerment means they have developed skills and abilities that require
self-management & improved motivation towards actions that are good for one’s self &
develop a positive outlook toward the past leading to some closure & attainment of
relative inner and outer harmony resulting in improvement in the relationship with family,
friends, colleagues & others.
SCOPE OF COUNSELING:
The scope of counseling is wide.
It involves the application of some psychological theories and recognized
communication skills.
It is a professional relationship that requires an eventual closure and termination of the
counselee-counselor relationship.
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING :
Counselors must try to keep this principle in mind at all times in order to be effective.
Advice Advice-giving has to avoid breeding a relationship in which the counselee feels
inferior and emotionally dependent on the counselor. Reassurance can bring a sense of
relief that may empower a client to function normally again. Release Emotional Tension,
When persons begin to explain their concerns to a sympathetic listener, their tensions
begin to subside. Clarified Thinking Encourage the client to accept responsibility for
problems & be more realistic in solving them. Reorientation Facilitate appropriate
intervention. Listening Skills understand the concern being presented. Respect Client
must be treated w/ respect, no matter how peculiar, strange, disturbed, or weird.
Empathy & Positive Regards listen & understand the feelings and perspective of the
client. Clarification, confrontation & Interpretation The client may learn something or
understand the issue better. Transference & Countertransference Understanding of
important aspects of their emotional life.
CORE VALUES OF COUNSELING:
● Respect for human dignity
● Partnership
● Autonomy
● Responsible caring
● Personality integrity
● Social justice
Respect for Human Dignity: counselor must provide a client unconditional positive
regard, compassion, a non-judgmental attitude, empathy, and trust.
Partnership: Foster partnership w/ the various disciplines that come together to support
integrated healing that encompasses various aspects.
Autonomy: This entails respect for confidentiality & trust in a relationship of counseling.
Responsible Caring: Respecting the potential of every human being to change and to
continue learning.
Personal Integrity: Reflect personal integrity, honesty, and truthfulness.
Social Justice: Accepting & respecting the diversity of the client or individual.

Lesson 4: The Professionals and Practitioners in the Discipline of

Counseling
Roles of Guidance Counselors :
Counseling A process and a relationship between the clients and
counselor.
Roles:
ü To assist the person in realizing a change in behavior or attitude;
ü To assist them to seek the achievement of goals;
ü To assist them to find help;
ü To teach social skills, effective communication, spiritual guidance, decision-making,
and career choices.

FUNCTIONS OF GUIDANCE COUNSELORS:

The Philippine RA No. 9258 defines a guidance counselor as a natural person who has
been professionally registered and licensed by a legitimate state entity and by virtue of
specialized training to perform the functions of guidance and counseling.

COMPETENCIES OF GUIDANCE COUNSELORS:

ü Have the ability to administer and maintain career guidance and counseling programs.
ü They can administer career advocacy activities like career talks, career and job fairs,
and others.
ü They are capable career advocates and can collaborate with various government
agencies.
ü They can facilitate career advocacy in collaboration with career advocates and peer
facilitators to provide direct guidance on career and employment.
Three-Stage Theory of Counseling (by: Gerard Egan)
Stage I: What’s going on?
This involves helping clients to clarify the key issues calling for change.
Stage II: What solutions make sense to me?
This involves helping clients determine outcomes.
Stage III: What do I have to do to get what I need or want?
This involves helping clients develop strategies for accomplishing goals.
FOUNDATION SKILLS:
1. Attending and listening - refers to active listening, which means listening with
purpose and responding in such a way that clients are aware that they have both been
heard and understood.
2. Reflective skills - These skills are concerned with the other person’s frame of
reference. It is capturing what the client is saying and plays it back to them—but in the
counselor’s own words. - key skills are: restating, paraphrasing, and summarizing.
3. Probing skills - These skills facilitate going deeper, asking more directed or leading
questions.
COMMON SKILLS THAT REQUIRE STUDYING THE CURRICULUM OF
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE:
Communication skills:
Ability to actively listen, demonstrate understanding, ask appropriate questions, and
provide information as needed. It involves listening to what is said and what is not said.
Problem-solving skills:
It includes differentiating between symptoms and the problem, pinpointing probable
causes and triggers for the problem, and then generating a range of possible solutions
to the actual problem.
Motivational skills:
These skills are the ones that influence a helpee to take action after the helping session
or consultation. There is an old saying, “You can lead a horse to water but you can’t
make it drink.
Conflict resolution skills:
These skills facilitate communication and problem-solving between parties and help
them focus on facts rather than personalities or blaming one another.
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION WHERE COUNSELOR WORK:
● Child Development and Counseling
● Adolescent Development and Counseling
● Gerontology (the aged)
● marital relationship Counseling
● Health
● career / lifestyle
● College and university
● Drugs
● business consultation and industry
● other specialties (like phobia, self-management, and grief counseling)
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR COUNSELORS:
● Vocational and career counselors
● Educational and school counselors
● Rehabilitation counselors
● Marriage and family counselors
● Mental health counselors
● Addictions and behavioral counselors
● Genetics counselors
Code of Ethics of Counselor:
ü Counselors must observe confidentiality at all times.
ü They must not expose anything they hear from their clients in the process of caring for
them.
ü They should not do harm to their clients. ü They should be people of high moral
standing.
ü They should have sensible regard for the social context of their work, which includes
the wider community, the law, and professional colleagues.
OVERALL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES Source: Institute of Guidance Counselors’
Code:
Principle 1: Respect for the rights and dignity of the client
Guidance counselors honor and promote the fundamental rights, moral and cultural
values, dignity, and worth of clients. They respect clients’ rights to privacy,
confidentiality, self-determination, and autonomy, consistent with the law.
Principle 2: Competence
They maintain and update their professional skills. They offer only those services for
which they are qualified by education, training, and experience.
Principle 3: Responsibility
They are aware of their professional responsibility to act in a trustworthy, reputable, and
accountable manner toward clients. They avoid doing harm, take responsibility for their
professional actions, and adopt a systematic approach to resolving ethical dilemmas.
Principle 4: Integrity
They represent themselves accurately and treat others with honesty and fairness. They
deal actively with conflicts of interest, avoid exploiting others, and are alert to
inappropriate behavior on the part of colleagues.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES FOR ETHICAL CONDUCT:
• Respecting human rights and dignity
• Respect for the client’s right to be self-governing
• A commitment to promoting the client’s well-being
• Fostering responsible caring
• Fair treatment of all clients and the provision of adequate service
• Equal opportunity for clients availing counseling services
• Ensuring the integrity of the practitioner-client relationship
• Fostering the practitioner’s self-knowledge and care for self
• Enhancing the quality of professional knowledge and its application
• Responsibility to the society
Lesson 5: THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF COUNSELING
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF
COUNSELING:
Who are they? They are normal people. They are NOT in need of clinical or
mental help. Anyone simply seeking to achieve a goal.
They may be the youth in need of guidance at critical moments of their
growth. Anyone in need of assistance in realizing a change in behavior or
attitude.
What the audience normally calls for in counseling is:
• Application or development of social skills;
• Effective communication;
• Spiritual direction;
• Decision-making; and
• Career choices

Other clientele and audiences of counseling may be:

• people in need of premarital and marital counseling;
• grief and loss;
• domestic violence and other types of abuse;
• coping with a terminal illness;
• dying and death
NEEDS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF
COUNSELING
The need vary for each type of clientele and audience of counseling. In the
school context, guidance and counselors aim to meet needs.
Those needs may be:
•job-hunting coaching
• Conflict management providers
• human resource personnel
• Marriage counselors
• drug abuse and rehabilitation counselors
• Bereavement counselors
• Child abuse
As school guidance and counselors, they help students seek more options and find
better and more appropriate ones in dealing with situations of stress.
It can also be simple decision-making in career options.
Sometimes, guidance counselors bridge between family and the school in resolving
conflicts that affect students and their families to the extent of becoming a threat to
student development and learning.
As job-hunting coaches, counselors provide avenues for people to find the necessary
information and get employment that is suitable for them. The services offered may
include technical aspects of how to prepare a Curriculum Vitae (CV); how to speak to
employers; and how to present and conduct oneself before employers.
As conflict management providers, they provide the need for principles and
theory-based approaches to deal with conflict and de-escalate it, if not revolve it
positively. Conflicts are everywhere and they are not that easy to avoid. These
professionals provide ways to manage conflict constructively.
As human resources personnel, they provide the needs common to all workplaces to
deal with various employees’ needs that cover aspects of compensation, social
services, disputes, and discipline. There is a wide range of services they provide for the
workforce which are not directly related to their technical work. They are designed to
keep workers happy and cared for as humans. They are all part of human resources
management. As marriage counselors, they provide the need for conflict-resolution
skills to parties, couples, and children to deal with various stresses and issues that
threaten their unity or peaceful coexistence. Sometimes their work is to reconcile
couples while at other times, they work to help them part ways in the best way possible
through available legal instruments such as separation, annulment, or divorce. As drug
abuse and rehabilitation counselors, these professionals meet the need to help people
overcome their problems to mitigate some of the most negative effects of drug abuse.
Their goal is to facilitate clients. As bereavement counselors, they respond to the need
to give help to go through a loss such as a death in the family, in a way that will help
prevent depression and other unhealthy ways of dealing or coping with loss such as
committing suicide. Through them, clients are empowered to experience recovery. As
abused children caretakers and rehabilitators in government and NGO settings,
counselors meet the need to facilitate the processing and restoration of abused children
through the recognition and implementation of existing laws and recovery procedures in
coordination with relevant units.
The Individual as Client of Counseling:
This is the common type of counseling: the individualized type. Problems like
alcoholism, loss of job, divorce, imprisonment, and rehabilitation can be a cause of
shame and embarrassment. Without acquiring enough strength and ability to go
through such life experiences, people are vulnerable and may come out worse; even
while simply going through natural life transitions like retirement and growing old.
The Group and Organization as Client of Counseling:
Groups exist in communities, organizations, students, teachers, and departments in
workplaces, and such an entity can undergo group counseling to meet counseling needs
on that level. The needs can range from a desire to reduce conflict or manage it,
become more productive as a team, or work better together. Some of the group
processes and procedures resemble those that are applied to individuals. However,
some are unique to the group and organizational contexts.
The Community as Client of Counseling:
When people experience something collectively, which may be socially troubling and
constitute the danger of blocking their collective capacity to move on, counseling is
necessary to be undertaken on a community level.

Lesson 6: THE SETTINGS, PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS IN

COUNSELING
Counselors work in various settings— from government to private sectors, to civil
society and school settings. They are trained to use what is appropriate for the setting
and relative to their specialty.
The late 1950s saw three Schools of Thought in Psychology that became
very dominant. The classical approaches are:
q Psychoanalysis,
qBehaviorism,
qHumanistic perspective
PSYCHOANALYSIS = developed by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) = The primary
assumption of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious
thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories. = The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to
release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e., make the unconscious mind become
conscious. It is only by having a cathartic (i.e., healing) experience can the person be
helped and "cured.“ **Remember, psychoanalysis is a therapy as well as a theory.
Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.
PSYCHOANALYSIS - The primary assumption of psychoanalysis is the
belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and
memories.
In psychoanalysis (therapy) Freud would have a patient lie on a couch to relax, and he
would sit behind them taking notes while they told him about their dreams and
childhood memories. Psychoanalysis would be a lengthy process, involving 2 to 5
sessions per week with the psychoanalyst for several years.
S. Freud's Three Levels of Mind:
• The conscious mind contains all of the thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes of
which we are aware at any given moment. This is the aspect of our mental processing
that we can think and talk about rationally. This also includes our memory, which is not
always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily and brought into awareness.
• The preconscious consists of anything that could potentially be brought into the
conscious mind.
• The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that
are outside of our conscious awareness. The unconscious contains contents that are
unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict.

BEHAVIORISM = founded by B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990) = also known as behavioral

psychology, is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning. Focused on the effects of reinforcement on observable behavior.
= is the theory that human or animal psychology can be objectively studied through
observable actions (behaviors).
Classical Conditioning - involves learning by association.
Operant Conditioning - involves learning by reinforcement.
**Behavioral Therapy tends to be highly focused on teaching clients new behaviors to
minimize or eliminate the issue.
● Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning
● Learning through association
● Rewards and punishments
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE= represented by Carl Rogers (1902-1987), Abraham
Maslow (1908- 1970), and George Kelly (1905-1966) = it attempted to understand the
conscious mind, free will, human dignity, and the capacity for self-reflection and growth.
Rather than concentrating on dysfunction, humanistic psychology strives to help people
fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being. Humanism generally states that
human beings have basically the same needs and values regardless of their specific life
circumstances. Humanistic therapeutic models focus on self-development, growth, and
responsibilities. They seek to help individuals gain self-empowerment by recognizing
their strengths, creativity, and choice.
BASIC COUNSELING APPROACHES COMMONLY USED TODAY:
PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY = is based on Sigmund Freud's explanation that human
beings are basically determined by psychic energy and early experiences. The goal of a
therapist is to help clients become conscious of this energy and thereby become
empowered and harness both positively.
ADLERIAN THERAPY = is an approach similar to Freudian which was developed by
Alfred Adler (1870-1937). = He believed that the first 6 years (birth to early childhood) of
life influence an individual. For Adler, humans are motivated primarily by social urges. =
This approach works well in helping with mental disorders such as anxiety and conduct
disorders.
EXISTENTIAL THERAPY =has no single founder, but Viktor Frankl, Abraham Maslow, and
Rollo May are considered key figures. =focuses on free will, self-determination, and
human capacity to shape his own life. = it is often centering on yourself rather than on
the symptom. = the approach emphasizes developing your maximum potential. = This
approach is well suited to those facing issues of existence, for example, those with a
terminal illness, those contemplating suicide, substance abuse, or even those going
through a transition in their life.
PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY = originated by Carl Rogers (1902-1987) = also known as
client-centered counseling, is a humanistic approach that deals with the ways in which
individuals perceive themselves consciously, rather than how a counselor can interpret
their unconscious thoughts or ideas. =the process includes the counselor's use of active
listening, relfection of feelings, and just “being there” for the counselee.
GESTALT THERAPY = developed and introduced by Frederick S. Perls (1893-1970) = an
existential approach, stressing that people must find their own way in life and accept
personal responsibility for maturity. = a client-centered approach to psychotherapy that
helps clients focus on the present and understand what is really happening in their lives
right now, rather than delving into past experiences. = involves recognizing and letting
go, accompanied by actions like breaking a glass or hitting something hard. = used in
the treatment of anxiety and depression, Gestalt Therapy has been effective in treating
clients with personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder. A borderline
personality disorder is a mental health disorder that impacts the way you think and feels
about yourself and others, causing problems functioning in everyday life. It includes
self-image issues, difficulty managing emotions and behavior, and a pattern of unstable
relationships.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS = developed by Eric Berne (1910-1970), TA is a widely
recognized form of modern psychology. = In simple terms, TA is designed to promote
personal growth and change. It is considered fundamental therapy for well-being and for
helping individuals to reach their full potential in all aspects of life. = this therapy is
based on the theory that each person has three ego-states: parent, adult, and child.
Throughout therapy, the TA therapist will work directly on problem-solving behaviors,
while helping clients to develop day-to-day tools for finding constructive, creative
solutions. = The ultimate goal is to ensure clients regain absolute autonomy over their
lives. = Eric Berne defines this autonomy as the recovery of three vital human capacities:
spontaneity, awareness, and intimacy.
These ego-states are:
Parent - rooted in the past; a set of thoughts, feelings and behaviours learnt from our
parents and other important people. This part of our personality can be supportive or
critical.
Adult - rooted in the present; relates to direct responses in the 'here and now' that are
not influenced by our past. This tends to be the most rational part of our personality.
Child - rooted in the past; a set of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors learned from our
childhood. These can be free and natural or strongly adapted to parental influences.
BEHAVIOR THERAPY: = associated with Arnold Lazarus; Albert Bandura; B.F. Skinner;
M.J. Mahoney; David L. Watson; and A.E. Kazdin = is an umbrella term for types of
therapy that treat mental health disorders. This form of therapy seeks to identify and
help change potentially self-destructive or unhealthy behaviors. It functions on the idea
that all behaviors are learned and those unhealthy behaviors can be changed. The focus
of treatment is often on current problems and how to change them. = Behavioral therapy
has successfully been used to treat a large number of conditions. It’s considered to be
extremely effective. = About 75 percent of people who enter cognitive behavioral
therapy experience some benefits from treatment. = Studies have shown that play
therapy is very effective in children ages 3 to 12. However, this therapy is increasingly
being used by people of all ages.
= One study found that cognitive behavioral therapy is most effective when treating:
anxiety disorders, general stress, bulimia, substance abuse, anger control problems, and
depression.
RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY:
= developed by Albert Ellis (1913-2007) = it is based on the assumption that human
beings are born with a potential for both rational or straight thinking and irrational or
crooked thinking. = a short-term form of psychotherapy that helps you identify
self-defeating thoughts and feelings, challenge the rationality of those feelings and
replace them with healthier, more productive beliefs. = Through a variety of mental
exercises, you will then learn how to reduce your negative thoughts and responses, and
replace them with healthier, more constructive, and self-accepting thoughts. = REBT
makes use of a variety of methods and tools, including positive visualization, reframing
your thinking, and the use of self-help books and audio-visual guides, as well as
assigned homework for reinforcement between sessions.
REALITY THERAPY = Reality therapy was founded and promoted by William Glasser
(1925-2013). = It is a form of counseling that views behaviors as choices. It states that
psychological symptoms occur not because of mental illness, but due to people
irresponsibly choosing behaviors to fulfill their needs. = It is a short-term approach that
focuses on the present and highlights a client's strengths. = it teaches that while we
cannot control how we feel, we can control how we think and behave. = The goal of
reality therapy is to help people take control of improving their own lives by learning to
make better choices. = Studies have proven the effectiveness of reality therapy in
treating addiction and other behavioral problems.
Lesson 7: COUNSELING SETTINGS IN GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTORS,
AND CIVIL SOCIETY
GOVERNMENT SETTING = counseling professionals in government
setting work with the various government agencies that have counseling
services such as social welfare, correctional department, the court
system, child and women affairs services, schools, military, police,
hospitals, mental and foster homes, and rehabilitation centers.
PRIVATE SECTORS SETTING:
In the private sector, counselors range from independent providers of services or work
for NGOs or specialized for-profit centers and organizations that render a variety of
counseling services. The processes, methods, and tools used by counselors in the
private sector setting remain very much the same as in the government setting.
CIVIL SOCIETY SETTING = The context of civil society is generally charities or non-profit
and issue-based centers or organizations such as for abused women, abandoned
children and elderly, veterans, teachers, professionals, or religious groups.
SCHOOL SETTING = The role of the school counselor is more complex since the needs
of the students can vary widely. They assume many different responsibilities and tasks
based on the particular needs of students and the school context.
The community setting has the greatest and widest application of counseling services
considering the diversity of people who constitute the community.
COMMUNITY SETTING = There are people who are in conflict with the law, socially
marginalized, people who suffer the loss of all kinds, live in institutional homes, and
experience different types of life transitions that need counseling support and services.
FRANK PARSONS - known as the “Father of Guidance and Counseling” = developed a
vocational program that matched an individual's traits with a vocation. This insight
oriented school counseling to vocational guidance. = school guidance counselors began
to encourage students with high aptitude in the areas of Math and Science to take more
courses to prepare for college so that they might become future technological
innovators.
COMMON CONCERNS THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH STUDENT LEARNING:
Some common concerns like:
ü suicide
ü violence
ü divorce of parents
ü child abuse
ü unwanted pregnancy
ü drug addiction
ü truancy (intentional absence)
ü increasing dropout rates
ü decreasing economic resources
ü peer pressure
ü poverty
ü decicion-making skills
The Role of Elementary School Counselor (K-6):
The social emotional needs of humans at this stage can be marked distinctively. It
includes the development and implementation or facilitation of classroom guidance
activities, individual and group counseling, parent education, parent and teacher
consultation, referrals to professionals and public agencies, and crisis intervention and
management. The goal is to address and remediate the students' problems early
enough to increase the chance of helping them successfully cope.
The Role of Junior High School Counselor (Grades 7-10):
The primary role of the junior high school counselor is to provide guidance and
counseling in dealing with peer relationships and social interactions. It includes working
with students, teachers, and parents in an attempt to help each other understand each
other. Outside of this focus are the general guidance services such as consulting with
teachers, parents, and staff to meet the developmental needs of each student,
interpreting tests, and providing orientation to transferees and new students.
The Role of Senior High School Counselor (Grades 11-12):
The primary role of senior high school counselors is to provide guidance and counseling
pertaining to educational and career decisions as well as college placement counseling.
In addition, other common services are also made available to meet the needs of
individuals or groups and provide orientation activities for transferees or new students
to the school.
THE COUNSELING SERVICES, PROCESSES, AND METHOD:
Conducting Needs Assessments for Individuals, Groups, Organizations, and
Communities
Since counseling is essentially an intervention, it is important that counselors accurately
understand the needs of their clients.
Needs assessments may range from systematic observation of symptoms to
conducting formal surveys using a questionnaire to determine the felt needs of the
potential clients. The results of the needs assessment will become the basis to decide
on the range of services to make available to the clients as well as a choice of
processes to be followed.
In some cases, individual counseling may be made while in some cases, group
counseling may be considered appropriate. The choice of counselors in terms of areas
of specialization can be determined after a needs assessment is done. Needs
assessment is generally a diagnostic procedure.
Monitoring and Evaluating for Counseling Effectivity
ü When interventions are designed, the implementation stage follows.
ü To ensure that everything planned is performed accordingly, accurate documentation
of all details is necessary to generate data of factual evidence about the
implementation.
Both the planned and the unplanned occurrences in the process are documented. This
is called MONITORING.
The goal is to ensure that everything is being done as designed based on the diagnostic
procedure and resource alignment. Monitoring is done during the implementation
phase.
Evaluation:
At the end of the implementation period or at a certain marked reasonable period,
assessments are needed to determine initial results -- what is happening. This is called
EVALUATION. The evaluation examines the results and finds out if the intended results
are being met or not. It is the basis to continue or phase out a program.
If monitoring documents the process, evaluation concentrates on the results.

Lesson 8: THE DISCIPLINE OF SOCIAL WORK

SOCIAL WORK = is closely associated with government welfare and social programs
aimed at achieving social justice, fairness, and attainment of social equilibrium. The
social work profession promotes social change, problem-solving in human
relationships, and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being.
• Social workers aim to protect vulnerable people from abuse, neglect, or self-harm and
to help enhance their well-being and quality of life.
• They aim to promote positive individual and social change.
• They operate within legal frameworks for protecting and supporting vulnerable people.
• Social workers work closely with other professionals, often known as
inter-professional working.
• Mental health social workers, for example, often work in teams alongside community
mental health nurses, occupational therapists, psychologists, and psychiatrists.
FROM SOCIAL CARE TO SOCIAL WORK:
• Social work has evolved from being a domestic common sense care to professional
service.
• A wide variety of people in the community, from friends to parents, relatives, volunteers
to all people of goodwill participate in providing social care.
• There had been no qualifications or professional license required to do social
• To move from social caregiving to social work professional practice, one has to go
through special training to join social work profession.
• In the Philippines and the United Kingdom, social work is a qualified registered
profession with a protected title.
•, Unlike social care, social work is generally more detached in dealing with its clients.
DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WORK:
“The social work profession promotes social change, problem-solving in human
relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being.
Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work.”
* as defined by The Policy, Ethics, and Human Rights Committee of the British
Association of Social Workers (2012)
“Social work as a profession is concerned about the person’s personal adjustment to
his/her environment which she referred to this as person’s social functioning. ” -
Mendoza, 2002
GOALS AND SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORK:
• empower people individually and collectively
• support a proactive position with regard to social and economic policy development
• uphold the integrity of the profession
• establish linkages between people and societal resources
• develop cooperative networks
• facilitate the responsiveness of the institutional resource system
• promote social justice and equity of all people
• contribute to the development of knowledge for social work profession through
research and evaluation
• encourage exchange of information
• enhance communication through ethnically sensitive, non- sexist social work practice
• employ educational strategies for the prevention of problems
• embrace a world view of human issues
Principles of Social Work:
Principles Relative to Respect for Human Rights:
• Upholding and promoting human dignity and well- being
• respecting the right to self-determination
• promoting the right to participation
• creating each person a a whole
• identifying ang developing strength
Principles Relative to Social Justice:
• challenging discrimination
• recognizing diversity
• distributing resources
• challenging unjust policies and practices
• working in solidarity
Principles Relative to Professional Integrity:
• upholding the values and reputation of the profession
• being trustworthy
• maintaining profesional boundaries
• making considered professional judgments
• being professionally accountable
Core Values of Social Work:
• it serves to provide consistency in the fulfillment of the social welfare delivery and in
the general promotion of well-being and quality of life of all people.
• The core value in the pursuit of social work include compassion, service, social justice,
dignity and worth of the person, the importance of human relationships, integrity, and
competence (Du Bois & Miley 2008; Segal, Gerdes, & Steiner 2005)
Compassion:
– can be considered as an important value for all humankind but in social work, it
occupies a special driving force to the functioning of the profession. – it is the basis for
someone to go out and become a voice for the voiceless and a friend to the people who
need it most.
Service:
– it directs social workers to go beyond purely performing a service for pay and allows
them to be generous with their time.
–Their work borders on charity and professional service.
–Without a special interest in pure service, much of the social worker could not be
properly accomplished.
Social Justice:
– it is the basis of their understanding of the need to ensure everyone get serviced and
that everyone gets a share of what the community possesses in material and
non-material assets.
Dignity and Worth of the Person:
– is a value that provides the determination and drive for social workers to seek the
marginalized in all forms without much regard as to whether the such problem is
self-inflicted or socially imposed.
–At the heart of social work is the belief that all humans have dignity and worth
regardless of their acts and status in life.
Importance of Human Relations:
– as a value, it makes it possible for social workers to do their job as they seek to
address collaborating with so many professionals and individuals with a stake in the
issue. It is about relationships.
– It is in the context of relationships where people find themselves broken and
marginalized.
–A relationship is the context of social marginalization and inclusion.
Integrity:
– it is necessary for all human endeavors. In social work, nothing can be accomplished
without integrity.
–A social worker will have difficulties being accepted by the people to receive services
and by those, he needs to collaborate with to facilitate problem-solving and
empowerment of an individual or a group.
Competence:
– is a very important value for social work because it separates social caregiving from
social work professional practice. Through special training, a social worker becomes
separated from all common sense, culture, and religious-based care.

Lesson 9: THE PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN THE

DISCIPLINE OF SOCIAL WORK
Social work, like any other, applied social sciences, may help individuals cope with
anxiety, stress, or depression but it goes further to help the client gain access to other
community resources and support or empowering services that may be privately
operated.
Roles of Social Work:
For individuals and families, their role is that of an enabler--helping people find
solutions. For formal groups and organizations, their role is that of a facilitator-- in aid of
organizational development.
For the community and society, their role is that of a planner--facilitating research and
planning. Within the social work profession, their role is that of a colleague and a
monitor--in aid of professional enculturation and socialization.
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK:
According to DuBois and Miley (2008), the main activities professionally performed by
social workers are: - counsel with individuals, facilitating groups, working with families,
organizing community action, educating the public, and others; - enhancing the social
functioning of individuals, families, and groups; - improve the operations of the social
service delivery network; - promote social justice through the development of social
policy. DuBois and Miley provided a classification of these by grouping them into
CONSULTANCY, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, and EDUCATION.
CONSULTANCY refers to the professional activities through which social workers and
their clients plan, initiate, and pursue actions toward desired change.
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT refers to the act of coordinating, systematizing, and
integrating resources and services needed to support social functioning, meet needs,
and resolve problems.
EDUCATION refers to the provision of knowledge and critical information necessary for
empowerment practice that facilitates informed decision-making, increased abilities,
and gain access to opportunities and resources for a client.
Competencies of Social Work:
- think critically;
- build and sustain relationships;
- use practical methods;
- communicate effectively;
- good computer literacy;
- conduct research;
- do social planning;
- perform crisis intervention; and
- sound time management
Functional Competencies of Social Workers:
- handle case management with various clients and population groups;
- perform direct practice depending on the needs of the clients;
- conduct mediations among parties, especially where one party is socially
disadvantaged;
- make referrals to appropriate agencies and service sectors needed by the client;
- in gerontological (study of aging and older adults) context, perform program planning
and administration in numerous settings; - in a mental health setting, function as
managers and administrators to use research as the basis for problem-solving;
- in the school system, analyze the transactions between students, teacher, parents, and
the school system;
- in the judicial system, make the system more fair and beneficial to both convicted
criminals and their victims; and
- pursue social change on behalf of vulnerable and oppressed individuals, eliminating
economic inequality and poverty.
Competencies of Social Work:
In addition to these, social workers should have the capacities of emphatic, and
compassionate, observe confidentiality, has a sense of humor, and others that are made
more explicit in the code of ethics for social workers.
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES OF SOCIAL WORK:
Social workers as
- administrators, supervisors, planners, researchers, or teachers
- child welfare administration and elderly care services
- work in clinics and community treatment centers to provide counseling to alcoholics
and drug abusers
- social planning practitioners
- researchers on social service issues

The number of social work professionals in the Philippines are much smaller but they
are present in a variety of settings including hospitals, retirement homes, mental health
clinics, schools, non-profit agencies, and government offices.

Lesson 10: The Clientele and Audiences of Social Work

Areas of Specialization of Social Work:
Professional social work requires full professional training, with a college degree and in
a number of cases, requires a person to have a Master's or Doctor's Degree in Social
Work.
Social Work specialization covers 5 major fields:
1. Family and Child Welfare
2. Health
3. Mental Health
4. Corrections
5. School
1. Family and Child Welfare
This includes services to families in situations that seriously disrupt family life such as
physical or mental illness, unemployment, or divorce, in aid of improving the client's
family life. Child welfare programs such as adoption, daycare, foster child care, care for
children with disabilities and aiding physically or emotionally abused children and their
families.
2. Health
Social workers help patients and their families in clinics, hospitals, and other healthcare
facilities. They help patients and their families deal with the impact of illness and death;
provide counseling in maternal and child care; care for dying patients, and victims of
certain diseases like HIV or cancer.
3. Mental Health
Social workers provide aid to people suffering from mental and emotional stress and
many other services similar to the ones offered by medical social workers. Many have
training in psychotherapy, the treatment of mental or emotional disorders using
psychological methods.
4. Corrections
Social workers in corrections are involved in programs concerned with the prevention of
crime and the rehabilitation of criminals and provide counsel to people who are on
probation or parole.
5. School
Social work in school is part of the program on all levels, from preschool through
college. It includes services to students in special schools for individuals with emotional
disturbances or physical disabilities. They also assist students who have learning
difficulties and help them work to their potential.
THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF SOCIAL WORK:
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF SOCIAL WORK:
• individuals, families, groups, and communities experiencing being left out or having
some personal social problems like loss of a job; getting sick, especially becoming
terminally ill.
• being old and retired; being employed and having concerns in that place of work; being
in a health-care facility; home for the elderly; home for the street children; drug
rehabilitation center; mental health facility.
• being a migrant; a divorced individual; neglected child; physically or mentally abused
child
• suffering discrimination of any kind.
NEEDS OF VARIOUS TYPES:
• wanting to be empowered, to be socially included by way of ensuring that one receives
what is legally due to him and that one receives the necessary care he deserves.
• need their rights respected, some need justice, and others need social welfare help to
put them on their feet.
THE INDIVIDUAL AS A CLIENT OF SOCIAL WORK:
• The individual who has to be assisted to fit in a larger environment or someone who
has been deprived of space by the larger environment that is calling for change or
simply improving one's ability to cope with it.
THE GROUP AS CLIENT OF SOCIAL WORK:
• Groups are people existing with similar or common identity. Gay men and lesbians,
migrants, women, abused or neglected children, elderly, pensioners, veterans, military
service men and women, people in conflict with the law, unemployed, people with
substance abuse and addiction
• groups such as members of an organization or place of employment, or pupils and
students in school setup.
THE COMMUNITY AS A CLIENT OF SOCIAL WORK:
• Community has the largest share in the clientele and audience of social work because
individuals and families are essential members of the community.
• Everything happens in a community and everyone claims membership in the
community.
• In this case, social work may focus on community transformation to cause
environmental change so as to make it possible for individuals and groups in the
minority to achieve social well-being and respect for their rights.

Lesson 11: THE SETTINGS, PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS OF

SOCIAL WORK
GOVERNMENT SETTING:
• The government setting offers the widest space for a variety of social work services.
• The government as an employer needs occupational social workers.
• In the U.S., social workers are considered key employees in federal, state, and local
government agencies. They may work on-site at a government agency, at a
non-government agency, or in a contracting relationship as independent consultants.
• In the Philippines, a number of social work services are undertaken by the Department
of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). Professional social work tends to be
associated with the welfare field.
• DSWD does a lot of work mostly in the areas of women and child welfare. Social
workers provide services to children who are abused and neglected by their parents and
those from lower-income families who cannot afford to adequately care for them.
• Child welfare social workers normally do case management, that is meeting regularly
with the child and his family to assess conditions in the home and report on the care
that the child is receiving.
• When a child is in danger, appropriate measures are taken.
• There are many other areas in which professional social workers play a
vital role such as in the implementation and monitoring of social welfare
and social development projects under the DSWD or those devolved to the
local government (LGUs) such as
– National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR),
– Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps),
– and Kapit Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan-Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social
Services (KALAHI-CIDSS)
• Particularly, professional social workers provide research-based evidence regarding
the effectiveness of certain initiatives and socio-economic measures that are designed
to alleviate, reduce, or eradicate poverty in the country.
PRIVATE SECTOR SETTING:
• In the private sector, particularly in a corporate setting, occupational
social work is practiced. The type of social work typically has five
structures within which it generates interventions:
– employee assistance programs;
– labor union social services;
– human resource management offices;
– community relations offices; and
– organizational development initiatives.
CIVIL SOCIETY SETTING:
• Social workers in civil society tend to work for advocacies of human right and social
justice.
• Their work ensures the delivery to concerned sectors of universal basic needs that
may range from physical needs, intellectual development, emotional development,
social growth, and spiritual growth.
• Civil society is generally organized by the social sector, representing any marginalized
individuals and groups.
• There are those who work with street children and other children who are in danger.
• Some organizations are committed to women or environmental issues.
• Some work for migrants.
• Some work with groups like gays and lesbians, cancer patients, the elderly, and
workers.
• Each of these areas of civil society concerns provides a unique setting that may call
for distinct social work specializations and general.
SCHOOL SETTING:
• The school is a social service and within it lies similar situations that arise elsewhere:
– violation of human rights,
– injustice,
– violence,
– sexual harassment,
– discrimination, and others.
• Social work embedded structures to see to it that where violations occur, social
workers can respond appropriately.
• A school social worker is a liaison between the school and students' families, a
sustainer of effective communication among parents, teachers, and students, and
essentially bridging the children's personal lives and education to ensure that student's
needs are being met.
• Some social workers assume responsibility for other related school
issues like
– formulation and implementation of behavioral intervention programs, – truancy
prevention programs,
– sexual education programs,
– health education programs,
– crisis intervention,
– disaster prevention, and management programs
COMMUNITY SETTING - orients social work to a generalist framework that divides work
into micro-practice and macro-practice.
• Micro-practice social workers target their service at helping individuals, families, and
small groups to function better in a larger environment.
• Macro-practice social workers focus on changing the larger environment in ways that
benefit individuals, families, and groups.
CONDUCTING NEEDS ASSESSMENTS FOR INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS,
ORGANIZATIONS, AND COMMUNITIES:
SOCIAL WORK PROCESSES:
• Needs Assessment
• Intervention / Program Design
• Implementation
• Monitoring
• Evaluation
NEEDS ASSESSMENT:
• Anticipation of needs and allocating necessary resources is part of guaranteeing
effective and efficient delivery of social work services.
• Needs assessment for individuals, groups, organizations, and communities is a step
taken to systematically identify the actual needs.
• This is done through interviews, observation, and surveys that are done in a setting.
• For example, where there is a heavy drug addiction and substance abuse, the social
work practice may decide to focus on rehabilitation, care, and prevention that are
supported by a social policy of any form. This ends in the planning phase. • The phases
that come next would be the implementation and post-implementation phases.
MONITORING AND EVALUATING:
• When social work intervention is planned, implementation is accompanied by detailed
process documentation to be able to explain what is happening on both sides: the
social worker and on the recipients of services. Hence, this is called monitoring.
• After a certain period of implementation, a more comprehensive examination is done
to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of the program and services.
• It is also done to make an informed decision about what to do next about the program.
• It can be phased out or the need to expand it may be necessary.
• This is the meaning and intent of the evaluation of social work services.