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INTRODUCTION
Introduction To Applied Social Psychology
Applied social psychology is a specialized branch of psychology that bridges theoretical insights
from social psychology with practical applications, aiming to address real-world challenges. This
field stands in contrast to theoretical social psychology, which primarily seeks to comprehend
social phenomena. Instead, applied social psychology focuses on leveraging this understanding to
instigate positive changes across diverse social settings.An integral aspect of applied social
psychology is the integration of theoretical frameworks with practical applications. Researchers
and practitioners collaborate to apply established social psychological principles in the
development of interventions and solutions. This approach is marked by a commitment to
connecting theory to real-world problems.Central to the discipline is a problem-solving
orientation. The primary emphasis lies in devising solutions to a myriad of issues, ranging from
combating prejudice and discrimination to enhancing communication within organizations or
fostering healthy behaviors in communities. This problem-solving ethos underscores the practical
nature of applied social psychology.Unlike being confined to a specific domain, applied social
psychology encompasses a broad spectrum of social settings. It extends its reach beyond
organizational contexts to include communities, educational institutions, healthcare systems, legal
frameworks, and more. This inclusivity allows for a comprehensive approach to addressing
multifaceted social issues.The interdisciplinary nature of applied social psychology is a key
feature. Collaborations with professionals from diverse fields such as sociology, public health,
education, and organizational management are common. This interdisciplinary approach facilitates
a holistic understanding and response to complex social challenges, recognizing the
interconnectedness of various disciplines.At the core of applied social psychology is the pursuit of
practical interventions. The goal is to design and implement programs, policies, or strategies
grounded in social psychological principles. These interventions are crafted to enhance social
interactions, mitigate conflicts, and foster positive behavioral changes within the targeted social
settings.Empirical research forms a foundational element of applied social psychology.
Researchers conduct systematic investigations to understand the specific dynamics of a given
issue within a particular context. The insights gained through empirical research inform the
development and implementation of interventions, ensuring they are tailored and effective in
addressing the unique challenges presented by different social settings.

Key Concepts
Social Influence:
Social influence explores the ways individuals are affected by others in a social context. This
phenomenon is applied in various practical domains such as marketing, advertising, and
persuasion strategies. Understanding how people are influenced allows professionals to shape
opinions, attitudes, and behaviors, contributing to the effectiveness of campaigns and
communication efforts.

Attitudes and Behavior:

This concept investigates the complex relationship between attitudes (individual beliefs and
feelings) and behavior. Applied social psychologists use this understanding to design interventions
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aimed at changing attitudes and behaviors. For instance, in public health, interventions may seek
to promote healthy behaviors or reduce prejudice by addressing underlying attitudes.

Group Dynamics:
Group dynamics delves into how individuals behave within groups and how group processes
impact individual behavior. This knowledge is applied to enhance teamwork, leadership, and
conflict resolution in organizational settings. Strategies developed through an understanding of
group dynamics can lead to more effective collaboration and improved group outcomes.
Social Identity and Intergroup Relations:
This concept focuses on how people categorize themselves and others into social groups. Applied
social psychology utilizes this understanding to address issues related to prejudice, discrimination,
and conflict between different social groups. Interventions may aim to promote positive
intergroup relations and reduce biases.
Social Cognition:
Social cognition examines how individuals perceive, interpret, and remember information about
themselves and others. In applied settings, this knowledge is crucial for understanding decision-
making processes in various contexts, including legal settings. Professionals can design
interventions that account for cognitive processes, influencing decision-making outcomes.
Communication:
The study of communication within social psychology investigates how communication
influences social behavior. Applied in fields like public relations, this knowledge is used to design
effective communication campaigns, public service announcements, and media messages.
Understanding the impact of communication allows for the development of strategies that
effectively convey messages and influence behavior.

The nature of applied social psychology

The nature of applied social psychology is multifaceted and involves a range of principles,
approaches, and characteristics that distinguish it from theoretical social psychology.
Practical Problem Solving:
Applied social psychology's practical orientation involves actively engaging with real-world
issues. Researchers and practitioners collaborate to identify specific challenges, develop targeted
interventions, and implement strategies that directly address the needs of individuals and
communities. The emphasis is not only on diagnosing social problems but also on crafting
effective, actionable solutions.
Theory-Driven Interventions:
The theoretical underpinnings of applied social psychology provide a roadmap for developing
interventions. Drawing from established social psychological theories, practitioners can create
interventions that are not only effective but also grounded in a deep understanding of the
underlying social processes. This approach ensures that interventions are evidence-based and
theoretically informed.
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Contextual Understanding:
A nuanced understanding of the specific contexts in which interventions take place is essential.
Applied social psychologists recognize the diversity of social settings and tailor interventions to
the unique dynamics of each context. Factors such as cultural nuances, historical background, and
local community dynamics are carefully considered to enhance the relevance and effectiveness of
interventions.
Empirical Rigor:
Rigorous empirical research is the backbone of applied social psychology. Researchers employ a
variety of research methods, including surveys, experiments, and observational studies, to
systematically collect and analyze data. This commitment to empirical rigor ensures that
interventions are based on sound evidence and can withstand scrutiny in diverse social contexts.
Holistic Approach:
The holistic approach of applied social psychology acknowledges the intricate interplay of
individual, group, organizational, and societal factors. Interventions are designed to address
multiple levels of analysis simultaneously, recognizing that social issues are often complex and
multifaceted. This comprehensive perspective enhances the potential for lasting and meaningful
change.
Action-Oriented Research:
Research in applied social psychology is not solely academic; it is oriented toward action and
impact. The goal is not just to generate knowledge for its own sake but to translate that knowledge
into tangible actions and strategies. This action-oriented stance ensures that research contributes
directly to positive societal change.
Interdisciplinary Collaboration:
Collaboration with experts from diverse disciplines enriches the scope and depth of applied social
psychology. Working with professionals in sociology, public health, education, and management
brings varied perspectives and methodologies to the table. This interdisciplinary synergy enhances
the development and implementation of interventions.
Ethical Considerations and Social Justice:
Ethics and social justice are integral considerations in applied social psychology. Researchers and
practitioners navigate complex ethical dilemmas, ensuring that interventions prioritize the well-
being of individuals and communities. The commitment to social justice involves actively
working towards reducing inequalities and promoting fairness in all interventions.

Flexibility and Adaptability:

Applied social psychology thrives on adaptability. The field evolves alongside changing social
realities, allowing practitioners to develop innovative interventions that address emerging
challenges. This adaptability ensures that interventions remain relevant and effective in dynamic
social environments.
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Community Involvement:
Engaging with the communities under study or intervention is a cornerstone of applied social
psychology. Researchers actively seek input from community members, acknowledging their
expertise and incorporating their perspectives into the development of interventions. This
community involvement fosters a collaborative approach that enhances the cultural sensitivity and
relevance of interventions.

Communication and Dissemination:

Effective communication is vital for the success of applied social psychology interventions.
Researchers communicate their findings not only to academic audiences but also to practitioners,
policymakers, and the general public. Clear and accessible dissemination ensures that research is
understood, embraced, and applied by a broader audience, maximizing its impact.

Long-Term Impact Assessment:

Assessing the long-term impact of interventions is a critical aspect of applied social psychology.
Researchers and practitioners are committed to understanding how interventions influence
individuals and communities over extended periods. Long-term impact assessments provide
valuable insights into the sustainability and enduring effects of interventions, informing future
practices and policies.
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Social and cultural representation of intimate partner violence

An exploratory study
Gunveen Kaur
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Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive social issue that affects individuals across various
age groups and communities. This exploratory study aimed to examine the social and cultural
representation of IPV through in-depth interviews with 12 participants in the Intimacy vs.
Isolation stage of young adulthood (18-40 years). Semi-structured interviews were conducted as
the primary method of data collection and Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the
interview data. The recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the transcripts were
carefully reviewed and coded. The coding process involved identifying recurring patterns, themes,
and concepts related to the social and cultural representation of IPV. The study identified several
prominent themes related to IPV, including types of violence, misconceptions and stereotypes,
warning signs, impact on mental health and well-being, prevalence, prevention strategies, barriers
to reporting incidents, bystander intervention, and characteristics of healthy and respectful
relationships.The findings revealed that IPV encompasses different forms of abuse, including
physical, emotional, sexual, and financial. Contrary to common misconceptions, participants
emphasized that IPV is not limited to certain communities or individuals. Warning signs of IPV
were identified, such as frequent arguments, extreme jealousy or possessiveness, controlling
behavior, isolation from friends and family, sudden changes in behavior or appearance, and
unexplained injuries. These signs serve as important indicators for early intervention and
support.The impact of IPV on mental health and well-being was found to be significant.
Participants reported experiencing anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) as consequences of IPV. This underscores the urgent need for comprehensive
mental health support services tailored to the unique needs of survivors.The study confirmed the
prevalence of IPV among young adults and women but also highlighted that IPV can affect
individuals across all age groups and communities. This indicates the importance of addressing
IPV as a societal issue rather than confining it to specific demographics.Prevention strategies
identified by participants focused on education about healthy relationships, promoting gender
equality, raising awareness about the consequences of IPV, and providing support services for
both victims and perpetrators. Participants emphasized the benefits of including education on
healthy relationships in school curricula, as it equips young people with the knowledge and skills
to recognize and prevent abusive behaviors, fostering a culture of respect and equality.Barriers to
reporting incidents of IPV were identified, including cultural stigma, fear of retaliation, financial
dependence, and lack of awareness about available support services. These barriers highlight the
need for community initiatives that address cultural norms, provide safe reporting mechanisms,
and increase awareness about available resources.Bystander intervention was identified as a
critical aspect of IPV prevention. Participants acknowledged the role of bystanders in calling
authorities and offering support to victims, emphasizing the importance of creating a supportive
and protective environment that encourages bystanders to take action.Lastly, participants outlined
the characteristics of healthy and respectful relationships, which include trust, effective
communication, equality, and mutual support. These characteristics provide a benchmark for
individuals and couples to strive for in their own relationships.Overall, this study contributes to a
deeper understanding of the social and cultural representation of IPV. The identified themes
provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners working in the field of
IPV prevention and support. By addressing the identified issues, society can work towards
eradicating IPV and creating a safer and more equitable environment for all individuals.

Introduction
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Intimate Partner Violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV), also known as domestic violence or domestic abuse, refers to any
form of violence or abuse that occurs within an intimate relationship. It involves a pattern of
behaviors used by one partner to exert power and control over the other partner, causing physical,
sexual, psychological, or emotional harm. IPV can occur in heterosexual or same-sex relationships
and can affect individuals regardless of their age, gender, race, or socioeconomic status.
IPV encompasses a range of abusive behaviors, which can include:
1. Physical Abuse: This involves the use of physical force or violence, such as hitting,
slapping, punching, choking, or using weapons to inflict harm on the partner.

2. Sexual Abuse: It refers to any non-consensual sexual activity or coercion, including rape,
unwanted sexual acts, forced participation in sexual acts, or undermining the partner's
sexual autonomy.

3. Psychological or Emotional Abuse: This includes behaviors that aim to undermine the
partner's self-esteem, manipulate their emotions, and control their thoughts and actions.
Examples include constant criticism, humiliation, intimidation, threats, isolation, and
gaslighting.

4. Financial Abuse: It involves controlling or limiting the partner's access to financial

resources, withholding money, or forcing them to be financially dependent. This form of
abuse can restrict the partner's freedom and autonomy.
Causes
The causes of intimate partner violence are multifaceted and can vary across individuals and
contexts. It is important to note that no single factor can fully explain why intimate partner
violence occurs, as it is a complex interaction of various influences. Here are some common
causes that have been identified through research and understanding:
1. Power and Control: One of the primary causes of intimate partner violence is the desire for
power and control over the partner. Abusers may feel the need to dominate and assert
authority in the relationship, using violence as a means to establish and maintain control.

2. Learned Behavior: Some individuals may have grown up in environments where they
witnessed or experienced violence, leading to the normalization of aggressive behavior
and the perpetuation of violence in their own relationships. They may emulate the
behaviors they have observed and replicate patterns of abuse.

3. Sociocultural Factors: Societal and cultural norms and values can contribute to the
occurrence of intimate partner violence. Traditional gender roles, rigid expectations of
masculinity and femininity, and beliefs that condone or minimize violence can all play a
role in shaping attitudes and behaviors within relationships.

4. Substance Abuse: Substance abuse, such as alcohol or drug addiction, can contribute to the
occurrence of intimate partner violence. While substance abuse does not directly cause
violence, it can impair judgment, increase aggression, and lower inhibitions, making
individuals more prone to engaging in violent behaviors.
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5. Unhealthy Communication and Conflict Resolution Skills: Poor communication and

conflict resolution skills can escalate tensions and disagreements between partners,
increasing the risk of violence. Inadequate skills in expressing emotions, managing anger,
and negotiating differences can lead to an escalation of conflicts into abusive behaviors.

6. Socioeconomic Factors: Socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, unemployment, and

financial stress, can create an environment of tension and frustration within relationships.
Economic hardships may contribute to feelings of powerlessness and strain, which can
increase the likelihood of intimate partner violence.

7. Mental Health Issues: Certain mental health conditions, such as personality disorders,
impulse control disorders, and untreated or poorly managed mental illnesses, can
contribute to violent behaviors within intimate relationships. However, it is important to
note that the majority of individuals with mental health issues do not engage in violent
behavior.

8. Relationship Dynamics: Dysfunctional relationship dynamics, characterized by poor

communication, lack of respect, jealousy, possessiveness, and an imbalance of power, can
create an environment conducive to intimate partner violence. These dynamics may
contribute to a cycle of abuse, where periods of tension and conflict escalate to violence,
followed by apologies and promises of change, only to repeat the cycle again.

IPV has devastating consequences for the individuals involved and can have long-lasting effects
on their physical and mental health. It can lead to physical injuries, chronic pain, reproductive
health issues, and increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections. The psychological
impact can include depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), low self-esteem,
and suicidal thoughts.There are several risk factors associated with IPV, including a history of
violence in the family, substance abuse, cultural or societal norms that condone violence, gender
inequality, and economic stress. However, it is important to note that these factors do not excuse
or justify the perpetration of violence.Addressing and preventing intimate partner violence
requires a multi-faceted approach that involves individuals, communities, and institutions. This
includes raising awareness about the issue, providing support and resources for survivors,
promoting healthy relationship norms, implementing effective legal measures and policies, and
offering education and intervention programs for both victims and perpetrators.
Nature Of Intimate Partner Violence
The nature of intimate partner violence (IPV) is characterized by various elements that shed light
on its dynamics and impacts.
1. Pattern of Abuse: IPV involves a repetitive pattern of abusive behaviors within an
intimate relationship. It can encompass physical, sexual, emotional, and economic
abuse. These behaviors are intended to establish power and control over the victim.

2. Prevalence: IPV is a widespread issue that cuts across cultural, socioeconomic, and
geographical boundaries. It affects individuals of all genders, sexual orientations, ages,
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and backgrounds. Statistics show that IPV occurs in both heterosexual and same-sex
relationships.

3. Hierarchy of Power: IPV is rooted in the unequal power dynamics within relationships.
The abuser seeks to assert dominance and control over the victim, using various tactics
such as intimidation, threats, coercion, and manipulation. This power imbalance
contributes to the perpetuation of violence.

4. Impact on Victims: IPV has severe physical, psychological, and social consequences
for the victim. Physical injuries, chronic pain, and even death can result from the
violence. Victims often experience fear, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and
feelings of helplessness. They may also face social isolation, difficulty maintaining
employment, and strained relationships with family and friends.

5. Cycle of Violence: As mentioned earlier, IPV often follows a cycle that includes
tension-building, acute violence, and reconciliation phases. This cyclical pattern can
make it challenging for victims to leave the abusive relationship, as they may hold onto
hope during the reconciliation phase and fear the escalation of violence during the
tension-building phase.

6. Intersections with Other Forms of Violence: IPV intersects with other forms of
violence, such as child abuse, elder abuse, and sexual assault. It is important to
recognize these connections and address them within a broader framework of violence
prevention and intervention.
7. Societal Factors: IPV is influenced by broader social and cultural factors. Norms that
perpetuate gender inequality, traditional gender roles, and acceptance of violence can
contribute to the prevalence of IPV. Addressing societal attitudes and promoting gender
equality are essential in preventing and combating IPV.
8. Complex Causes: The causes of IPV are multifaceted and can stem from individual,
relational, community, and societal factors. These may include a history of witnessing
or experiencing violence, substance abuse, mental health issues, socioeconomic
stressors, lack of social support, and cultural or religious beliefs that condone or
tolerate violence.
Consequences Of Intimate Partner Violence-Intimate partner violence (IPV) has far-reaching
consequences that impact various aspects of individuals' lives. These consequences can be
categorized into social, psychological, and physical dimensions:

1. Social Consequences:

 Isolation and Alienation: Victims of IPV often experience social isolation as their abusers
may exert control by limiting their contact with family and friends. This isolation can
leave them feeling alienated and disconnected from their support networks.

 Stigma and Shame: Society may stigmatize victims of IPV, blaming them for the abuse or
questioning their choices. This can lead to feelings of shame and self-blame, making it
difficult for victims to seek help or disclose their experiences.
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 Disrupted Relationships: IPV can strain relationships with family, friends, and co-workers.
Victims may withdraw from social activities or lose contact with loved ones due to fear,
shame, or the controlling behaviors of their abusers

 Economic Consequences: The economic impact of IPV can be significant. Victims may
face barriers to employment due to physical injuries, time away from work for medical or
legal matters, or control exerted by the abuser over finances. Financial dependence on the
abuser can make it harder for victims to leave the abusive relationship.

2. Psychological Consequences:

 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Many victims of IPV develop symptoms of

PTSD, including intrusive memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, and emotional distress.
They may experience anxiety, depression, and have difficulty trusting others.

 Low Self-Esteem: The constant belittlement, humiliation, and demeaning behavior by the
abuser can erode the victim's self-esteem and self-worth. They may doubt their abilities
and feel powerless or undeserving of love and respect.

 Emotional Distress: IPV can lead to a range of negative emotions such as fear, anger, guilt,
shame, and sadness. Victims may struggle with regulating their emotions and may
experience emotional numbness or dissociation as a coping mechanism.

 Psychological Trauma: The repeated exposure to violence and trauma in the context of an
intimate relationship can have long-lasting psychological effects. Victims may develop a
distorted view of themselves, others, and relationships, impacting their future interpersonal
interactions.

3. Physical Consequences:

 Physical Injuries: The physical violence associated with IPV can result in various injuries,
ranging from bruises, cuts, and fractures to more severe injuries that require medical
attention. In extreme cases, IPV can lead to long-term disabilities or even death.

 Sexual Health Issues: Sexual violence within IPV can lead to sexually transmitted
infections, unwanted pregnancies, and reproductive health complications. Victims may
also experience sexual dysfunction or loss of sexual autonomy and agency.

 Chronic Health Problems: The stress and trauma of IPV can contribute to the development
or exacerbation of chronic health conditions such as cardiovascular problems,
gastrointestinal issues, chronic pain, and autoimmune disorders.
Intimate Partner Violence In India
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in India is a significant social issue that affects individuals across
various socio-economic backgrounds, cultural settings, and geographical regions. IPV is fairly
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common in India; in fact, the 2019-2021 National Family Health Survey concludes that 31.5% of
Indian women have experienced physical or sexual violence at least once since the age of 15..
However, it is important to note that the actual numbers may be higher as IPV is often
underreported due to fear, social stigma, and cultural norms.
Several factors contribute to the perpetuation of IPV in India:
 Patriarchal Culture: India has a deeply entrenched patriarchal culture where traditional
gender norms and unequal power dynamics prevail. These norms often reinforce male
dominance and control over women, leading to a higher likelihood of violence within
intimate relationships.

 Social Norms and Expectations: Societal norms that prioritize the preservation of family
honor and discourage open discussion about marital problems contribute to the acceptance
and normalization of IPV. These norms may pressure victims to endure violence silently,
fearing judgment and societal repercussions.

 Economic Dependence: Economic dependence of women on their partners can make it

difficult for them to leave abusive relationships. Financial constraints, lack of employment
opportunities, and limited access to resources make it challenging for victims to escape
violent situations.

 Low Levels of Education: Limited education, especially among women, is associated with
a higher risk of experiencing IPV. Education empowers individuals, enhances awareness
about their rights, and promotes gender equality, which can act as protective factors
against violence.

 Legal and Justice System Challenges: Challenges within the legal and justice system, such
as lengthy court proceedings, inadequate support services, and societal pressure to
maintain the institution of marriage, can deter victims from seeking legal remedies or
protection.
In the past, Indian laws have mainly focussed on domestic violence between married partners as a
form of IPV. In 1983, the Parliament introduced Section 498-A in the Indian Penal Code, which
punishes men who inflict violence on their wives. Over the years, Indian courts have expanded the
scope of domestic violence to include all forms of physical, emotional and psychological abuse. It
is notable, however, that Indian law still does not recognise marital rape or forceful sexual acts on
a wife as a crime.
Gender Differences
Gender differences in Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) refer to variations in the prevalence,
patterns, and consequences of violence between men and women in intimate relationships. While
IPV can occur in any relationship regardless of gender a growing number of population-based
surveys have measured the prevalence of IPV, most notably the WHO multi-country study on
women’s health and domestic violence against women, which collected data on IPV from more
than 24 000 women in 10 countries, representing diverse cultural, geographical and urban/rural
settings (3). The study confirmed that IPV is widespread in all countries among women who had
ever been in an intimate partnership:13–61% reported ever having experienced physical violence
by a partner;4–49% reported having experienced severe physical violence by a partner;6–59%
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reported sexual violence by a partner at some point in their lives; and 20–75% reported
experiencing one emotionally abusive act, or more, from a partner in their life time. Hence
research has consistently shown that women are more likely to experience IPV and suffer severe
physical, psychological, and social consequences compared to men.
1. Prevalence:

 Studies consistently indicate that women are at a higher risk of experiencing IPV than
men. National surveys and research studies from various countries have consistently
shown higher rates of IPV victimization among women. This gender disparity in
prevalence is rooted in power imbalances, gender inequality, and societal norms that
perpetuate male dominance and control in relationships.

2. Patterns and Dynamics:

 Gender differences in the patterns and dynamics of IPV can be observed. Men are more
likely to engage in physical violence, including acts such as hitting, slapping, or choking,
to exert power and control over their partners. Women, on the other hand, may experience
a combination of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, including tactics such as coercion,
intimidation, and verbal aggression.

3. Consequences:

 The consequences of IPV can be severe for both men and women, but women are more
likely to experience life-threatening injuries and long-term health problems. Women who
experience IPV are at a higher risk of physical injuries, chronic pain, reproductive health
issues, and mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress
disorder. Men who experience IPV may also suffer physical and psychological harm, but
they are less likely to seek help or disclose their victimization due to societal expectations,
shame, and fear of being stigmatized.

4. Barriers to Reporting:
 Gender-specific barriers can influence the reporting patterns of IPV. Women may face
barriers such as fear of retaliation, financial dependence on their partners, social isolation,
and cultural norms that discourage disclosure of abuse. Men, on the other hand, may face
skepticism, disbelief, and societal norms that downplay or invalidate their experiences of
victimization, making it challenging for them to come forward and seek help.
Review Of Literature
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive and complex social issue that affects individuals
across various cultures and societies. This literature review aims to provide an in-depth
understanding of IPV by examining key studies on typologies, prevalence, consequences, risk
factors, and associated factors.Johnson's (2008) influential study proposed a typology of domestic
violence, categorizing IPV into three types: intimate terrorism, violent resistance, and situational
couple violence. Intimate terrorism refers to a pattern of severe control and coercion,
characterized by one partner exerting power and dominance over the other. Violent resistance
involves self-defense by the victim in response to ongoing abuse. Situational couple violence
arises from specific conflicts and does not involve a pattern of control. This typology has been
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widely cited and used as a framework in subsequent research to understand the different dynamics
and patterns of IPV.T
he World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a multi-country study on women's health and
domestic violence against women (García-Moreno et al., 2006). This study examined the
prevalence and consequences of IPV across multiple countries. It revealed that IPV is a global
issue, with alarmingly high rates of violence against women. The study emphasized the
detrimental impact of IPV on physical and mental health outcomes, highlighting the urgent need
for prevention and intervention efforts.Examining IPV during adolescence, Capaldi et al. (2012)
explored the bidirectional nature of violence between partners. Their research emphasized the
reciprocal dynamics of IPV and its association with psychopathology during this critical
developmental stage. The findings highlighted the importance of considering the unique
challenges faced by adolescents in understanding and addressing IPV.A meta-analysis by Stith et
al. (2004) reviewed numerous studies to identify risk factors associated with IPV perpetration and
victimization. The analysis revealed that factors such as substance abuse, low income, childhood
exposure to violence, and relationship dissatisfaction were significantly associated with an
increased risk of involvement in IPV. Understanding these risk factors is crucial for developing
targeted prevention strategies and support services.
Jewkes et al. (2010) investigated the prevalence and associated factors of non-partner rape
perpetration in multiple countries. Their study emphasized the need to address gender norms,
masculinity, and social inequalities as key factors in preventing sexual violence. The findings
underscored the importance of comprehensive approaches that challenge harmful gender norms
and promote gender equality to address the root causes of IPV. Coker et al. (2002) conducted a
study on the co-occurrence of intimate partner violence and child maltreatment, highlighting the
intergenerational impact of violence within families. Dutton et al. (2006) focused on the
psychological consequences of IPV, exploring the long-term effects on mental health and well-
being.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health concern in India, with profound
implications for the well-being of individuals and communities. Kishor and Johnson (2004)
conducted a multi-country study that analyzed data from the National Family Health Survey
(NFHS) in India. This study explored the prevalence, patterns, and determinants of domestic
violence. It shed light on the magnitude of IPV in India and identified socio-demographic factors
associated with violence. This study revealed the alarming prevalence of IPV and the need for
targeted interventions to address the issue effectively.Babu and Kar (2010) conducted a
population-based study in Eastern India to estimate the prevalence of IPV and explore associated
factors. Their findings highlighted the high prevalence of domestic violence against women in this
region. Factors such as education, occupation, and alcohol consumption were identified as
predictors of violence. This study underscored the importance of addressing these underlying
factors to prevent IPV and promote gender equality.Jeyaseelan et al. (2004) focused on a slum
community in Mumbai and examined the prevalence and correlates of domestic violence. The
study revealed a high prevalence of IPV in this marginalized community and emphasized the
urgent need for community-based interventions to address the issue effectively. This study
highlighted the importance of considering the unique challenges faced by marginalized
populations in tackling IPV.A systematic review conducted by Kalokhe et al. (2016) analyzed
quantitative studies on domestic violence against women in India over a decade. This
comprehensive review provided an overview of the prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of
IPV. It emphasized the need for targeted interventions and policies to combat IPV, considering the
diverse socio-cultural contexts within India.Dhawan et al. (2018) conducted a study in
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Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India, to estimate the prevalence and predictors of domestic
violence among married women. The study identified factors such as younger age, lower
education, and alcohol use by the husband as significant predictors of IPV. This study emphasized
the importance of addressing these risk factors and promoting gender-equitable norms to prevent
IPV.
The literature review on intimate partner violence (IPV) based on international and Indian studies
highlights the global significance and the specific nuances of this pervasive issue. The studies
conducted internationally have contributed to our understanding of IPV by examining its
typologies, co-occurrence with child maltreatment, and psychological consequences. These
studies emphasize the need for comprehensive interventions that address the intergenerational
impact of violence and prioritize the mental health and well-being of survivors.The Indian studies
have shed light on the prevalence, patterns, determinants, and associated factors of IPV within the
Indian context. They have provided valuable insights into the magnitude of domestic violence
against women in different regions of India and identified socio-demographic factors, such as
education, occupation, and alcohol consumption, as predictors of violence. These studies highlight
the urgent need for targeted interventions and policies that consider the unique challenges faced
by marginalized populations and promote gender equality.
Methodology:
Objective-to explore the social and cultural representation of intimate partner violence (IPV)
through an exploratory study using interviews. The study employed a qualitative research design
to gather in-depth insights into participants' perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes towards IPV.
Sample Selection:The participants for this study were selected from the young adulthood stage,
specifically the Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation stage (ages 18-40 years). The Intimacy vs.
Isolation stage, occurring in young adulthood (18-40 years), focuses on the formation of intimate
relationships. This stage is particularly relevant to the study of intimate partner violence as it
represents a time when individuals are more likely to engage in romantic relationships and face
the complexities of relationship dynamics. intimate partner relationships and issues related to
violence are prevalent during this developmental stage. Young adulthood is a critical period for
the formation of beliefs, attitudes, and social norms that guide individuals' behavior. By studying
social and cultural representations of intimate partner violence in this age group, researchers can
gain a deeper understanding of how societal and cultural factors influence perceptions, beliefs,
and attitudes related to intimate partner violence.Participants were recruited using a purposive
sampling technique, ensuring a diverse range of backgrounds, cultures, and experiences.
Data Collection:Semi-structured interviews were conducted as the primary method of data
collection. The interviews were conducted in a comfortable and confidential setting to encourage
participants to share their perspectives openly..The interview questions were designed to elicit
participants' perspectives on various aspects related to IPV, such as their understanding of the
phenomenon, cultural norms and values, gender roles, societal expectations, and experiences
within their social networks. The questions were open-ended to encourage participants to provide
detailed and nuanced responses.
Data Analysis:Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the interview data. The recorded
interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the transcripts were carefully reviewed and coded. The
coding process involved identifying recurring patterns, themes, and concepts related to the social
and cultural representation of IPV. Connections between different codes were explored to develop
broader themes and subthemes that captured the essence of participants' perspectives.
 15

Ethical Considerations:Ethical guidelines were followed throughout the research process.

Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and they were assured of the confidentiality
and anonymity of their responses. The study also adhered to ethical principles of respect,
beneficence, and justice to protect the rights and well-being of the participants.

Procedure
1. The participants were selected from the young adulthood stage, specifically the Erikson's
Intimacy vs. Isolation stage (ages 18-40 years).

2. Informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to their participation in the
study, ensuring that they were fully informed about the nature of the research,

their rights, and the voluntary nature of their participation.Participants were assured of
their right to withdraw from the study at any point without consequences.

3. Semi-structured interviews were conducted as the primary method of data collection.The

interviews were held in a private and comfortable setting, allowing participants to express
their views and experiences openly.

4. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the qualitative data obtained from the
interviews.

5. The data were coded and categorized into themes and subthemes related to social and
cultural representations of intimate partner violence.Patterns, commonalities, and
divergences within participants' responses were identified to gain a deeper understanding
of the topic.

6. Steps were taken to ensure the privacy and security of the collected data.

RESULTS
Based on the participant's responses during the interview, the recurring themes and corresponding
codes are as follows:
Intial coding- Physical Abuse, Physical,Troubling issue affecting many,Emotional Abuse,
Sexual Abuse, Financial Abuse ,power,control
Verbatims:
"When I think of intimate partner violence, I imagine instances of physical and emotional abuse
between romantic partners. It's a deeply concerning issue that affects many people."
”Intimate partner violence could be perceived as a pattern of behaviors used by one partner to
gain power and control over the other."
Theme 1
Types of Intimate Partner Violence
 Physical Abuse
 Emotional Abuse
 Sexual Abuse
 16

Initial coding - certain types of people ,in specific communities,limited to physical ,victim is
responsible, abusive households, private matter, heterosexual relationships
Verbatim
"One common misconception is that only physical abuse counts as intimate partner violence,
but it can also include emotional, sexual, and financial abuse.
"Another stereotype is that it only happens in certain communities or to certain types of people,
which is not true."
"It only happens in abusive households. It's a private matter and should be resolved within the
relationship."
"Intimate partner violence only occurs in heterosexual relationships."
Theme 2
Misconceptions and Stereotypes
 Only physical abuse counts
 Limited to certain communities or types of people
 Victim-blaming
 Violence only occurs in heterosexual relationships.

Initial coding- Frequent arguments,Extreme jealousy,Attempts to isolate partner,

possessiveness, controlling behavior, isolation from friends and family, sudden changes in
behavior or appearance unexplained injuries
Verbatim
"Some warning signs can include frequent arguments..."
"Some warning signs can include frequent arguments, extreme jealousy or possessiveness,
controlling behavior, isolation from friends and family, sudden changes in behavior or
appearance, and unexplained injuries."
’’Intimate partner violence could be perceived as a pattern of behaviors used by one partner to
gain power and control over the other."
Theme 3:
Warning Signs of Intimate Partner Violence
 Frequent arguments
 Extreme jealousy or possessiveness
 Controlling behavior
 Isolation from friends and family
 Sudden changes in behavior or appearance
 Unexplained injuries

Initial coding-Anxiety,Depression,Low self-esteem, chronic stress, difficulty regulating

emotions, self-harm or suicidal ideation
Verbatim
"Intimate partner violence can have devastating effects on mental health, leading to anxiety,
depression, low self-esteem, and even post-traumatic stress disorder. It takes a toll on the
overall well-being of individuals involved."
"Emotional trauma and psychological scars resulting from the abuse, increased risk of self-harm
or suicidal ideation."
"Development of anxiety disorders, chronic stress, and difficulty regulating emotions."
Theme 4:
 17

Impact on Mental Health and Well-being

 Anxiety
 Depression
 Low self-esteem
 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Initial coding- in any age group or community,Young adults and women more vulnerable,
disadvantaged or economically marginalized communities.
Verbatim
"While it can occur in any age group or community, studies suggest that young adults and
women are more vulnerable. However, it's important to note that intimate partner violence can
affect anyone, regardless of age or background."
"Intimate partner violence is more prevalent in disadvantaged or economically marginalized
communities."
Theme 5:
Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence
 Young adults
 Women
 Vulnerability across all age groups and communities

Initial coding-Education about healthy relationships,Gender equality,Raising awareness,

consent, and conflict resolution skills, leveraging technology
Verbatim
"Comprehensive education and awareness programs that promote healthy relationships,
consent, and conflict resolution skills from an early age."
“Addressing intimate partner violence requires a multi-faceted and innovative approach. Some
strategies include promoting gender equality and challenging harmful gender norms, integrating
comprehensive education on consent, healthy relationships, and bystander intervention into
school curricula, leveraging technology for widespread awareness campaigns and support
services, and creating safe and accessible spaces for survivors to seek help and support.
Additionally, involving community leaders, organizations, and the media in spreading messages
of prevention and support can have a significant impact.’’
Theme 6:
Strategies for Preventing Intimate Partner Violence
 Education on healthy relationships
 Promoting gender equality
 Raising awareness about consequences
 Providing support services for victims and perpetrators

Initial coding-Inclusion of education about healthy relationships,equipping knowledge,

fostering a culture of respect and equality.
Verbatim
Education plays a vital role in prevention. By promoting healthy relationship skills, gender
equality, and raising awareness about the consequences of intimate partner violence, we can
work towards prevention.
 18

"I strongly believe that including education about healthy relationships in school curriculum can
be beneficial. It equips young people with the knowledge and skills to recognize and prevent
abusive behaviors, fostering a culture of respect and equality."
Theme 7:
Including Education in School Curriculum
 Benefits of including education on healthy relationships
 Equipping young people with knowledge and skills
 Fostering a culture of respect and equality

Initial coding -Power imbalances, Societal norms condoning violence, History of abuse in the
family, Substance abuse, Poor communication skills,Cultural stigma,Fear of retaliation
,Lack of awareness about support services
Verbatim
"Power imbalances, societal norms that condone violence, a history of abuse in the family,
substance abuse, and poor communication skills are some key factors that contribute to the
cycle of abuse in intimate partner relationships."
“Both the abuser and the victim may have unresolved trauma from their past, which can
contribute to the cycle of abuse and hinder healthy relationship dynamics."
"Traditional gender roles, power imbalances, and societal expectations can perpetuate the cycle
of abuse."
Theme 8: Factors Contributing to the Cycle of Abuse
 Power imbalances
 Societal norms condoning violence
 History of abuse in the family
 Substance abuse
 Poor communication skills

Initial coding-Cultural stigma,Fear of retaliation,Financial dependence,Lack of awareness about

support services
Verbatim
"Yes, cultural stigma, fear of retaliation, financial dependence, and lack of awareness about
available support services are some barriers that can discourage individuals from reporting
incidents of intimate partner violence."
“Some individuals may have a mistrust of authorities or institutions due to past negative
experiences or systemic issues. This lack of trust can deter individuals from reporting intimate
partner violence”
There is often a significant stigma associated with intimate partner violence, which can lead to
feelings of shame and embarrassment for the victim. They may fear being judged or blamed by
others, including friends, family, or community members.”
“cultural stigma and shame associated with discussing personal issues, fear of retaliation or
escalation of violence, financial dependence on the abuser, and lack of awareness about
available support services are significant barriers that prevent individuals from reporting
incidents of intimate partner violence’’
Theme 9: Barriers to Reporting Incidents
 Cultural stigma
 Fear of retaliation
 Financial dependence
 19

 Lack of awareness about support services

Initial coding -ignoring,offering help,calling authorities,standing and clicking pictures

Verbatim
"Yes, I have seen instances where bystanders intervened by calling the authorities or offering
support to the victim. Bystander intervention can make a significant difference in potentially
saving lives and providing support."
"In a public setting, a bystander noticed signs of distress and discomfort in one person and
approached discreetly to offer assistance or a safe space to escape the abusive situation."
"At a social gathering, a friend or acquaintance noticed controlling behaviors or signs of abuse
in a relationship and initiated a private conversation to express concern and offer support."
Theme 10: Bystander Intervention
 Calling authorities
 Offering support to the victim

Initial coding-respect,honesty,trust,communication,support, deep sense of friendship, emotional

connection, , kindness, empathy, emotionally safe
Verbatim-
"A healthy and respectful relationship is built on trust, communication, equality, and mutual
support. It involves open and honest dialogue, respect for each other's boundaries, and the
absence of any form of abuse or control."
"Trust and emotional support. Partners should trust each other, feel emotionally safe, and
provide support during both good and challenging times."
"For me, a healthy and respectful relationship means having a deep sense of friendship and
emotional connection, genuine care, kindness, and empathy between partners."
Theme 11: Characteristics of Healthy and Respectful Relationships
 Trust
 Communication
 Equality
 Mutual support
 Respect for boundaries
 20

DISCUSSION
The aim of this exploratory study was to examine the social and cultural representation of intimate
partner violence. Through interviews with 12 participants in the age group of young adulthood
(18-40 years), various themes emerged that shed light on the types of intimate partner violence,
 21

misconceptions and stereotypes, warning signs, impact on mental health and well-being,
prevalence, prevention strategies, barriers to reporting incidents, bystander intervention, and
characteristics of healthy and respectful relationships.
Theme 1: Types of Intimate Partner Violence-Our participants highlighted different types of
intimate partner violence, including physical, emotional, sexual, and financial abuse. This
demonstrates the complexity and diverse forms that intimate partner violence can take,
underscoring the need for comprehensive understanding and intervention strategies.
Theme 2: Misconceptions and Stereotypes-Participants discussed the misconceptions and
stereotypes associated with intimate partner violence. It was evident that there are prevailing
beliefs that only physical abuse counts, and that violence is limited to certain communities or
types of people. By addressing these misconceptions, we can work towards a more accurate
understanding of intimate partner violence and ensure appropriate support for all individuals
affected.
Theme 3: Warning Signs of Intimate Partner Violence-The participants highlighted several
warning signs of intimate partner violence, such as frequent arguments, extreme jealousy or
possessiveness, controlling behavior, isolation from friends and family, sudden changes in
behavior or appearance, and unexplained injuries. Recognizing these signs is crucial in identifying
and intervening in abusive relationships.
Theme 4: Impact on Mental Health and Well-being -Intimate partner violence has a significant
impact on mental health and well-being. Participants mentioned anxiety, depression, low self-
esteem, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as common consequences. These findings
emphasize the need for comprehensive support services that address both the physical and
psychological well-being of survivors.
Theme 5: Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence-Our participants acknowledged that intimate
partner violence is prevalent among young adults and women. However, they also emphasized
that vulnerability to intimate partner violence exists across all age groups and communities. This
highlights the importance of inclusive prevention efforts and support services that cater to the
diverse needs of survivors.
Theme 6: Strategies for Preventing Intimate Partner Violence-Participants identified key strategies
for preventing intimate partner violence, including education on healthy relationships, promoting
gender equality, raising awareness about the consequences of violence, and providing support
services for both victims and perpetrators. By implementing these strategies, we can work towards
creating a culture of respect, equality, and non-violence.
Theme 7: Including Education in School Curriculum-Our participants recognized the benefits of
including education on healthy relationships in the school curriculum. They emphasized that such
education equips young people with knowledge and skills to recognize and prevent abusive
behaviors, fostering a culture of respect and equality from an early age.
Theme 8: Factors Contributing to the Cycle of Abuse-Participants discussed various factors that
contribute to the cycle of abuse, including power imbalances, societal norms that condone
violence, a history of abuse in the family, substance abuse, and poor communication skills. These
factors highlight the complex interplay of individual, relational, and societal factors in
perpetuating intimate partner violence.
Theme 9: Barriers to Reporting Incidents-Participants identified several barriers to reporting
incidents of intimate partner violence, including cultural stigma, fear of retaliation, financial
 22

dependence, and lack of awareness about available support services. Overcoming these barriers is
crucial to ensuring that survivors feel safe and supported when seeking help.
Theme 10: Bystander Intervention-Participants acknowledged the importance of bystander
intervention in preventing and intervening in intimate partner violence. They highlighted the
significance of calling authorities and offering support to the victim as effective ways to intervene
and break the cycle of abuse.
Theme 11: Characteristics of Healthy and Respectful Relationships-Our participants emphasized
the characteristics of healthy and respectful relationships, including trust, communication,
equality, and respect for boundaries. These characteristics serve as a benchmark for fostering
relationships free from violence and abuse.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) refers to a pattern of abusive behaviors that occur within a
romantic or intimate relationship. It involves the exertion of power and control by one partner
over the other, resulting in physical, emotional, sexual, or financial harm. IPV is a serious social
and public health issue that affects individuals of all genders, ages, socioeconomic backgrounds,
and cultural contexts.Within the context of this study, the interviews conducted with participants
shed light on the various aspects of intimate partner violence. The identified themes provide a
deeper understanding of the types of violence experienced, the misconceptions and stereotypes
associated with IPV, the warning signs that indicate its presence, the impact on mental health and
well-being, the prevalence among different demographics, strategies for prevention, barriers to
reporting incidents, the role of bystander intervention, and the characteristics of healthy and
respectful relationships.The findings regarding the types of intimate partner violence highlight the
multi-faceted nature of abuse, encompassing physical, emotional, sexual, and financial
dimensions. This recognition challenges the common misconception that only physical violence
constitutes IPV. Understanding the different forms of abuse is essential for identifying and
addressing instances of intimate partner violence effectively.Moreover, the study brings attention
to the misconceptions and stereotypes surrounding intimate partner violence. By acknowledging
the prevalence of these misconceptions, such as the belief that violence is limited to certain
communities or individuals, it becomes possible to challenge and dismantle these harmful
narratives. This is vital for creating a more inclusive and comprehensive understanding of IPV.The
identified warning signs provide valuable insights into the behaviors and circumstances that may
indicate the presence of intimate partner violence. These signs, including frequent arguments,
controlling behavior, and unexplained injuries, serve as red flags that can help individuals and
communities intervene and offer support to those experiencing abuse.
The present study on the social and cultural representation of intimate partner violence (IPV)
through interviews with young adults has yielded valuable insights. However, it is crucial to
acknowledge the limitations that may affect the generalizability and validity of the findings.
Firstly, the study's small sample size, consisting of only 12 participants within the young adult age
group, restricts the broader applicability of the findings to a more diverse population. Moreover,
reliance on self-report measures may have introduced response bias, as participants may have
provided socially desirable answers or faced challenges in accurately recalling past
experiences.Additionally it the study involved capturing participants perspectives at a specific
point in time. This limits the ability to examine the dynamics and changes in views about IPV
over time. A longitudinal approach would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the
complexities of IPV.
Conclusion
 23

In conclusion, intimate partner violence is a pervasive issue that demands our unwavering
attention and concerted efforts. Throughout this interview, we have explored various dimensions
of intimate partner violence, ranging from its different types to the misconceptions and stereotypes
that surround it. We have also examined the warning signs that indicate its presence, the profound
impact it has on mental health and well-being, and its prevalence across different age groups and
communities.To effectively address intimate partner violence, we must adopt a multifaceted
approach. Education emerges as a powerful tool in prevention. By incorporating education on
healthy relationships, consent, and respect into school curricula, we can equip young people with
the knowledge and skills necessary to recognize and prevent abusive behaviors. By nurturing a
culture of respect, equality, and open communication, we can lay the foundation for healthy and
respectful relationships.However, prevention efforts must extend beyond the educational sphere. It
is crucial to challenge the misconceptions and stereotypes that perpetuate victim-blaming and
silence surrounding intimate partner violence. By promoting awareness campaigns and engaging
in open dialogue, we can dismantle the cultural barriers that hinder reporting and accessing
support services.The impact of intimate partner violence on mental health cannot be understated.
Survivors often experience anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and other psychological wounds.
Therefore, it is imperative to provide comprehensive support services, including counseling,
therapy, and safe spaces, to facilitate healing and recovery.Recognizing the prevalence of intimate
partner violence among young adults and women does not negate the fact that it can affect
individuals of all ages, genders, and backgrounds. Our prevention strategies and support services
should be inclusive and accessible to everyone, ensuring that no one is left behind.Bystander
intervention plays a crucial role in preventing and mitigating the consequences of intimate partner
violence. By empowering bystanders to intervene, report incidents, and provide support to
victims, we can create a network of support and solidarity. Encouraging a community-wide
responsibility to address this issue is essential.In conclusion, eradicating intimate partner violence
requires a multifaceted and collaborative approach. It necessitates education, awareness, support
services, and a collective commitment to nurturing healthy, respectful relationships. By working
together, we can create a society that values and protects the well-being and dignity of all
individuals, free from the shadows of intimate partner violence.

References
Black, M. C., Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Walters, M. L., Merrick, M. T., ... &
Stevens, M. R. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010
Summary Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
Campbell, J. C. (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet
Heise, L., Ellsberg, M., & Gottemoeller, M. (1999). Ending violence against women. Baltimore,
MD: Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Center for Communications Programs.
Heise, L., & Garcia Moreno, C. (2002). Violence by intimate partners. In E. G. Krug et al. (Eds.),
World report on violence and health (pp. 87–121). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Garcia-Moreno, C., et al. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic
violence against women: Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women’s responses.
Geneva: World Health Organization.
 24

Appendix
Items
1. What comes to mind when you think of intimate partner violence?
2. What are some common misconceptions or stereotypes associated with intimate partner
violence?
3. Can you think of any warning signs or red flags that may indicate the presence of intimate
partner violence?
4. How do you think intimate partner violence impacts the mental health and well-being of
individuals involved?
5. Do you believe that intimate partner violence is more prevalent in certain age groups or
communities?
6. In your opinion, what strategies or approaches can be effective in preventing intimate
partner violence at a societal level?
7. Do you think education about healthy relationships should be included in school
curriculum?
8. What do you think are the key factors that contribute to the cycle of abuse in intimate
partner relationships?
9. Are there any cultural or societal barriers that prevent individuals from reporting incidents
of intimate partner violence?
10. What are some common misconceptions or myths surrounding intimate partner violence in
your community?
11. Have you ever witnessed any instances where bystanders played a role in preventing or
intervening in intimate partner violence?
12. How would you define a healthy and respectful relationship?
 25

Transcript 1
Interviewer: Good morning, thank you for joining us today. Let's talk about intimate partner
violence. What comes to mind when you think of it?
Interviewee: Abuse between partners.
Interviewer: What are some common misconceptions or stereotypes associated with intimate
partner violence?
Interviewee: People think it only happens to certain types of people or in specific communities.
Interviewer: Can you think of any warning signs or red flags that may indicate the presence of
intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: Arguments, controlling behavior, isolation, sudden changes, unexplained injuries.
Interviewer: How do you think intimate partner violence impacts the mental health and well-being
of individuals involved?
Interviewee: It can cause anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and trauma.
Interviewer: Do you believe that intimate partner violence is more prevalent in certain age groups
or communities?
Interviewee: It can happen to anyone, but young adults and women may be more vulnerable.
Interviewer: What strategies or approaches do you think can be effective in preventing intimate
partner violence at a societal level?
Interviewee: Education, awareness campaigns, support services.
Interviewer: Should education about healthy relationships be included in school curriculum?
Interviewee: Yes.
Interviewer: What do you think are the key factors that contribute to the cycle of abuse in intimate
partner relationships?
Interviewee: Power imbalances, societal norms, history of abuse, substance abuse.
Interviewer: Are there any cultural or societal barriers that prevent individuals from reporting
incidents of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: Stigma, fear of retaliation, lack of awareness about support services.
Interviewer: What are some common misconceptions or myths surrounding intimate partner
violence in your community?
Interviewee: Blaming the victim, thinking it's a private matter.
Interviewer: Have you ever witnessed any instances where bystanders played a role in preventing
or intervening in intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: Yes, they can call for help or support the victim.
Interviewer: How would you define a healthy and respectful relationship?
 26

Interviewee: Trust, communication, equality, no abuse.

Transcript 2
Interviewer: Good morning, thank you for agreeing to participate in this interview. Let's begin.
What comes to mind when you think of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: When I think of intimate partner violence, I imagine instances of physical and
emotional abuse between romantic partners. It's a deeply concerning issue that affects many
people.
Interviewer: Absolutely. There are indeed various misconceptions and stereotypes associated with
intimate partner violence. Can you think of any that come to mind?
Interviewee: One common misconception is that only physical abuse counts as intimate partner
violence, but it can also include emotional, sexual, and financial abuse. Another stereotype is that
it only happens in certain communities or to certain types of people, which is not true.
Interviewer: That's a great point. Recognizing warning signs or red flags can be crucial. Can you
share any signs that may indicate the presence of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: Some warning signs can include frequent arguments
Interviewer: Excellent observations. The impact of intimate partner violence on mental health and
well-being is significant. What are your thoughts on this?
Interviewee: Intimate partner violence can have devastating effects on mental health, leading to
anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and even post-traumatic stress disorder. It takes a toll on the
overall well-being of individuals involved.
Interviewer: Do you believe that intimate partner violence is more prevalent in certain age groups
or communities?
Interviewee: While it can occur in any age group or community, studies suggest that young adults
and women are more vulnerable. However, it's important to note that intimate partner violence can
affect anyone, regardless of age or background.
Interviewer: Thank you for sharing your perspective. Preventing intimate partner violence requires
a collective effort. In your opinion, what strategies or approaches can be effective in preventing it
at a societal level?
Interviewee: Education plays a vital role in prevention. By promoting healthy relationship skills,
gender equality, and raising awareness about the consequences of intimate partner violence, we
can work towards prevention. Additionally, providing support services and resources for both
victims and perpetrators is crucial.
Interviewer: Absolutely. Education about healthy relationships in schools has been a topic of
discussion. What are your thoughts on including it in the curriculum?
Interviewee: I strongly believe that including education about healthy relationships in school
curriculum can be beneficial. It equips young people with the knowledge and skills to recognize
and prevent abusive behaviors, fostering a culture of respect and equality.
Interviewer: Well said. Understanding the factors that contribute to the cycle of abuse is
important. In your opinion, what are the key factors involved?
 27

Interviewee: Power imbalances, societal norms that condone violence, a history of abuse in the
family, substance abuse, and poor communication skills are some key factors that contribute to the
cycle of abuse in intimate partner relationships.
Interviewer: Thank you for sharing your insights. Cultural and societal barriers can sometimes
prevent individuals from reporting incidents of intimate partner violence. Are there any barriers
you can think of?
Interviewee: Yes, cultural stigma, fear of retaliation, financial dependence, and lack of awareness
about available support services are some barriers that can discourage individuals from reporting
incidents of intimate partner violence.
Interviewer: Absolutely. Overcoming misconceptions and myths is crucial. Can you share any
common misconceptions surrounding intimate partner violence in your community?
Interviewee: One common misconception is that the victim is somehow responsible for the abuse
they endure. Victim-blaming and the belief that intimate partner violence is a private matter that
should not be interfered with are also prevalent.
Interviewer: Thank you for sharing your observations. Bystander intervention is an important
aspect. Have you ever witnessed instances where bystanders played a role in preventing or
intervening in intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: Yes, I have seen instances where bystanders intervened by calling the authorities or
offering support to the victim. Bystander intervention can make a significant difference in
potentially saving lives and providing support.
Interviewer: That's encouraging to hear. Lastly, how would you define a healthy and respectful
relationship?
Interviewee: A healthy and respectful relationship is built on trust, communication, equality, and
mutual support. It involves open and honest dialogue, respect for each other's boundaries, and the
absence of any form of abuse or control.
Interviewer: Thank you for sharing your insights and perspectives on intimate partner violence.
Your input is greatly appreciated

Transcript 3
Interviewer: Good morning, thank you for joining us for this interview. Let's start by discussing
intimate partner violence. What thoughts or images come to mind when you think of this issue?
Interviewee: When I think of intimate partner violence, I think of a deeply troubling situation
where one partner uses power and control to inflict harm on the other, whether it's through
physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. It's a heartbreaking and pervasive problem that affects
individuals and families.
Interviewer: Absolutely, it's a distressing issue. Are there any common misconceptions or
stereotypes associated with intimate partner violence that you can think of?
Interviewee: One common misconception is that only women can be victims of intimate partner
violence, but in reality, it can happen to anyone, regardless of gender. Another stereotype is that it
only occurs in lower socio-economic groups or certain communities, which is not accurate as it
cuts across all demographics.
 28

Interviewer: Thank you for highlighting those misconceptions. Recognizing warning signs and red
flags is crucial. Can you share any signs that may indicate the presence of intimate partner
violence?
Interviewee: Warning signs can include frequent arguments or conflicts, extreme jealousy or
possessiveness, attempts to isolate the partner from friends and family,.
Interviewer: Those are important indicators to be aware of. How do you think intimate partner
violence impacts the mental health and well-being of individuals involved?
Interviewee: Intimate partner violence can have severe psychological and emotional
consequences. Victims may experience anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and even develop
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It can disrupt their overall well-being and lead to long-
lasting trauma.
Interviewer: That's a crucial point. Now, do you believe that intimate partner violence is more
prevalent in certain age groups or communities?
Interviewee: While intimate partner violence can happen at any age and in any community, there
is evidence to suggest that young adults, particularly those in their late teens and early twenties,
may be more at risk. However, it's important to remember that it can affect individuals across all
age groups and communities.
Interviewer: Thank you for sharing that perspective. Moving on to prevention, what strategies or
approaches do you think can be effective in addressing intimate partner violence at a societal
level?
Interviewee: Prevention efforts should focus on education and awareness. Providing
comprehensive education about healthy relationships, consent, and respectful communication
starting from a young age can be impactful. Promoting gender equality, challenging societal
norms that perpetuate violence, and providing accessible support services for both victims and
perpetrators are also vital components of prevention.
Interviewer: Those are important strategies indeed. Now, there's been ongoing discussion about
including education about healthy relationships in school curriculum. What are your thoughts on
this?
Interviewee: I strongly believe that education about healthy relationships should be included in
school curriculum. It provides an opportunity to equip young people with the knowledge and
skills necessary to recognize signs of abuse, understand consent, and foster respectful and
egalitarian relationships. It can create a foundation for preventing intimate partner violence in
future generations.
Interviewer: Well said. Shifting gears, what do you think are the key factors that contribute to the
cycle of abuse in intimate partner relationships?
Interviewee: Several factors contribute to the cycle of abuse. Power imbalances within
relationships, societal acceptance of violence or gender inequality, a history of witnessing or
experiencing abuse, substance abuse, and poor communication skills can all play a role. These
factors perpetuate the cycle and make it challenging for individuals to break free from abusive
relationships.
Interviewer: Thank you for sharing those insights. Cultural and societal barriers can impact
reporting of incidents. Can you think of any barriers that prevent individuals from reporting
intimate partner violence?
 29

Interviewee: Absolutely, cultural stigma and shame associated with discussing personal issues,
fear of retaliation or escalation of violence, financial dependence on the abuser, and lack of
awareness about available support services are significant barriers that prevent individuals from
reporting incidents of intimate partner violence.
Interviewer: Those are important barriers to address. Lastly, are there any common
misconceptions or myths surrounding intimate partner violence in your community?
Interviewee: In my community, one common misconception is the belief that intimate partner
violence is a private matter and should be resolved within the relationship, discouraging
individuals from seeking help or reporting the abuse. There's also a misconception that if someone
stays in an abusive relationship, they must be weak or enjoy the abuse, which is far from the truth.
Interviewer: Thank you for sharing those misconceptions. How would you define a healthy and
respectful relationship?
Interviewee It involves respecting each other's boundaries, listening actively, and validating each
other's feelings and experiences. In a healthy relationship, there is no place for abuse, control, or
manipulation. Both partners should feel safe, valued, and free to express themselves authentically.
Interviewer Your insights have been valuable. We appreciate your time and participation in this
interview.

Transcript 4
Interviewer: Good morning, thank you for joining us today. Let's dive into the topic of intimate
partner violence. What thoughts or images come to mind when you think of intimate partner
violence?
Interviewee: When I think of intimate partner violence, I envision the urgent need for innovative
solutions to address this pervasive issue. It brings to mind the importance of empathy, support,
and empowerment for survivors, as well as the necessity of holding perpetrators accountable for
their actions.
Interviewer: Absolutely, innovative approaches are crucial in tackling this complex problem. Now,
let's explore some common misconceptions or stereotypes associated with intimate partner
violence. Can you think of any?
Interviewee: Certainly. One common misconception is that intimate partner violence only occurs
in heterosexual relationships. However, it is important to recognize that it can happen in any type
of relationship, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. Another stereotype is the
assumption that only physical abuse is significant, disregarding the equally damaging effects of
emotional, financial, and sexual abuse.
Interviewer: Those are important points to highlight. Recognizing warning signs or red flags is
crucial in addressing intimate partner violence. Can you share any warning signs that may indicate
its presence?
Interviewee: Absolutely. Warning signs can include frequent and intense jealousy, possessiveness,
isolation from friends and family, constant monitoring or controlling behavior, sudden changes in
behavior or mood, and unexplained injuries or health issues. These signs should never be ignored
and may indicate the presence of intimate partner violence.
 30

Interviewer: Thank you for highlighting those red flags. The impact of intimate partner violence
on mental health and well-being is significant. How do you think it affects the individuals
involved?
Interviewee: Intimate partner violence can have devastating effects on the mental health and well-
being of individuals. It often leads to feelings of fear, anxiety, depression, and shame. Survivors
may experience a loss of self-esteem and struggle with trust, intimacy, and forming healthy
relationships in the future. The trauma inflicted by intimate partner violence can have long-lasting
emotional and psychological consequences.
Interviewer: It's important to address the impact on mental health. Do you believe that intimate
partner violence is more prevalent in certain age groups or communities?
Interviewee: While intimate partner violence can occur in any age group or community, research
suggests that certain factors, such as power dynamics and life circumstances, may contribute to its
prevalence in specific age groups. Young adults, particularly those in their late teens to early
thirties, may be at a higher risk due to various factors, including navigating new relationships,
financial dependence, and societal expectations. However, it's important to emphasize that
intimate partner violence can affect anyone, regardless of age or community.
Interviewer: Absolutely, understanding the broader societal context is crucial. In your opinion,
what innovative strategies or approaches can be effective in preventing intimate partner violence
at a societal level?
Interviewee: Addressing intimate partner violence requires a multi-faceted and innovative
approach. Some strategies include promoting gender equality and challenging harmful gender
norms, integrating comprehensive education on consent, healthy relationships, and bystander
intervention into school curricula, leveraging technology for widespread awareness campaigns
and support services, and creating safe and accessible spaces for survivors to seek help and
support. Additionally, involving community leaders, organizations, and the media in spreading
messages of prevention and support can have a significant impact.
Interviewer: Those are innovative and comprehensive strategies indeed. Shifting focus to
education, do you believe that education about healthy relationships should be included in school
curricula?
Interviewee: Absolutely. Education about healthy relationships should be a fundamental part of
school curricula. By equipping young people with knowledge and skills in areas such as consent,
communication, conflict resolution, and recognizing abusive behaviors, we can empower them to
build respectful and violence-free relationships. Education can play a pivotal role in breaking the
cycle of violence and promoting a culture of respect and equality.
Interviewer: Well said. Let's explore the key factors that contribute to the cycle of abuse in
intimate partner relationships. What do you believe these factors are?
Interviewee: Several key factors contribute to the cycle of abuse in intimate partner relationships.
Power imbalances, stemming from societal structures and expectations, can enable abusive
behavior. Childhood experiences of witnessing or experiencing violence can normalize such
behavior. Substance abuse can exacerbate aggression and control. Additionally, lack of awareness
about healthy relationship dynamics, poor communication skills, and unresolved personal issues
can perpetuate the cycle of abuse.
 31

Interviewer: Thank you for providing insight into those factors. Now, let's discuss cultural and
societal barriers that prevent individuals from reporting incidents of intimate partner violence. Can
you identify any?
Interviewee: Certainly. "For me, a healthy and respectful relationship means having a deep sense
of friendship and emotional connection, genuine care, kindness, and empathy between
partners."Interviewer: Thank you for shedding light on those barriers. Lastly, in your community,
what are some common misconceptions or myths surrounding intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: In my community, some common misconceptions or myths surrounding intimate
partner violence include victim-blaming, where the survivor is often held responsible for the
abuse they endure, and the belief that leaving an abusive relationship is easy or straightforward,
disregarding the complex dynamics involved. There is also a misconception that intimate partner
violence only occurs in certain communities or socio-economic groups, failing to recognize its
presence across diverse backgrounds.
Interviewer: Thank you for sharing those insights. Lastly, have you ever witnessed instances
where bystanders played a role in preventing or intervening in intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: Yes, I have witnessed instances where bystanders have played a crucial role in
preventing or intervening in intimate partner violence. Bystanders can make a difference by
recognizing warning signs, offering support, and safely intervening when necessary. Their
involvement can empower survivors and create a network of support that challenges the
perpetration of violence.
Interviewer: That's encouraging to hear. Thank you for your valuable insights. Lastly, how would
you define a healthy and respectful relationship?
Interviewee: A healthy and respectful relationship is characterized by open and honest
communication, trust, equality, and mutual support. It involves active listening, respecting each
other's boundaries, and valuing each other's autonomy. In a healthy relationship, there is a
foundation of love and respect, where both partners feel safe, empowered, and able to grow
individually and together

TRANSCRIPT 5
Interviewer: What comes to mind when you think of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “Intimate partner violence, according to Person A, may be seen as any form of
physical, sexual, emotional, or psychological abuse occurring between romantic partners.”
Interviewer: What are some common misconceptions or stereotypes associated with intimate
partner violence?
Interviewee: Victims of intimate partner violence can easily leave the abusive relationship if they
wanted to.”
Interviewer: Can you think of any warning signs or red flags that may indicate the presence of
intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “Frequent fear or anxiety around their partner or Excessive control or possessiveness
from the partner.”
 32

Interviewer: How do you think intimate partner violence impacts the mental health and well-being
of individuals involved?
Interviewee: “Low self-esteem and self-worth due to constant belittling and emotional abuse.
Feelings of fear, hypervigilance, and ongoing trauma responses.
Social isolation and strained relationships with friends and family.”
Interviewer: Do you believe that intimate partner violence is more prevalent in certain age groups
or communities?
Interviewee: “I believe that intimate partner violence is more prevalent in younger age groups,
particularly among teenagers and young adults.”
Interviewer: In your opinion, what strategies or approaches can be effective in preventing intimate
partner violence at a societal level?
Interviewee: “According to me, Implementing and enforcing laws and policies that address
intimate partner violence, including protection orders, prosecution of perpetrators, and support
services for survivors.”
Interviewer: Do you think education about healthy relationships should be included in school
curriculum?
Interviewee: “Yes.”
Interviewer: What do you think are the key factors that contribute to the cycle of abuse in intimate
partner relationships?
Interviewee: “I think, The cycle of abuse may be perpetuated by individuals who have witnessed
or experienced abuse in their own upbringing, leading to a normalization of violence.”
Interviewer: Are there any cultural or societal barriers that prevent individuals from reporting
incidents of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee "For me, a healthy and respectful relationship means having a deep sense of
friendship and emotional connection, genuine care, kindness, and empathy between
partners."Interviewer: What are some common misconceptions or myths surrounding intimate
partner violence in your community?
Interviewee: “It only happens to certain types of people”
Interviewer: Have you ever witnessed any instances where bystanders played a role in preventing
or intervening in intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “A neighbour who heard loud arguments and suspected abusive behaviour intervened
by contacting the authorities, ensuring the safety of the victim and leading to the abuser being held
accountable.”
Interviewer: How would you define a healthy and respectful relationship?
Interviewee: “Open and effective communication, Mutual trust and support, Equality and shared
decision.”
 33

TRANSCRIPT 6
Interviewer-What comes to mind when you think of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee-“intimate partner violence could be perceived as a pattern of behaviours sed by one
partner to gain power and control over the other.”
Interviewer-What are some common misconceptions or stereotypes associated with intimate
partner violence?
Interviewee-“Only physical violence constitutes intimate partner violence.”
Interviewer-Can you think of any warning signs or red flags that may indicate the presence of
intimate partner violence?
Interviewee-Sexual coercion or forced sexual acts.
Financial control, such as restricting access to money or resources.Intense jealousy or
possessiveness.
Interviewer-How do you think intimate partner violence impacts the mental health and well-being
of individuals involved?
Interviewee-“Emotional trauma and psychological scars resulting from the abuse or Increased risk
of self-harm or suicidal ideation.”
Interviewer-Do you believe that intimate partner violence is more prevalent in certain age groups
or communities?
Interviewee-intimate partner violence is more prevalent in disadvantaged or economically
marginalized communities.
Interviewer-In your opinion, what strategies or approaches can be effective in preventing intimate
partner violence at a societal level?
Interviewee-“Promoting gender equality and challenging harmful gender norms and stereotypes
that contribute to power imbalances and violence within relationships.”
Interviewer-Do you think education about healthy relationships should be included in school
curriculum?
Interviewee- YES
Interviewer-What do you think are the key factors that contribute to the cycle of abuse in intimate
partner relationships?
Interviewee-“Both the abuser and the victim may have unresolved trauma from their past, which
can contribute to the cycle of abuse and hinder healthy relationship dynamics”
Interviewer-Are there any cultural or societal barriers that prevent individuals from reporting
incidents of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee-“There is often a significant stigma associated with intimate partner violence, which
can lead to feelings of shame and embarrassment for the victim. They may fear being judged or
blamed by others, including friends, family, or community members.”
Interviewer-What are some common misconceptions or myths surrounding intimate partner
violence in your community?
 34

Interviewee-“It only happens in abusive households”“It’s a private matter and should be resolved
within the relationship”
Interviewer-Have you ever witnessed any instances where bystanders played a role in preventing
or intervening in intimate partner violence?
Interviewee-“In a public setting, a bystander noticed signs of distress and discomfort in one
person and approached discreetly to offer assistance or a safe space to escape the abusive
situation.”
Interviewer-How would you define a healthy and respectful relationship?
Interviewee-Trust and Emotional Support. Partners should trust each other, feel emotionally safe,
and provide support during both good and challenging times

TRANSCRIPT 7
Interviewer-What comes to mind when you think of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee-“I view intimate partner violence as encompassing not only overt acts of physical
abuse but also subtle forms of manipulation, coercion, and control within a relationship.”
Interviewer-What are some common misconceptions or stereotypes associated with intimate
partner violence?
Interviewee-“Intimate partner violence only occurs in heterosexual relationships.”
Interviewer-Can you think of any warning signs or red flags that may indicate the presence of
intimate partner violence
Interviewee-Frequent arguments or conflict that escalate to aggression.Controlling behaviours,
such as monitoring phone calls or online activities.Extreme mood swings or unpredictable
behaviour.
Interviewer-How do you think intimate partner violence impacts the mental health and well-being
of individuals involved?
Interviewee-“Development of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety or panic
disorders.”
Chronic stress and difficulty regulating emotions.”
Interviewer-Do you believe that intimate partner violence is more prevalent in certain age groups
or communities?
Interviewee-“I believe that intimate partner violence is equally prevalent across all age groups and
communities.”
Interviewer-In your opinion, what strategies or approaches can be effective in preventing intimate
partner violence at a societal level?
Interviewee- Comprehensive education and awareness programs that promote healthy
relationships, consent, and conflict resolution skills from an early age.
 35

Interviewer-Do you think education about healthy relationships should be included in school
curriculum?
Interviewee- YES
Interviewer-What do you think are the key factors that contribute to the cycle of abuse in intimate
partner relationships?
Interviewee-“Traditional gender roles, power imbalances, and societal expectations can perpetuate
the cycle of abuse, with men often occupying the role of the abuser and women as the victims.”
Interviewer-Are there any cultural or societal barriers that prevent individuals from reporting
incidents of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee-“Victims of intimate partner violence often fear retaliation from their abusers. They
may be concerned about escalating the violence or facing further harm if they disclose the abuse”

Interviewer-What are some common misconceptions or myths surrounding intimate partner

violence in your community?
Interviewee-“It’s only physical abuse”“The victim must have provoked the abuse”
Interviewer-Have you ever witnessed any instances where bystanders played a role in preventing
or intervening in intimate partner violence?
Interviewee-“At a social gathering, a friend or acquaintance noticed controlling behaviours or
signs of abuse in a relationship and initiated a private conversation to express concern, offer
support, and provide resources for assistance.”
Interviewer-How would you define a healthy and respectful relationship?
Interviewee-“For me, a healthy and respectful relationship means having a deep sense of
friendship and emotional connection. There is genuine care, kindness, and empathy between
partners.”

TRANSCRIPT 8

Interviewer-What comes to mind when you think of intimate partner violence?

Interviewee-“intimate partner violence might be considered a societal issue rooted in systemic
inequalities and cultural norms.”
Interviewer-What are some common misconceptions or stereotypes associated with intimate
partner violence?
Interviewee-“Intimate partner violence is only prevalent in low-income or marginalised
communities.”
Interviewer-Can you think of any warning signs or red flags that may indicate the presence of
intimate partner violence?
 36

Interviewee –“Threats of violence, self-harm, or harm to others.”“Forced isolation or limitations

on personal freedoms.”
Interviewer-How do you think intimate partner violence impacts the mental health and well-being
of individuals involved?
Interviewee-“Social and economic consequences, such as job loss or financial instability, Impaired
cognitive functioning, affecting memory, concentration, and decision-making abilities.”
Interviewer-Do you believe that intimate partner violence is more prevalent in certain age groups
or communities?
Interviewee-“intimate partner violence is equally prevalent across all age groups and
communities.”
Interviewer-In your opinion, what strategies or approaches can be effective in preventing intimate
partner violence at a societal level?
Interviewee-Investing in support services, such as shelters, counseling, and helplines, to provide
immediate assistance and long-term support for survivors.
Interviewer-Do you think education about healthy relationships should be included in school
curriculum?
Interviewee- YES
Interviewer-What do you think are the key factors that contribute to the cycle of abuse in intimate
partner relationships?
Interviewee-“The victim may feel financially dependent on the abusive partner, fear retaliation, or
have concerns about losing custody of children, making it difficult to leave the relationship”
Interviewer-Are there any cultural or societal barriers that prevent individuals from reporting
incidents of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee-“Some individuals may have a mistrust of authorities or institutions due to past
negative experiences or systemic issues. This lack of trust can deter individuals from reporting
intimate partner violence”
Interviewer-What are some common misconceptions or myths surrounding intimate partner
violence in your community?
Interviewee-“Leaving the relationship will solve the problem”
Interviewer-Have you ever witnessed any instances where bystanders played a role in preventing
or intervening in intimate partner violence?
Interviewee-“In a workplace setting, a co-worker witnessed abusive behaviour and promptly
reported it to a supervisor or human resources department, leading to an investigation and
appropriate action being taken”
Interviewer-How would you define a healthy and respectful relationship?
Interviewee-“A healthy and respectful relationship is characterized by shared values and goals.
Both partners have a sense of emotional security and feel comfortable expressing their needs and
desires.”
 37

TRANSCRIPT 9
Interviewer: What comes to mind when you think of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee : “Disappointment”
Interviewer: What are some common misconceptions or stereotypes associated with intimate
partner violence?
Interviewee: “Intimate partner violence is always physical.”
Interviewer: Can you think of any warning signs or red flags that may indicate the presence of
intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “When partner becomes too controlling and starts dictating their clothing choices,
isolating them from friends and family, or managing their finances.”
Interviewer: How do you think intimate partner violence impacts the mental health and well-being
of individuals involved?
Interviewee: “it will have a deep impact , individual might develop a psychological trauma from
the violence and they can have difficulty forming new relationships.”
Interviewer: Do you believe that intimate partner violence is more prevalent in certain age groups
or communities?
Interviewee: “I don’t think so , it is prevalent in all age groups.”
Interviewer: In your opinion, what strategies or approaches can be effective in preventing intimate
partner violence at a societal level?
Interviewee: “Having good conversation and understanding their mental stability. Also, always
analysing their problems together without drawing conclusions quickly.”

Interviewer: Do you think education about healthy relationships should be included in school
curriculum?
Interviewee: “ I’m not sure about this. I believe everyone has their own understanding abilities
and preferences so i think we provide them the overall guidelines regarding this.”
Interviewer: What do you think are the key factors that contribute to the cycle of abuse in intimate
partner relationships?
Interviewee: “An imbalance of power and control in relationships and also the abuser’s
environment and upbringing could play a role in it.”
Interviewer: Are there any cultural or societal barriers that prevent individuals from reporting
incidents of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “Yes, they think it’s ok to get abused by the partner and shouldn’t go against them.
Family and society could be one of the barriers too.”
Interviewer: What are some common misconceptions or myths surrounding intimate partner
violence in your community?
 38

Interviewee: “That intimate partner violence is okay as long as it’s done by husband. Many of the
regions still follows the patriarchal rule and women should abide by those old rules.”
Interviewer: Have you ever witnessed any instances where bystanders played a role in preventing
or intervening in intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “yes , I saw few incidents.”
Interviewer: How would you define a healthy and respectful relationship?
Interviewee: “Respecting each other, having communication and giving each other personal space.
Being supportive and trusting each other.”

TRANSCRIPT 10

Interviewer: What comes to mind when you think of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “It causes deep emotional trauma to the victims.”
Interviewer: What are some common misconceptions or stereotypes associated with intimate
partner violence?
Interviewee: “ It only happens to women.”
Interviewer: Can you think of any warning signs or red flags that may indicate the presence of
intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “ Anger issues , physical signs of abuse or constant criticism.”
Interviewer: How do you think intimate partner violence impacts the mental health and well-being
of individuals involved?
Interviewee: “Abusers often isolate their partners from friends, family, and support networks. It
results in the feelings of worthlessness or loneliness.”
Interviewer: Do you believe that intimate partner violence is more prevalent in certain age groups
or communities?
Interviewee: “ No , it is prevalent in all ages.”
Interviewer: In your opinion, what strategies or approaches can be effective in preventing intimate
partner violence at a societal level?
Interviewee: “ Promote positive masculinity and healthy relationship behaviours through targeted
education and awareness programs.”
Interviewer: Do you think education about healthy relationships should be included in school
curriculum?
Interviewee: “ Yes.”
Interviewer: What do you think are the key factors that contribute to the cycle of abuse in intimate
partner relationships?
 39

Interviewee: “ Low self-esteem and dependency can make it more challenging for individuals to
leave an abusive relationship.”
Interviewer: Are there any cultural or societal barriers that prevent individuals from reporting
incidents of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “ Previous negative experiences with authorities, such as law enforcement or legal
systems, can erode survivors’ trust and discourage them from reporting.”
Interviewer: What are some misconceptions or myths surrounding intimate partner violence in
your community?
Interviewee: “ It only happens to women.”
Interviewer: Have you ever witnessed any instances where bystanders played a role in preventing
or intervening in intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “Yes , many times.”
Interviewer: How would you define a healthy and respectful relationship?
Interviewee: “Partners in a healthy relationship have clear and respected boundaries. They
communicate their needs, desires, and limits, validate each other’s boundaries. Consent is a
fundamental aspect of physical and emotional intimacy.”

TRANSCRIPT 11

Interviewer: What comes to mind when you think of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “ The impact on children who witness IPV.”
Interviewer: What are some common misconceptions or stereotypes associated with intimate
partner violence?
Interviewee: “ It is always physical or It only happens to women.”
Interviewer: Can you think of any warning signs or red flags that may indicate the presence of
intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “ Excessive jealousy and possessiveness.”
Interviewer: How do you think intimate partner violence impacts the mental health and well-being
of individuals involved?
Interviewee: “ Survivors may experience trauma and develop feelings of worthlessness, self-
blame, guilt or shame.”
Interviewer: Do you believe that intimate partner violence is more prevalent in certain age groups
or communities?
Interviewee: “No, it is present in all age-groups.”
Interviewer: In your opinion, what strategies or approaches can be effective in preventing intimate
partner violence at a societal level?
Interviewee: “ Proper communication and trusting each other.”
 40

Interviewer: Do you think education about healthy relationships should be included in school
curriculum?
Interviewee: “ Yes, as it can equip them with necessary knowledge regarding healthy
relationships.”
Interviewer: What do you think are the key factors that contribute to the cycle of abuse in intimate
partner relationships?
Interviewee: “ unresolved trauma or mental health issues.”
Interviewer: Are there any cultural or societal barriers that prevent individuals from reporting
incidents of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “ Lack of awareness, societal or cultural stigma and shame. Financial dependence on
the abuser can also be one factor.”
Interviewer: What are some misconceptions or myths surrounding intimate partner violence in
your community?
Interviewee: “ That victims of IPV deserves the abuse.”
Interviewer: Have you ever witnessed any instances where bystanders played a role in preventing
or intervening in intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “Yes , few times.”
Interviewer: How would you define a healthy and respectful relationship?
Interviewee: “ A relationship where trust , communication, equality, recognition and validation of
each other’s needs is there.”
TRANSCRIPT 12
Interviewer: What comes to mind when you think of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “ Psychological trauma that comes with it or the impact on children who witness it.”
Interviewer: What are some common misconceptions or stereotypes associated with intimate
partner violence?
Interviewee: “ It is only happened in certain age-groups or that it only happens to women.”
Interviewer: Can you think of any warning signs or red flags that may indicate the presence of
intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “ Excessive jealousy or explosive anger.”
Interviewer: How do you think intimate partner violence impacts the mental health and well-being
of individuals involved?
Interviewee: “ Victims might develop low self-esteem and self worth. To a great extent , it can
manifest into psychological disorders like PTSD.”
Interviewer: Do you believe that intimate partner violence is more prevalent in certain age groups
or communities?
Interviewee: “No, it is present in all age-groups.”
 41

Interviewer: In your opinion, what strategies or approaches can be effective in preventing intimate
partner violence at a societal level?
Interviewee: “ Trust , communication and equality is necessary.”
Interviewer: Do you think education about healthy relationships should be included in school
curriculum?
Interviewee: “ Yes, it can spread awareness among children and can be beneficial in the future.”
Interviewer: What do you think are the key factors that contribute to the cycle of abuse in intimate
partner relationships?
Interviewee: “learned behaviour or upbringing as environment in which one is brought up plays
an important role in behaviour.”
Interviewer: Are there any cultural or societal barriers that prevent individuals from reporting
incidents of intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “ Fear of society and shame that what will people think about it so victims usually
decides to tolerate the abuse.”
Interviewer: What are some misconceptions or myths surrounding intimate partner violence in
your community?
Interviewee: “ Leaving an abusive relationship is easy.”
Interviewer: Have you ever witnessed any instances where bystanders played a role in preventing
or intervening in intimate partner violence?
Interviewee: “Yes , few times.”
Interviewer: How would you define a healthy and respectful relationship?
Interviewee: “ Relationship which includes the characteristics like trust , proper communication
and trust.”