Grad Chemistry2 1

Department
of Chemistry &

Centre for Biotechnology
Brock University
St. Catharines, Ontario
h6p://www.brocku.ca/chemistry/

Brock University
•  Located in St. Catharines, ON
–  Short drive from Buffalo, Niagara
Falls, Hamilton, and Toronto
–  In the heart of the Niagara wine
region
•  ~18,000 undergraduate students
and ~1500 graduate students
–  A medium-‐sized university with a
smaller-‐school feel
Finding Solutions Today, for
the Challenges of Tomorrow
Behie, SW; Zelisko, PM;

Bidochka, MJ.
Science, 2012, 1576-‐77
Research generates > $1 million from licensing Brock prof’s venture wins business of the year
revenues
Advanced
Biomanufacturing
Centre
Brock signs agreement with Lorus

TherapeuOcs Inc. to develop anOcancer drugs
The Department of Chemistry
•  Graduate programs offered:

–  MSc in Chemistry
–  PhD in Chemistry
–  MSc in Biotechnology
–  PhD in Biotechnology
•  Research areas:
–  AnalyOcal chemistry
–  Inorganic chemistry
–  Organic chemistry
–  Physical & computaOonal
chemistry
Programme and Admission
Requirements
•  Offer graduate programmes leading to
a Master of Science (MSc) and/or
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree
•  Require an Hons. BSc degree (≥75%
average)
–  May be admitted to the programme with a
qualifying year if not all of the
requirements are met
7
Programme and Admission
Requirements
•  Applications can be made at any time
–  Formal admission is generally September
1, January 1, or May 1
•  Applications require a recent
transcript, an Application Form, a
Statement of Interest form, and
letters from three references
–  Forms can be downloaded from the
School of Graduate Studies website
(www.brocku.ca/gradstudies/forms/)
8
Financial Support
•  Graduate students receive a research
assistantship and the opportunity to teach in
the undergraduate laboratory programme
–  Research assistantship is supplemented by
supervisor’s grants
–  Applicants are encouraged to contact the potential
supervisor prior to submitting a formal application
•  Brock graduate students are eligible for a
host of internal and external grants to
supplement their stipends
9
The Brock Advantage
Major instrumentation, just as in much
larger universities…
NMR Spectroscopy
(300 MHz and 600 MHz magnets) 10
The Brock Advantage
Major instrumentation…
Mass spectrometry
(MALDI-‐TOF, EI, CI, ESI, FAB, GC-‐MS)
11
The Brock Advantage
Major instrumentation…
EPR
Spectroscopy
Gas
HPLC
Chromatography
12
The Brock Advantage
… with a small school feel
13
The Brock Advantage
•  Proximity to major Canadian and US cities:

–  Hamilton: ~45 min. by car
–  Toronto: ~1.3 hours by car
–  Buffalo, NY: ~35 min. by car
•  All the advantages of a big city without

having to live in one!
•  Major sporting, cultural, and entertainment
events are only a short car/bus trip away
14
The Brock Advantage
•  Just a few minutes hike
from the Chemistry
Department
15
Cairns Family Health and
Biosciences Research Complex
It’s Not All Work
•  A very social
department
–  BBQs, Christmas parOes,
etc.
–  Even a Chemistry band!
17
Research Interests
Chemistry and Biochemistry of Vitamin-E (Tocopherol),

Mechanism of Lipid Transfer Proteins

Jeffrey Atkinson, Brock University, Chemistry & Biotechnology

jatkin@brocku.ca
HO
Background:
 Synthesis and biological evaluaOon of different
forms of vitamin E O
Results:
 Synthesis of deuterated forms of Vitamin E for α-Tocopherol,phenolic lipophilic antioxidant
biokineOc studies & membrane enzyme modulator
 Synthesis of fluorescent tocopherols for in vitro (CD3) D
HO D
and in vivo lipid transfer studies
 Synthesis of tocopherol-‐based P450 inhibitors
(D3C) O
 Expression of naOve and mutant human (CD3)
tocopherol transfer proteins
 Protein structure and funcOon (see Dr. Heather HO
Gordon)
Fluorophore

O
ScienDfic Uniqueness:
 CombinaOon of organic synthesis, protein

chemistry, and molecular biology
 First creaOon of molecular tools for analysis of Protein mediated
tocopherol transfer and membrane tocopherol transfer to
biochemistry by fluorescence and from biological and
Impact and Advantages: model membranes can
 RaOonal molecular approach to vitamin E
 be followed by FRET &
biochemisty stopped flow
 Strong collaboraOons with nutriOonal biochemists fluorescence
and health science researchers around the
world
Human α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein

19
Environmental Analytical Chemistry; Trace Element Analysis

Ian D. Brindle, Brock University, Chemistry & Biotechnology

Dean, Faculty of Mathematics and Science

ibrindle@brocku.ca
Development of analyOcal

methods for environmental
and other samples. Gas
chromatography/mass
spectrometry and nuclear
magneOc resonance applied
to organometallic species and
to environmental problems.
Trace and ultra-‐trace Reductant
determinaOon of elements in
complex matrices.
ApplicaOons of mass

Sample
spectrometry in analyOcal

chemistry.
Argon
Sample
MSIS™

(Dual Mode Operation)
20
Computationally Directed Asymmetric Catalysis

Travis Dudding, Brock University, Chemistry & Biotechnology

tdudding@brocku.ca
Research Goals:
Research in the Dudding group focuses on the use of
computaOonal theory to gain insight into the mechanisOc
origins of stereoselecOvity in catalyOc asymmetric reacOons.
The models derived from these studies are uOlized to
guide the development of new stereoselecOve catalysts and
asymmetric reacOon methodologies. Specific reacOons
of interest are asymmetric Steler and aza-‐Steler reacOons,
Brønsted acid catalyzed asymmetric procedures and
chiral nucleophilic catalyzed annulaOons.

Significance:
The advent of modern computaOonal chemistry has had a
profound effect on chemists’ understanding of organic reacOon
mechanisms. Through computaOon, chemists are now frequently
able to raOonalize or predict the outcome of experiment with a
high level of certainty. In this respect a parOcularly useful
applicaOon of computaOon relates to the modeling of catalyOc O
O
asymmetric methods with the obvious end goal being the use of
theory to design an opOmal catalyst for a desired chiral chemical O
O
transformaOon. The emerging potenOal of in silico based design H
H
approaches in asymmetric catalysis offers great promise as an O

environmentally friendly alternaOve for streamlining the discovery O H
process and lessening the demand placed upon chemical resources. H
In this respect the work being conducted in the Dudding group is
making possible innovaOve methods grounded both in experiment
Sterically Defined Reaction Pocket
and computaOon which allow for the rapid cost-‐efficient producOon

of chiral pharmaceuOcals and highly prized chemicals. 21
Monte Carlo Simulations of Model Antibody Binding Sites

Heather L. Gordon, Brock University, Chemistry & Biotechnology

gordonh@brocku.ca
AnDbody binding site:

6 loops on β-‐barrel framework
Research Goals:
To understand relaOonship between
anObody selecOvity and specificity and the inherently
flexible anOgen binding site.

Methodology:
Use Monte Carlo simulaOons to sample the
complete conformaOonal distribuOon of a
model anObody binding site.
Model system:

Abstracted loops

ObjecDve: From crystal structure.

To characterize the conformaOonal change
Monte Carlo simulations employ

random numbers.
in the anObody binding site in the presence
and absence of a model anOgen.

Results:
Intraloop interacOons are more influenOal
than interloop interacOons in determining
pepOde loop shape.

Significance: Isolated loop

Loop in

Most consistent with view that anObody assembly

binding site displays conformaDonal isomerism:

AnOgen binds selecOvely to a pre-‐exisOng
conformaOon that may not be at the global
minimum in potenOal energy.
Loop conformational distribution is restricted

95-97% conformations identical
when in presence of other loops.

22
between isolated and assembled loops.

Clean Manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals via

Enzymatic and Electrochemical Methods

Tomas Hudlicky, Brock University, Chemistry and Biotechnology

thudlicky@brocku.ca
R R alkaloids
Background:
toluene sugars
 Converson of toxic aromaOc compounds to chiral OH organic
dioxygenase chemistry cyclitols
building blocks for use in manufacturing prostaglandins
Results: terpenes
OH
 ”Green” synthesis of funcOonalized catechols
 polymers
 Short synthesis of anOtumor agents R = alkyl, aryl, halogen oligomers
 Synthesis of carbohydates and oligoinositols
 Electrochemical oxidaOons and reducOons R R Br OH
 Short approach to morphine 1. toluene
OH OH
ScienDfic Uniqueness: dioxygenase
 BiooxidaOon of aromaOcs has no chemical

2. electro-
equivalent OH
chemistry OH
 Tandem electrochemistry–enzyme methods are 3. H2O OH
most efficient
OH
 Removal of potenOal waste products by strategic HO
HO OH
conversion to value-‐added compounds
Impact: HO
OH
 Concept of EffecOve Mass Yield
 O
OH O
HO
 One-‐step synthesis of funcOonalized

OH
NH NCH3 HO
O O OH
catechols
HO
 ”No reagent” synthesis OH O HO
HO
OH
O
OH
pancratistatin morphine OH
OH
MeO
HO O OH
OH
OH
MeO HO OH L-chiro-4
OMe OH
OH
OMe
combretastatin A-1
23
Development of Rigid Chiral N-Heterocyclic
Carbenes Derived from Phenanthrolines

Costa Metallinos, Brock University, Chemistry

metallic@brocku.ca
Background: N-‐Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) with an
Ph Ph
imidazolidine framework can be classified as one i-Pr
of three general structural types: (a) Ar Ph
N N N N Ar N N Ph
Imidazolinylidenes (1) which have a saturated
backbone; (b) unsaturated imidazolylidenes (2), i-Pr
and (c) benzimidazolylidenes (3). There are
1 2 3
comparaOvely few reports of chiral
benzimidazolylidenes. This can be alributed in
part to limitaOons imposed by tradiOonal
syntheOc routes, which have restricted their NaBH3CN HC(OEt)3
structural diversificaOon. 1 equiv HCl
N N NH HN
80 °C
N N
ScienDfic Uniqueness: Previously we have described a 1,10-phenanthroline 5 6
Cl
route to a rigid tetracyclic benzimidazolylidene 4
(7) derived from phenanthroline (4) (Metallinos
et al. Org. Le6. 2004, 6, 3641). The key step in Cl
0.5 equiv Pd(OAc)2 N N
the preparaOon of this ligand involved a Pd
convenient reducOon of the pyridyl rings to make THF, reflux
N Cl N
octahydrophenanthroline (5). We have expanded
this methodology to prepare enanOomerically 7

pure rigid chiral benzimidazolium salt precursors
of benzimidazolylidenes (e.g. 8 and 9). Our
approach to the structural diversificaOon of this H H
sub-‐class of NHCs holds promise for their future
applicaOons in asymmetric synthesis. N N N N
BF4 H BF4 H
8 9
24
Organometallic and Coordination Chemistry

Georgii Nikonov, Brock University, Chemistry

gnikonov@brocku.ca
Background
•  TransiOon metal (TM) complexes subsOtuted by main group element (MGE) ligands, i.e.
LnM-‐ERk, oten exhibit unusual metal-‐ligand and ligand-‐ligand bonding;
•  There is a conOnuing interest in complexes with mulOple metal-‐ligand bonds (silylenes,
phosphinidenes, borylenes etc) and in coordinaOon of mulOple E=E bonds to metals
(complexes of disilenes, silenes, silaimines, diphosphenes etc);
•  Much of current research is focused on studying nonclassical interligand interacOons.
Research Goals
•  To develop the chemistry of transiOon metal hydrides in new ligand environments;
•  Synthesis, structure and reacOvity of TM hydrides and MGE complexes;
•  Study of nonclassical interligand interacOons.
Methodology
•  New syntheOc strategies to MGE and hydride complexes:
–  reacOons of MGE halides with hydrides;
–  selecOve funcOonalizaOon of E-‐H bonds in complexes;
–  E-‐E coupling reacOons on TM complexes;
•  X-‐ray and neutron diffracOon, NMR, IR, EPR, DFT calculaOons.
Results
•  Pioneering research on Interligand Hypervalent InteracOons
•  New types of Si-‐H... M agosOc complexes
•  New approaches to diphosphene complexes
•  One of the first σ-‐complexes of the Si-‐Si bond
Significance/Impact
•  New syntheOc methodologies
•  New insight into the nature of M-‐L
and L-‐L bonding
25
Developing Analytical Methods for Analyzing Environmental,
Food, and Biological Samples

Vadoud Niri, Brock University, Chemistry

vniri@brocku.ca
Background:
 Our research interests are mostly in method development for analyzing different kinds of samples including environmental samples
(water, air, soil, plants, etc), food samples (wine, coffee, rice, etc.) and biological samples (urine, blood, etc.) using different sampling
and analyOcal techniques such as chromatographic and electranalyOcal methods
Environmental Analysis:
 Obviously, it is not only important to protect our environment from contaminaOon, but also to monitor the levels of contaminants to
ensure that their concentraOon level is lower than maximum allowed level. Since the maximum concentraOon levels for many
contaminants are low, sensiOve analyOcal methods are required. The cerOfied laboratories which deal with environmental samples
are sOll relying on tradiOonal solvent extracOon techniques which are both hazardous and Ome and labor consuming. Therefore, our
research focus in this area is developing fast, sensiOve and solvent-‐free techniques for both sampling and analyzing contaminants in
environmental samples including water, air and soil.
Food Analysis:
 CombinaOon of organic synthesis, protein chemistry, and molecular biology
 First creaOon of molecular tools for analysis of tocopherol transfer and membrane
biochemistry by fluorescence
Bioanalysis:
 Developing highly sensiOve and precise methods for determinaOon of newly introduced drugs in pharmaceuOcal products and
biological media is one of the challenges in all pharmaceuOcal companies and clinical laboratories. The analyOcal method is chosen
based on the chemical properOes of the drug compounds. While high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV,
florescence or mass spectrometry is the common analyOcal technique for this purpose, electroanalyOcal techniques can also be used
for the determinaOon of the compounds with electrochemical acOvity properOes.
Biofuels:
 Biofuels offer an alracOve alternaOve to petroleum-‐based fuels. These fuels can be created from different sources including crop oils
and biomasses. One of the challenges in biofuel studies is to customize analyOcal techniques for analyzing the products during the
process. These techniques will allow us to idenOfy and quanOfy reacOon products during the process, construct a detailed mechanism
and improve the quality of the fuel.

26
Novel Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Molecular
Materials
Melanie Pilkington, Brock University, Chemistry
mpilkington@brocku.ca
Background:
 Inorganic crystal engineering.
 The preparaOon of magneOc, electronic and opOcal

materials from molecular building blocks.
Results:
 Synthesis and characterisaOon of new
tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) building blocks. A New TTF DerivaOve with Four
 SyntheOc strategies for the preparaOon of Pyridine Binding Sites
funcOonalised phthalocyanines (Pcs).
 Synthesis, characterisaOon and study of molecule-‐
based magneOc materials e.g. high spin clusters, 3-‐D
networks, 1-‐D coordinaOon polymers and spin-‐
crossover compounds. A Novel Fully Conjugated Phenanthroline
ScienDfic Uniqueness: Appended Phthalocyanine.

 ExploiOng the use of metal binding sites as the key
element for the construcOon of dual property hybrid
materials.
 Target the synergy between the properOes of the
inorganic and organic components in each system to
assemble new materials.
Impact and Advantages:
A High Spin (S = 51/2) [MnII9MoV6]
Molecular Cluster !

 Dual property materials with
synergisOc properOes.
 Development of new electronic,
opOcal and/or magneOc devices
that will be the cornerstones of
A Three-‐Dimensional Bimetallic Network
new technology. 1-‐D MagneOc CoordinaOon Polymer [NbIV{µµCN)4MnII(H2O)2}2]·∙2H27 2O
Novel Approaches to Fundamental Problems in
Computational Chemistry and Physics

Stuart M. Rothstein, Brock University, Chemistry & Physics

srothste@brocku.ca
Background: Results:
•  Chemistry: the factors involved in the •  Physics: quantum Monte Carlo
interacOon of biomolecules with methods can sample the
themselves, with DNA, and with solvent unknown exact wavefuncOon.
are not well understood. We recently discovered how to
•  Physics: one can derive accurate results sample the unknown exact
from quantum theory by taking probability density as well.
expectaOon values of operators over the
truly exact electron distribuOon, not just We are applying this methodology
an approximate one, contaminated by a to calculate very accurate esOmates
trial funcOon of polarizabiliOes of chemical
Results: systems.
 Chemistry: Using sophisicated staOsOcal ScienDfic Uniqueness: CRP-‐cAMP-‐DNA complex.
methods we developed computer codes  Our research has a strong
to cluster quantum and classical interdiscipinary flair, drawing
molecular dynamics trajectories, and to on computaOonal and
visualize the resulOng clusters. In theoreOcal chemistry and much-‐needed local view of
applicaOons physics, high-‐performance bio-‐molecular interacOons.
done in collaboraOon with groups in compuOng and mathemaOcs Impact and Advantages:
Germany, Japan, and Brock, this approach to tackle fundamental problems. •  Physics: quantum Monte Carlo
provided a local descripOon of protein Impact and Advantages: approach
is the most promising
folding, of non-‐bonded interacOons in •  Chemistry: we extract the signal to ab iniDo electronic structure of
biological systems from the noise in biomolecular large molecules.
(figure), and of high-‐frequency moOons in simulaOon data beler than
proteins, associated with their biological standard approaches, and our Group Human αrol Transfer Protein

website:
funcOoning. visualizaOons provide a novel, hlp://www.brocku.ca/chemistry
/faculty/Rothstein
28

Molecular Nanomagnets and Structural Models of the
Oxygen-Evolving Center of Photosystem II Based on
Multinuclear/Multifunctional 3d- and 4f-Metal Complexes

Theocharis C. Stamatatos, Brock University, Chemistry

tstamatatos@brocku.ca
Background:
 Synthesis, spectroscopic, magnetochemical and photoluminescence
characterizaOon, and biological evaluaOon of mulOnuclear 3d-‐, 4f-‐,
and 3d/4f-‐metal complexes
Results:
 A molecular, ’bolom-‐up’ approach to the nanoscale through the synthesis
of polynuclear homo-‐ and hetero-‐metallic 3d-‐ and 4f-‐metal complexes
 Synthesis of mulOfuncOonal molecular magneOc materials displaying dual
 Molecular Magnetism Photoluminescence
physical properOes Light
 Synthesis of new high-‐spin molecules, single-‐molecule magnets and single-‐
chain magnets
 Synthesis and detailed study of analogues (molecular models) of the
acOves sites of several redox enzymes
Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry
 Biological implicaOons and studies for mononuclear, ‘low-‐weight’
complexes
ScienDfic Uniqueness: O
Ca
Mn O

 CombinaOon of inorganic and organic synthesis, coordinaOon chemistry, O O
Mn
magnetochemistry, photoluminescence, catalysis, biology, materials Mn Mn
science and engineering Quantum Computing

O
Bioinorganic Chemistry
Impact and Advantages:
1

 A challenging prospect in mulOnuclear metal cluster chemistry is to 0.04 K
operate spins within magneOc coordinaOon complexes to accomplish 0.5
quantum logic processes (quantum compuOng informaOon
M/Ms
0
processing) 0.008 T/s

-0.5 0.004 T/s
 Strong collaboraOons with a wide range of chemists, physisists, biologists 0.002
0.001
T/s
T/s
and chemical engineerings around the world -1

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
µ0H (T)
29
Structure and Function of Photosynthetic Proteins

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy

Art van der Est, Brock University, Chemistry & Biotechnology

avde@brocku.ca
Goals:
 Beler understanding of solar energy
Photosynthesis
conversion in photosyntheOc
organisms
Results:
 DeterminaOon of electron transfer rates
D
in Photosystem I using electron spin
HO D
resonance
 Studies of site directed mutants to
(D3C) O
determined the pathway of electron
(CD3)
transfer.
 Computer modelling dynamics (see Dr.
Gordon)
ScienDfic Advances:
 Development of spin polarizaOon as
effecOve tool for studying electron
transfer. Electron spin resonance signals
Impact: Photosystem I from photosystem I

 Beginning to unravel the basic
principles of efficient solar energy
conversion
 Strong internaOonal collaboraOons with light
sciencOsts working in this field P P+A1-‐ P+FX-‐

30
Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Bioconjugates

Hongbin (Tony) Yan, Brock University, Chemistry and Biotechnology

tyan@brocku.ca
R1O B
O
O B
O OEt
Background O O O
•  Oligonucleotide synthesis, siRNA synthesis O O
NC P
N
•  Glycoconjugates and glycobiology X
P
O B'
NR2
•  Drug delivery O
Research Goals 2'-Cpep ribonucleoside phosphoramidite Cl

O
•  Understanding the chemistry, biochemistry, oligonucleotide phosphate-
and biology of nucleic acids, carbohydrates, phosphorothioate chimeras
and bioconjugates
Research Projects
•  Synthesis of oligonucleotide phosphate–phosphorothioate random chimeras
•  Solid phase synthesis of oligoribonucleotides/siRNAs using the Cpep chemistry
•  Novel siRNA analogues
Applied Biosystem 3400 DNA Synthesizer

•  Chemical mimicry of bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa surface
carbohydrate-binding proteins – carbohydrate interactions
carbohydrate
Significance
•  Methodology for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides on multi-gram scales
•  Understanding lectin–carbohydrate interactions Cationic lipid
•  Development of bioconjugates pertinent to human health Neutral lipid
Glycoliposome
31
Organosilicon Chemistry and the Chemistry of
Silicone and Silicone-Modified Materials

Paul Zelisko, Brock University, Chemistry and Biotechnology

pzelisko@brocku.ca
•  The goals of this research are: (1) to

invesOgate the interacOon(s) of silicon-‐based
molecules with biological systems; (2) to
develop systems where enzymes can be used
to perform chemistry at, or near, silicon in
1.0
place of the more tradiOonal, and somewhat
more toxic/expensive, metal-‐based catalyst
RelaDve proporDon of 29Si integral of

0.9
systems; and to (3) explore applicaOons such
0.8
as biomaterials, drug delivery devices,
phenyltrimethoxysilane
sealants, coaOngs, and agriculture products to 0.7
name but a few.
0.6
0.5
0.4
O
O
Si 1
2
Si
O
3
Si
n O
2
Si
O
Si 1
O 0.3
3 O
O
TES-PDMS
0.2
Cross-linking
enzyme 2 1 0.1
Spinning
0.0
Dn side band
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (hr)
32
For more information visit us at:
www.brocku.ca/chemistry
www.brocku.ca/gradstudies
www.brocku.ca/biotechnology
Application forms for graduate studies:

www.brocku.ca/gradstudies/forms/
Or contact Prof. Tony Yan at:

tyan@brocku.ca
41
43

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Grad Chemistry2 1

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Department

of Chemistry &

Behie, SW; Zelisko, PM;

Brock signs agreement with Lorus

• Graduate programs oﬀered:

• Proximity to major Canadian and US cities:

• All the advantages of a big city without

Human α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein

Ian D. Brindle, Brock University, Chemistry & Biotechnology

Development of analyOcal

spectrometry in analyOcal

approaches in asymmetric catalysis oﬀers great promise as an O

and computaOon which allow for the rapid cost-­‐eﬃcient producOon

Heather L. Gordon, Brock University, Chemistry & Biotechnology

binding site displays conformaDonal isomerism:

 One-­‐step synthesis of funcOonalized

magnetochemistry, photoluminescence, catalysis, biology, materials Mn Mn

science and engineering Quantum Computing

operate spins within magneOc coordinaOon complexes to accomplish 0.5

quantum logic processes (quantum compuOng informaOon

processing) 0.008 T/s

and chemical engineerings around the world -1

Research Goals 2'-Cpep ribonucleoside phosphoramidite Cl

• Development of bioconjugates pertinent to human health Neutral lipid

• The goals of this research are: (1) to

RelaDve proporDon of 29Si integral of

Application forms for graduate studies:

Or contact Prof. Tony Yan at:

You might also like

•  Graduate programs oﬀered:

•  Proximity to major Canadian and US cities:

•  All the advantages of a big city without

and computaOon which allow for the rapid cost-‐eﬃcient producOon

 One-‐step synthesis of funcOonalized

•  Development of bioconjugates pertinent to human health Neutral lipid

•  The goals of this research are: (1) to