Proceeding of

Taiwan, June 25th, 2022

 Strategies Towards Sustainable Life
and Global Challenges
Youth and students are one component in society that can play an important role and continue the relay of
Indonesia's sustainable development in the future. Success in building education will significantly contribute to the
achievement of overall national development goals. Indonesia's development plan also mentions Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).
The SDGs describe a universal agenda that applies and must be implemented by all countries, including
Indonesia. The 17 goals are: No Poverty; Zero Hunger; Good Health and Well-being; Quality Education; Gender
Equality; Clean Water and Sanitation; Affordable and Clean Energy; Decent Work and Economic Growth; Industry,
Innovation and Infrastructure; Reduced Inequality; Sustainable Cities and Communities; Responsible Consumption
and Production; Climate Action; Life Below Water; Life on Land; Peace and Justice Strong Institutions; and
Partnerships to achieve the Goal. Based on these development goals, youth is one of the main targets expected to
receive a quality education. However, as the 'fuel' for the nation's progress, the role of youth is not only as a beneficiary
of development but also as a development actor.
The number of Indonesian who get the opportunity to obtain an education abroad can play a role by
contributing to Indonesia. One of the countries that become the study destination is Taiwan. The number of Indonesian
students in Taiwan is recorded to be in the first rank compared to other countries, which reached 14,489 students in
2019.
One form of implementing the contribution to Indonesia's development from Indonesian students studying
in Taiwan is the annual scientific forum, namely the Indonesian Scholar Scientific Summit. This annual scientific
meeting becomes an opportunity to publish the results of creativity, knowledge, technology, and human and financial
resources to help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. This scientific forum is one of the actual roles of
Indonesian students and researchers in Taiwan.
The activities of this scientific forum will also be held together with a meeting of the PPI Taiwan Alumni
Association and an annual meeting of the chairman of the Indonesian Student Association from all cities and campuses
in Taiwan. It is expected to bridge the cooperation between Indonesian students, institutions, and agencies in Taiwan
and Indonesia. Hopefully, it also can be one of the prominent international scientific forums.

Taiwan, June 25th, 2022

Committee of I3S 2022

ii
Editorial Boards
Editor-in-Chief
Eny Sofiyatun (Chang Gung University, Taiwan)

Editors
Fasty Arum Utami (Taipei Medical University, Taiwan)
Josephine Nanda (Taipei Medical University, Taiwan)
Raras Kirana Wandira (National Central University, Taiwan)
Rita Wiryasaptra (Tunghai University, Taiwan)

Steering Committee & Reviewers

Miftakhul Jannatin (National Yangming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan)
Yoyok Amiruddin (National Ping Tung University, Taiwan; Universitas Islam Malang, Indonesia)
Sherlis Oktaviani (Taipei Medical University, Taiwan)
Syazwani Dzolin (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia)
Ma Weixiang (National Yangming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan)
Suchita Paul (Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India)
Le Duc Huy (Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Hue University, Hue, Vietnam)
Belen Ruiz Lezcano (Taipei Medical University, Taiwan)
Nancy Runnan Li (Taipei Medical University, Taiwan)

iii
Keynote Speaker
Muhyiddin, S.Sos, M.Sc, MSE (Head of Center for Development Policy, Indonesian Ministry of Manpower)

Speakers
Prof. Badri Munir Sukoco, SE, MBA, Ph.D. (Director of Airlangga University Post-graduate School)
Ravinder Singh (Director, DEG Product Engineering of Micron Technology, Taiwan)
Prof. dr. Laksono Trisnantoro, M.Sc, Ph.D. (Special Staff at Indonesian Ministry of Health)

iv
Papers
WEB-BASED ONLINE MOTORBIKE DEALING SYSTEM
Damara Gilang Muraharami, Sandy Darmowinoto, Muhammad Yeza Baihaqi

ONLINE METHOD AS AN EMERGENCY SOLUTION FOR STUDENT’S COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

PROGRAMS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDONESIA
Theresia Octastefani

INTERNATIONAL LAW, HUMANITARIAN ISSUES, AND THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK: THE

AMBIVALENCE OF INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT IN HANDLING REFUGEES
Bayu Mitra A. Kusuma, Theresia Octastefani

ECO-FRIENDLY SILVER NANOPARTICLES (AGNPS) FABRICATED BY GREEN SYNTHESIS USING

ACTINIDIA DELICIOSA EXTRACT: BIOSYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANTIBACTERIAL
ACTIVITY
Erna Fitriany, Novi Ariani, Andri Priyoherianto, Cikra Ikhda N.H.S.

REAL WATER SAVINGS OF SIMULATED IRRIGATION METHODS AND FARM MANAGEMENTS IN

SUGARCANE: CASE STUDY IN MALANG REGENCY
AD Mawardhi, CO Debataraja

RESEARCH ON MICROPLASTICS (MPS) IN INDONESIA: BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS 2011-2022 AS

SUSTAINABLE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Siti Ayu Ulfadillah, Yenni Putri Sari, Rindiani Puja Listari, Elsa Vandana, Mukti Dono Wilopo

LEARNING STYLE (BRAIN DOMINANCE) ON STEM STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

Zumrotul Faizah

A PROPOSED ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR SHARIACOMPLIANT EQUITY CROWDFUNDING

PROJECTS UTILIZING TOPSIS
Pandu Dwi Luhur Pambudi, Afifah Nurrosyidah, Army Justitia, Cendra Devayana Putra

EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE TO DETERMINE HYDROQUINONE IN FACE CREAM BY

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Masfah Raudlotus Shofiyyah, Nur Yaqin, Nuria Wijayanti

THE EFFECT OF BINARY OPTION TRADING IN SOCIAL PHENOMENON: INDONESIA CASE

Daffa Faadihilah Suntari Putra, Fadhel Husien, Rianmahardhika Sahid Budiharseno

ZERO-KNOWLEDGE PROOF APPLICATION IN ECOMMERCE PAYMENT

George Morris William Tangka, Ellie Ophelia Delviolin, Hsien-Ming Chou

IDEAS OF GREEN BUILDING LAWS AND REGULATIONS IN REALIZING SUSTAINABLE

BUILDINGS IN INDONESIA
Bayu Mogana Putra, M. Zikra Zizo Alfieta

CRITICAL REVIEW OF IMPLEMENTATION OF VILLAGE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

PRINCIPLES BASED ON LAWS AND REGULATIONS IN REALIZING SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
Bayu Mogana Putra, Ridwan Adnan Erlangga

ELDERLY FAMILY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT DEMENTIA IN WONOKERTO VILLAGE, TURI

DISTRICT, SLEMAN REGENCY, YOGYAKARTA
Hillary Shelyn Harsono, The Maria Meiwati Widagdo, Johan Kurniawan Djonggianto
v
FORECASTING INDONESIA STOCK PRICE USING TIME SERIES ANALYSIS AND MACHINE
LEARNING IN R
Fajar Dwi Wibowo, Thanh-Tuan Dang, Chia-Nan Wang

DEVELOPING INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) TRAINER AS A LEARNING MEDIA FOR REMOTE

CONTROL SUBJECT
Mahfud Jiono, Fauzy Satrio Wibowo, Muladi Muladi, Siti Sendari, Heru Wahyu Herwanto, Mokh. Sholihul Hadi

LIMITATIONS IN DAILY ACTIVITIES AS THE STRONGEST PREDICTOR OF PHARMACOTHERAPY

USAGE FOR PAIN IN INDONESIA
Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Le Duc Huy

TERAPAN (SOLAR TECHNOLOGY ON FISHING BOATS) AS AN INNOVATION TO REDUCE THE

OPERATIONAL COSTS OF FISHING ACTIVITIES
Resti Nurmala Dewi

vi
 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

WEB-BASED ONLINE MOTORBIKE

DEALING SYSTEM
1
Damara Gilang Muraharami, 2Sandy Darmowinoto
1,2
Study Program of Information System, President University
damaragm@gmail.com
3
Muhammad Yeza Baihaqi
3
Graduate Institute of Automation and Control, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
M11012803@mail.ntust.edu.tw

Abstract—Motorbikes are an essential mode of transportation in Indonesia. People utilize it on a regular basis to get
to work, school, and to transfer goods. According to data from Badan Pusat Statistik, the number of motorbikes in
Indonesia hit 112 million units in 2019 [1]. Because of the high demand for motorbikes in Indonesia, many individuals
must rely on loans. This, in turn, leads to a rise in fraud cases because people alter paperwork. Increasing fraud
incidences by faking identities and documents. Aside from the possibility of fraud, there is also the long process that
customers must endure by coming to the showroom, waiting for the list, and following a series of inefficient processes,
so that the customers waste their time by doing those activities that cause them to miss other activities that are more
productive. Customers may minimize time-wasting activities and fraud as much as feasible by establishing this online
system. Because of these issues, this paper will present a web-based system that can assist clients, leasing companies,
and dealers in online transactions to ensure that all provided documents are authentic. The system was developed in
the website so that can be accessed in both mobile and personal computer. The website will be made based on agile
software development process called rapid application development (RAD). Finally, the Web-based online motorbike
dealing system has been developed and tested to meet a whole motorbike sales business process properly without any
faults, flaws, or issues. Further research will mainly talk about automatic document verification and security issue.

Key words— Motorbikes, fraud cases, online transaction.

I. INTRODUCTION
Motorbikes are now part of the fundamental necessities of humanity, particularly the lower middle class.
Motorbikes, in addition to being a status symbol, are designed to aid human mobility in carrying out job duties that
demand skill and speed in execution. Motorbikes are now inextricably linked to human activities, and as a result,
interest in purchasing motorbikes grows year after year. According to statistics issued by Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS),
the number of motorbikes in the nation has reached 112 million units, an increase of 5.66% over the previous year's
figure of 106 million units [1].
The huge interest in purchasing bikes indicates a high willingness to acquire a motorbike, which may have an
influence on the likelihood of growing the rise of fraud planned by individuals who do not meet the requirements but
are eager to have actual benefits as well [2]. It is obvious that the leasing firm would suffer material harm. One of the
most common scams is when people submit fraudulent profile data in order to meet the requirements and then conduct
fraud by failing to properly repay the credit. Two ladies allegedly defrauded eight leasing firms in 2014 by faking
their identification documents in order to buy motorbikes [3]. The identical scam was perpetrated in Surabaya in 2015,
when five bikes were bought by using false IDs [4]. In 2017 the joint Subdit Ranmor Ditkreskimum Ditlantas Polda
Metro Jaya team was declared to have disclosed falsification of documents such as KK, KTP, and several other
documents used to obtain financing for motorbike loans from leasing companies [5]. It is obvious that the leasing firm
would suffer material harm. One of the most common scams is when people submit fraudulent profile data in order to
meet the requirements and then conduct fraud by failing to properly repay the credit.
Another issue is that the lengthy procedure that customers must go through will take time that is not just a few
minutes. The consumer must schedule a visit to the showroom and go through each stage of the procedure in order to
gather the documentation required by the leasing company and dealer in person. Customers will waste their time and
energy looking for lodging as a result of this offline approach.
In response to these issues, some systems have been invented. The first system is momotorid.id which has a
straightforward and comprehensive; the processes that the client must follow are separated into two steps: completing
1
the identity data and submitting the loan application. The system's flaw is that potential clients are not provided an
account to log in to. As a result, clients are unable to trace their purchasing history or the status of their orders. The
customer must repeat the entire procedure of giving their identifying credentials if they wish to check on a new
motorbike.
The second existing system is Moladin. In moladin, the system only provides a selection of motorbikes for the
consumer to choose from and fill out their information, then the procedure is completed on the website. The next
process will take place offline, and moladin.com customer support will contact the consumer by phone. Last, the
research in [6] also has demonstrated the system to buy the motorbike using online system.
Therefore, with the lack of the previous systems, this paper will focus on creating a web-based online system
that will assist clients, leasing companies, and dealers in acquiring a motorbike. Compare to desktop-based application,
web-based system can provide more business advantages. In addition, desktop application development has been
demonstrated in the research [7]. Next, this web-based online system will reduce client fraud by falsifying papers; this
site will have two verification stages. Aside from that, internet transactions may assist buyers save time while
purchasing motorbikes. This is due to the fact that three essential parties will be directly involved in this web-based,
namely customers, leasing companies, and dealers. Furthermore, this web-based will present numerous vehicle
suggestions and leasing that will assist the consumer so that they can select the vehicle of their desires after reviewing
the motorbike and installment data. As a result, this solution will benefit all parties, particularly customers, by saving
their time and eliminating the chance of leasing companies incurring losses due to fake document by customers, which
may occur when doing offline transactions. In addition, Table 1 shows the comparison between this research with the
previous system.
TABLE 1. COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS SYSTEMS

momotorid.id moladin Research in

Parameters This paper
in 2019 in 2019 [6]
Profile menu to edit, update, and add √ × × √
Upload documents √ × × ×
Search based on some data √ √ √ √
Choose the leasing company √ × × ×
Submission of motorbike loan √ √ × ×
Set survey date and address √ √ × ×
Customer login/sign up √ × √ √

II. METHODS
The Rapid Application Creation (RAD) approach was utilized to construct the system to help with the development
of this system. Rapid application development. RAD is a type of agile software development process. RAD
emphasizes working software and user feedback over strict planning and requirements recording. The key benefit of
a RAD approach is fast project turnaround, making it an attractive choice for developers working in a fast-paced
environment like software development [8]. This rapid pace is made possible by RAD’s focus on minimizing the
planning stage and maximizing prototype development. There are a handful of steps or phases each development
project goes through when using the rapid application development methodology:
 Requirement Planning Phase
A project scoping meeting is the counterpart of this step. This step is broken down into three parts: investigating
the present situation, creating project needs, and completing project requirements.
 User Design Phase
This phase will cover the business modelling of the system into modules. This phase to ensure the needs are being
met at every step in the design process
 Rapid Construction Phase
This phase breaks down into several smaller steps, there are preparation for rapid construction, Program and
application development, Coding, Unit, integration, and system testing.
 Cutover Phase
This is the implementation phase where the product is finished. It includes data conversion, testing, evaluation,
and final delivery, also avoid the error occurrence that can be led to fatal failure.

2
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter mainly focuses in presenting and discussing the result achieved from the developed system including
the system overview, usecase diagram, entity relationship diagram, user interface, and testing plan.
A. System Overview
An online motorbike dealing system is a web-based program that is used as a medium transaction for selling and
buying motorbikes by using a loan or credit. This app will primarily assist customers in locating their chosen
motorbike, not only based on the brand, but also on their capacity to make the down payment and monthly payment.
This method will assist customers in purchasing motorbikes without having to visit a showroom and go through an
inconvenient process.
The dealer is the other important user of this system; with this web-based program, the dealer's position is that of
an administrator. The dealer has access to all data entered by both the consumer and the leasing company. The dealer
has the authority to modify, update, and delete products on the website as the admin. The dealer's other key
responsibility is to deliver the chosen motorbike to the buyer. The key tasks of the dealer are also to check all of the
data that the consumer uploads.
Besides customer and dealer, this system is also used by leasing company to verify the customer data. The system
allows the leasing company to evaluate the detail information about the customer for further consideration before
approving the application.
B. Use Case Diagram
Use case diagram is a diagram that consist of actors and use cases [9, 10]. It may be used to illustrate the customer
about the system's components and actions. There will be three actors, depending on the requirements and demands.
The first actor is the client, who are the individuals who wish to buy a motorbike on the internet. The second actor is
the dealer, who is also the administrator of this website. The last actor is the leasing firm, which has the authority to
authorize the loan sought by the consumer. The use case diagram for a whole system is shown on the Figure 1.

FIGURE 1. USE CASE DIAGRAM FOR THE WHOLE SYSTEM.

3
C. Entity Relationship Diagram
The database design is created to provide the overview of the database that can be used to create and store the
information. The database will be built on MySQL. There will be 10 Tables in the system. There are CustomerRegist,
Account, History, PO, Down Payment, Fulfill Payment, Survey, Upload Document, Product, and Leasing tables.

FIGURE 2. ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM.

D. Customer User Interface
The customer menu can be categorized into some submenu, they are Dashboard, Register, Login, Home menu,
Profile menu, Documents menu, History menu, Leasing Company menu, and About Us. The consumer may sign in
and sign up to their account from the dashboard. The consumer may also look at some of the website's ideals, works,
and articles. In the home menu, the customer can search their desired motorbike by submitting some supporting data.
Also, the customer can view the product before filtered by search and after filtered in the same page. The consumer
may examine the search results from the home menu. After the search results are displayed, the consumer can select
one of the results to purchase. By hit the Buy this product button, the consumer may also specify the leasing business
and term they want to use as their loan provider. Next, after clicking the buy now button payment screen will be
appeared. In addition, after the payment has been done, the customers can see their purchasing history. Customer use
interfaces are shown on the Figure 3.

(a) (b)

4
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(c) (d)

(d) (e)

FIGURE 3. CUSTOMER USER INTERFACE. (A) DASHBOARD, (B) HOME, (C) SUGGESTION, (D) CREDIT SIMULATION, (E)
PAYMENT, (F) PURCHASING HISTORY.

E. Dealer User Interface

The dealer menu can be categorized into some submenu, they are Dashboard, Product menu, Requester menu,
Adding leasing menu, and About Us. The dealer’s administrator can Sign In to their account from the dashboard. The
dealer's administrators are routed to the product menu after signing in. The dealer may view, add, update, and delete
the product they have in the product menu. The requester menu will allow the administrator to see the customers
purchasing history. Early document verification, down payment verification, leasing payment verification, and the
shipment of the product will also be covered in the system. Next, adding leasing menu will be the menu that listed the
registered leasing company. In addition, about us menu will be the menu to fill the dealer information. The dealer user
interfaces are shown on the Figure 4.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

5
 (e)
FIGURE 4. DEALER USER INTERFACE. (A) DASHBOARD, (B) LIST OF PRODUCTS, (C) REQUESTER MENU –
PURCHASING HISTORY, (D) REQUESTER MENU – VERIFICATION, (E) NEW LEASING COMPANY.

F. Leasing User Interface

The leasing menu is divided into many submenus: Dashboard, Login, Requester menu, and Profile menu. The
leasing’s administrator can Sign In to their account from the dashboard. Leasing company may look for a client who
has already placed a request by entering the customer's name or PO code in the requester menu. The leasing company
can examine a list of information about a new client who purchases a product also. Last, the profile menu is used to
update the detail information about the leasing company such as name of leasing company, description, link of the
leasing company’s website, their username and password to access the system. The leasing company user interfaces
are shown on the Figure 5.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
FIGURE 4. LEASING USER INTERFACE. (A) DASHBOARD, (B) CUSTOMER INFORMATION, (C) DOCUMENT VERIFICATION,
(D) LEASING PROFILE.

6
G. Testing Plan
Before releasing the system to the general public, it should be thoroughly evaluated for quality and performance.
Its purpose is to ensure that the system functions properly without any faults, flaws, or issues. It's important to ensure
that the system will satisfy the specifications that were established during the design process. System testing will be
carried out on all menus and submenus that are related to the system.

IV. CONCLUSION
Finally, the Web-based online motorbike dealing system has been developed to meet the motorbike sales business
process. The web-based online motorbike dealing system was developed to facilitate three parties that involved in the
process of the motorbike dealing system, those are customer, dealer, and leasing company. The system was developed
in the website so that can be accessed in both mobile and personal computer. Because the process was covered all the
business process, this online system may replace the manual method. Next, because the procedure will be completed
online, it will save time for the consumer. Since the customers was asked to submit the confidential documents, the
security issue must be considered for the future study. Last, the document verification is still also done manually, the
future research can also focus on implementing image processing for the automatic verification process.

REFERENCES
[1] Sensus BPS: Perkembangan Jumlah Kendaraaan Bermotor Menurut Jenis. Available online:
https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/17/57/1/perkembangan-jumlah-kendaraan-bermotor-menurut- jenis.html (accessed on 3
April 2022).
[2] Jumlah Sepeda Motor Indonesia Tembus 100 Juta. Available online:
https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2017/12/20/2016-jumlah-sepeda-motor-indonesia-tembus-100-juta (accessed 3
April 2022).
[3] Dua Wanita Tipu 8 Leasing, Gelapkan Belasan Motor. Available online: http://satelitnews.co.id/2014/12/07/dua-wanita-
tipu-8-leasing-gelapkan-belasan-motor (accessed 3 April 2022).
[4] Palsukan KTP dan KK, Akali Leasing. Available online: https://www.pressreader.com/indonesia/jawa-
pos/20151111/282553017124563 (accessed 3 April 2022).
[5] Kricom.id Good News to Good People. Available online: https://www.kricom.id/polda-metro-cokok-komplotan-pemalsu-
dokumen-usai-tipu-15-perusahaan-leasing (accessed 3 April 2022).
[6] Triraharjo B, Nguyen PT, Perumal E, Shankar K, Abadi S, Hashim W, Maseleno A. E-commerce application system at
motorcycle showroom. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 2019; 8: 1022-1025.
[7] Baihaqi MY, Lumoindong CWD, Suhartomo A. Development of fiber loss calculator application based on visual basic and
matlab. Seminar Nasional Microwave, Antenna & Propagation Bandung 2019; 62-66.
[8] Adriani A, Sistem informasi penjualan pada toko online dengan metode rapid application development
(RAD). Speed-Sentra Penelitian Engineering dan Edukasi 2018; 10: 49-54.
[9] Fowler M. UML Distilled, 3rd ed. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2004.
[10] Cockburn A. Writing Effective Use Cases. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2001.

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 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

Online Method as an Emergency Solution for

Student’s Community Engagement Programs
during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia
1,2
Theresia Octastefani
1
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
2
The Ph.D Program in Asia-Pacific Regional Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan
Email: theresiaoctastefani@ugm.ac.id; 81100B001@gms.ndhu.edu.tw

Abstract—There have been many studies related to Student’s Community Engagement (KKN) program during the
COVID-19 pandemic, but no one has analysed it based on the student's experience. So, this study aims to explore the
student experiences in implementing online KKN program during the pandemic. This study used qualitative methods
and data collection carried out through observation, in-depth interviews, and literature studies. The results showed
that as an emergency solution from the university, students as the core of online KKN are trying to adapt with the
situation and the latest regulation during the pandemic. Then, because the activities are carried out from home and far
from the KKN location, the internet becomes the main access to stay connected. Several lessons learned from the
online KKN student’s experiences are: first, students are able to accept rapid changes in their life realities which are
sometimes not in accordance with their ideals that have been planned. Second, in the new normal era, students still
have to participate in empowering rural communities according to their capacity. Third, students have the opportunity
to optimize their skills and information technology that has been obtained during lectures to be practiced in social life.

Keywords— COVID-19, Internet, Online KKN, Rapid Change, Student Experiences

I. INTRODUCTION
Since the Indonesian Government announced the first positive confirmed case of COVID-19 on March 2, 2020,
no one knows when the pandemic will end. Although the accelerated vaccination program continues, various sectors
of people's lives have been disrupted, including in the education sector. Starting March 15, 2020, the Government has
implemented work from home, which was followed by the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (Bahasa Indonesia:
Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar – PSBB) policy. The government asks the Indonesian people to reduce activities
outside their home as an effort to reduce the spread of COVID-19. All educational level institutions are expected to
be able to adapt with the rapidly changing pandemic situation, while the teaching and learning activities can still be
carried out from home [1].

According to the Circular Letter of the Director General of Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia Number
1 of 2020 about the Prevention of the Spread of COVID-19 in the Higher Education Institution, start on March 16,
2020 the Tri Dharma activities ranging from teaching and learning; research; and community engagement are carried
out from home. With limited time and preparation process; students, lecturers, and even policy makers are also
pressured by this condition. In its realization, the implementation of Tri Dharma activities is forced not to be carried
out face-to-face (offline-based learning), but to be replaced with online-based learning both synchronously and
asynchronously. Online-based learning is considered as an alternative win-win solution in order to reduce direct
meetings between the academic community (especially lecturers and students) and reduce crowds.

8
 In responding to the implementation of online-based learning and work from home policy, the majority of students
from outside the region chose to return to their hometowns so they could reunite with their families. However, a small
number of other students choose to stay in their boarding house/dormitory because they believe that distance learning
will only be applied for a few weeks or months. Over time, they also began to adapt with the online teaching and
learning method, although at the beginning of its implementation, both in terms of teaching methodology and mastery
of technology, it was still very rigid because this method was the first time applied and without prior preparation.
Utilization of virtual meeting platforms – Zoom, Google Meet, WebEx, etc. – and social media platforms – WhatsApp,
LINE, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram – become a means of connecting teaching and learning activities between
lecturers and students.

Although it must be admitted, there are several obstacles that must be faced during online teaching and learning
activities such as: unstable internet connections, limited internet quotas, and sometimes sudden power outages. The
activities are hampered because of student residences scattered throughout various rural and urban areas. This
condition is proof that behind the outbreak of COVID-19, our education has been disrupted where the digitalization
of education is implemented while in terms of resources – human, infrastructure, and information technology – we are
not fully ready for this change, so it has an impact on the satisfaction of online teaching and learning [2].

Other student activities that are also affected by the COVID-19 pandemic are Student’s Community Engagement
program (Bahasa Indonesia: Kuliah Kerja Nyata – KKN). Before the pandemic, KKN was one of the most awaited
activities by almost all students. KKN are identical to activities where students can live together with the local
community during the KKN period. They will join with other interdisciplinary students to be able to practice with the
local community. Unfortunately, since the pandemic, KKN activities to directly interact with the local community are
very unlikely to be carried out. In addition, many students are still in their hometowns, and it is not possible to carry
out their mobility between regions because of the tight security at the regional entrance gates from one area to another
and social restrictions.

Considering the increase in positive cases of COVID-19 from day to day, the Directorate General of Higher
Education together with universities finally carried out KKN activities from home with the online method as an
emergency solution. Each university then made adjustments by changing the implementation of offline KKN to online
KKN. Each university can prepare the guidelines and technical instructions for online KKN activities which will later
be carried out by each student who takes this course according to the policies of their respective universities. The
university prioritizes the health and safety aspects of all parties involved in it. In addition, the university also considers
the location where most of the location is still in the yellow, orange, and red zones.

Various considerations of the new regulations in implementing online KKN also became the main discussion for
prospective students. Especially when the decision to implement online KKN has been determined by the university.
Students as the subject of KKN activities began to hesitate whether to choose online during a pandemic or postpone
it to the next semester. Online KKN is something new and they have never imagined before how to carry out
community engagement activities from home without going into the community. This condition is mostly experienced
by students at the beginning of the emergence of the term online KKN.

In this paper, the author specifically wants to explore the student experiences who have carried out online KKN
during the pandemic in Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM). A distinctive feature of the KKN nomenclature at UGM is
the addition of the term Community Empowerment Learning (Bahasa Indonesia: Pembelajaran Pemberdayaan
Masyarakat – PPM), so it is commonly called KKN-PPM. KKN-PPM is implemented the concept interactively and
synergistically between students and the community in development through activities that may involve, engage, and
foster a sense of belonging to the community development [3].

The author focuses on the online KKN-PPM UGM 2nd Period of 2020 and 2nd Period of 2021 with several main
considerations. First, historically, since 1951 until before the pandemic, the KKN activities have been carried out by
direct involvement with the local community. Meanwhile, during pandemic, the online KKN is carried out entirely

9
from home by utilizing information and communication technology. Second, KKN is one of the university's
compulsory subjects with three credits which is carried out off campus for fifty days so students from various
disciplines can collaborate in academic-theoretical activities with empirical-practical activities. The new regulation
for implementing online KKN is also based on the high number of COVID-19, the implementation of mobility
restrictions, and the duration of student time.

Third, KKN is carried out in groups or teams. One team consists of a maximum of thirty students from four clusters
– science and technology; agro; social humanities; and medical – with locations that have been agreed upon between
the Directorate of Community Services (Bahasa Indonesia: Direktorat Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat – DPkM)
UGM, students, and local government agencies. Students who are members of a team become the core implementing
activities that aim to empower the community and help provide solutions to problems faced by the community at the
KKN location as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Fourth, the online KKN is an example of the realization of the
'Free Campus Independent Learning’ Policy as conveyed by the Minister of Education and Culture of Indonesia who
was present virtually at the KKN deployment ceremony for 2nd Period of 2020 which provided opportunities for
students to hone hard skills and soft skills in their activities [4]. With these several considerations, this paper aims to
explore the student experiences in implementing online KKN program during the pandemic.

Every university has a different concept of KKN implementation [5]. So, in this part, the author gives some
previous studies about the different concepts of KKN implementation during the pandemic situation. It can be seen
from the programs and methods by various universities during the last two years (2020-2021) as follows. First,
Estriyanto explained about the implementation of offline KKN conducted by Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS)
students who live in their home areas in Tegal and Purbalingga Regencies from May to June 2020 during the pandemic
[6]. Students are free to try and to solve various problems in the village where they live which is used as a KKN
location. They can help educate the public and provide reinforcement in dealing with the impact of COVID-19.

Second, Miftah and others explained about the Thematic KKN for COVID-19 Prevention in Cibatu Village, Garut
Regency which was carried out by KKN students from the Garut Regency Technological College with educational
activities to prevent COVID-19 and manufacture personal protective equipment such as of masks, cloth, hand
sanitizer, and disinfectant online for 31 days from August 1 to August 31, 2020 [7]. Third, Putra and Yuhari explained
about the online KKN for students at the Indonesian Art Institute of Denpasar which was conducted in Carangsari
Village, Badung Regency which the area of residence or village of origin of each KKN participant is carried out by
educating elementary school age children about the importance of following health rules and living a healthy and
clean life in tackling COVID-19 [8].

Fourth, Heydemans and others which explains about the implementation of the Manado State Christian Institute.
Thematic KKN which focuses on socialization and 5M education activities to the community run by KKN students
with hybrid methods (online and offline) in February to March 2021 according to the student's area of origin and close
to the student's house [9]. Fifth, Janati and others explained about the online KKN activities of the Muhammadiyah
University of Jakarta focusing on promotional counselling related to eye health for students of SMPIT Darul Abidin
which was held from July 1 to August 1, 2021. From the results of this study, there are various forms of implementation
of KKN, ranging from offline, online, and hybrid [10].

Most of them focus on KKN program activities which are directed at providing education and outreach to the
public regarding the methods of prevention and handling of COVID-19; and provide education to the local community
about several activities that can be done at home so that they can remain productive during the implementation of
work from home and social distancing policies. Based on those several previous studies, none of the research results
have in-depth reviewed the student's experiences when implementing the online KKN program. To fill the gaps, this
study tries to explore the student experiences in implementing online activities and several lessons learned.

10
II. METHODS
This study uses a qualitative approach. To obtain comprehensive research data, the author uses in-depth interviews,
literature study, and observation. Steinar Kvale in his book ‘Doing Interviews’ mentioned that the interview is a
powerful method of producing knowledge of the human situation, as well as for exploring the ways in which subjects
experience and understand their own words to describe their activities, experiences, and opinions [11]. In the context
of this research, the author conducted a semi-structured interview with selected informants who joined KKN-PPM
UGM with a focus on key informants as follows: (1) representatives of team members of KKN-PPM UGM Ibun Unit
(JB036) 2nd Period of 2020 which was held from June 29 to August 18, 2020 in Ibun District, Bandung Regency,
West Java Province; (2) representatives of team members of KKN-PPM UGM Sekotong Unit (NB001) 2nd Period of
2021 which was held from July 5 to August 23, 2021 in Sekotong District, West Lombok Regency, West Nusa
Tenggara Province. The realization of all activities is carried out online and without being sent to KKN locations.

In addition, this research is also supported by secondary data obtained through newspapers, journals, books, and
government websites that can be freely accessed by the public. The author also uses several main keywords when
tracing relevant online literature, such as: Online KKN, community empowerment, community engagement, COVID-
19, and pandemic. Moreover, the author was also directly involved in the online KKN during that period as a field
supervisor starting from the preparation of the proposal until the end of the KKN activities in that period. All the
obstacles and student achievements during online KKN are always discussed together in bi-weekly meetings which
are also conducted online in order to know the working process of the members of the KKN team.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After the DPkM UGM issued Decree Number 481/UN1/DPM/KKN/KKN/PM/2020 about the Notification of the
Implementation of KKN-PPM UGM 2nd Period of 2020, so all activities plan carried out by the team of Ibun Unit
(JB036) and other teams underwent a drastic change from what was planned – from offline to online. When students
found out about this new regulation, the majority of students were shocked and not ready to accept the changes that
were so fast. Online KKN is something most students don't expect [12]. They have no other choice and have no
imagination of how the implementation of online KKN is carried out because what they have prepared is offline KKN,
going directly to KKN location and interacting with the community as has been implemented by other KKN
participants in 2019. They have received many stories and experiences from previous student participants. Starting
from the proposal preparation process, departure preparation, sponsorship fundraising, KKN deployment ceremonies,
realization of activities, to reporting on KKN activities, each has a very interesting story to tell based on their own
previous experiences.

The direct discussion becomes a strategic means to finalize the KKN program to be implemented and how to
involve the local hamlet/village community in its empowerment. This interaction also forms a reciprocal relationship
between the parties involved in it. Students can practice the knowledge gained during lectures by exploring what
problem solving is actually needed by the community when they are at the KKN location. On the other hand, students
can also learn from the local community about the values of life and how the local community solves the problems
they face together with their local wisdom and social capital. More than that, students can also explore other potentials
that may not have been included in the work program, while enjoying the natural beauty of the local location with
team members and the local community. Living in a village full of beauty and away from the hustle and bustle of a
big city is certainly a dream for them.

The student participants in online KKN cannot realize their dreams, interactions, and more real off-campus learning
experiences. The responses of prospective KKN students who will be participating in online KKN are also very diverse
because a few months earlier in 2019 until before the pandemic, they had formed a proposing team and prepared a
proposal with their field supervisor for the face-to-face KKN program design. The rapid change in regulation during
this pandemic, makes some students feel disappointed, sad, and have to think again about how to design online KKN
with the limited time, especially as a KKN team, most of whom have never met before. They just met in a virtual

11
room because they are part of a team. In addition, regardless of the KKN location, whether far or near, it will be the
same, because everything is carried out by online activities.

The pros and cons of implementing online KKN have become a hot discussion among prospective KKN students.
Some feel panicked, disappointed, angry, and some are even happy if KKN is done online. For students who are pros
with online KKN, they try to leave their ideals and move forward to face the existing reality. Meanwhile, those who
were cons, decided not to choose to carry out online KKN. They believe that maybe in the next KKN period, the
conditions will return to normal and they can return to serving directly in the community. This policy is indeed a very
dilemmatic choice for every final year student to decide.

Empowering local communities became a big challenge for KKN students during the pandemic because the
implementation of KKN is not only for fulfilling the credits but also being a form of social responsibility. In addition,
as the lyrics of the Mars KKN-PPM UGM, which is always sung at the KKN launch ceremony, contain a lot of promise
as a student. The lyrics of KKN song emphasize a student's promise to be ready to carry out tasks in the Tri Dharma,
to serve the country, to be ready to serve the community and village development for the homeland and nation. The
call of the soul to carry out KKN during a pandemic will certainly be very different from before the pandemic. In this
difficult time, now is the right time for UGM students to keep moving forward from any impossible situation and take
part in continuing to contribute to the country. Although the way to contribute is very limited because for fifty days,
students as the core of online KKN are trying to adapt with the situation and virtual activities.

The implementation of online KKN in 2020 is actually not entirely difficult because previously they had started to
be trained with online teaching and learning which were conducted approximately three months earlier. But the main
difference between online KKN and online teaching and learning is the scope of interaction. In the online teaching
and learning process, the main interaction lies with the lecturers and students; while in the online KKN process, the
interactions are very diverse, starting from team members, field supervisor, local government in all level, local
communities, and other stakeholders. The interactions are more complex because students are also trying to establish
cooperation with relevant stakeholders who are completely new to them by relying on responses and coordination
from government officers, community leaders, and also local communities. Moreover, the student also tries to build
the new network and communication so the plan and the implementation of each program activities can run smoothly.
Unfortunately, because the KKN locations are in remote areas, they have limited access and internet networks to stay
connected with each stakeholder.

Based on the student experiences, they mentioned that there are many challenges that must be faced and sometimes
make students feel dissatisfied with the implementation of online KKN because the hope to help rural communities
has not been fully implemented [13]. Similar conditions were also experienced by other KKN teams who also felt that
there was no reciprocal effect of the program that could be felt by the community, because the programs carried out
were also not responded to by the local community. For doing fifty days with online KKN, there are many ups and
downs that must be passed so that the KKN program can be implemented. Moreover, at the time of implementation,
many stakeholders from the location actually wanted and requested the direct presence of students so that the
empowerment program could run effectively. The reason is, the majority of village communities are not familiar with
using digital platforms, not all of them have smartphones or computers, and not all of them have internet quotas to
carry out the online empowerment activities. So, the villagers felt it was difficult to participate in online activities.

For this reason, students are rethinking how to make the benefits of the online KKN program – in the form of
education, training, and socialization – also felt by those who are the target audience. In the end, the KKN team sent
community empowerment products to the locations so that later they could be distributed to the local community
through village/sub-district officials. The product outputs are very diverse, for example: booklets, caricature books,
video tutorials, education books, worship equipment, etc. The output of this activity can at least contribute to
responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. During this pandemic, students still tried to run the empowerment program
as much as they could from home, because until the end of the KKN the pandemic conditions had not gradually
improved and still enforced physical distancing with strict health protocols.

12
 Entering 2021, everyone hopes that the pandemic will end soon because the Government has imported vaccines.
The government continues to intensify the vaccination distribution program in order to be able to increase the
immunity of the community so people can do activities in public spaces even though it is still a very limited number
from the normal situation it should be. In the preparation process, the DPkM UGM has also begun and socialize the
design of hybrid (mixed offline-online) and online KKN to prospective student participants. However, it should be
noted that the DPkM's decision may change at any time according to the development of the pandemic situation.
Besides that, this situation cannot be separated from the extension of the Enforcement of Emergency Community
Activity Restrictions Policy accompanied by judicial operations, where violators of the health protocol will be given
sanctions [14].

All preparations are still vacillating because the method for implementing KKN will be determined later depending
on the last situation and the update number of COVID-19. Unfortunately, until a few days before the date of
implementation, the plan was rapidly changing, the hybrid KKN methods were cancelled. The hybrid method is not
possible to implement due to the high spread of the delta variant of COVID-19 cases. As conveyed by the Director of
DPkM UGM, the implementation of KKN was fully carried out with online method, it will be the same as the previous
year. Of course, this situation also received various reactions from students who had prepared hybrid methods. With
the limited days for preparation, the students have to accept the fact that online KKN is what they have to do in the
future.

This is reinforced by the Circular Letter Number 4096/UN1.PIII/DIT-PKM/PM/2021 about the Implementation of
KKN-PPM UGM 2nd Period of 2021 dated June 29, 2021 where it is stated that: First, the implementation of KKN-
PPM UGM 2nd Period is held online for all units without exception. Second, DPkM coordinates with relevant parties
in order to adjust the methods needed so that the activity can run well. When reading the contents of the letter, the
KKN team who had planned the hybrid methods felt the most restless because they had done a lot of preparation
starting from buying flight tickets, buying goods for the needs of the program, and paying for this and that. But in the
end, the money that has been spent is wasted because it is not utilized at all. It cannot be denied that the latest regulation
still leaves disappointment, and they try to accept the situation. They can continue to carry out community engagement
activities from home and interact with team members, field supervisor, and government officers and the local
community using various digital platforms that have been mutually agreed upon even though they are not physically
together.

Based on the student’s experience in the team of Sekotong Unit (NB001), they stated that this period is the second
year of online KKN implementation in Sekotong District, so the local government already understands how the
technical implementation of online method is. Of course, this condition is very beneficial for both parties, both for
students and the local government. The local government strongly supports the online KKN and expects that the
program will run smoothly because the location has been used since the previous year. But during the implementation
of online KKN for fifty days, there are several obstacles faced by students as follows: First, there was no response
from the local communities whether to accept or reject the implementation of online KKN so the students with field
supervisor then conveyed to the local district government to discuss and find the solution to overcome the problem.
Second, there is instability of the internet network because the location of the village is in a remote area. Moreover,
some of the local communities don’t have internet quotas and no free Wi-Fi area to access internet so they can’t join
in the virtual meetings. Third, most of the local communities do not have smartphones or computers, so they also
cannot access certain applications taught by students. The several number of existing obstacles and limitations did not
dampen the intention of students. They try to run a program of activities that are coordinated with the village
government and the sub-district government as community representatives. This limitation is indeed a concern for
students because they are aware from the beginning that their location has limitations for implementing online KKN.

However, they do not make the obstacles as a burden. They are constantly trying to hone their skills. As stated by
Ganjar Pranowo – Governor of Central Java Province and Chair of UGM Alumni Family – at the KKN deployment
ceremony for this period, he said that in the village assistance process, students can carry out various processes.

13
Pranowo also emphasized that the UGM student is creative and innovative, so they will find a way to solve the
problems and help the local community with the empowering process [15]. For 50 days, various empowered outcomes
were produced. The resulting output products are then also sent to village and sub-district representatives so after the
activities of online KKN was finished, the local community can feel the benefits of the empowerment activities and
hopefully it can continue independently by the local community.

Based on the student’s experience in running 2020 and 2021 online KKN activities, this is a reflective note for the
next period in order to improve the quality of KKN. All parties who are involved in KKN activities are expected to be
able to adapt with the situation and the new method for doing community engagement. Students who are the core of
implementing KKN activities are also expected to be more creative and innovative in mapping community problems
during the pandemic and looking for alternative solutions to solve the problem. Although it is well recognized and
understood, the implementation of online KKN is becoming more difficult than offline KKN.

For this reason, several lessons learned that can be drawn from the two-year example of implementing online KKN
from home as follows. First, students are able to accept rapid changes in the life realities which are sometimes not in
accordance with the ideals that have been planned. During this pandemic, students must also understand how to coexist
with the COVID-19 virus and maintain health protocols; but on the other hand, they also have to complete KKN
because it is related to the study period. Second, in the new normal, students still have to participate in empowering
rural communities according to their capacity. It's better to do something useful no matter how small or big rather than
nothing to do at all. Third, the opportunity to optimize skills and use information technology that has been obtained
during lectures can be practiced in social life. This also needs to be supported by equal distribution of internet access
throughout Indonesia so that the implementation of online KKN can be carried out properly.

Departing from this online KKN and student’s experience, it can be a valuable lesson especially for students to
contribute to increase public awareness, maintain health protocols, and increase students' sensitivity towards social
problems. Even though the duration of the online KKN has ended, the sustainability of the community empowerment
program can be continued by the local community. It will be a great lesson to be learned from the past experiences
and what we can do for now and for the future during the pandemic.

IV. CONCLUSION
Community engagement activities carried out by KKN students are being tested by the wave of the COVID-19
pandemic. As an emergency solution, the reality of the implementation of KKN has also been changed to online since
2020 and continued in 2021. A previously unpredictable condition has disrupted the implementation of KKN activities
and must be faced together in the midst of very limited time preparation. The use of information technology in online
KKN is carried out massively as a rational choice for students to become problem solvers, motivators, as well as
innovators by helping and finding solutions to social problems due to the impact of COVID-19. Students are faced
with a crisis situation and the limited exchange of information and communication that relies on the response of related
stakeholders and the internet network in the implementation of online KKN activities. Students are not only required
to be able to adapt with the current situation, but students as a peer learning are also expected to be able to make
various breakthroughs in dealing with existing changes, participate in society even from their home, as well as improve
their social skills and cooperation with all relevant stakeholders involved.

This paper has limitations such as: first, with the limited time and distance, as well as the social restriction policy
was still in effect, so in collecting the data the author also uses online in-depth interview. Second, this research only
focusses on KKN-PPM UGM Ibun Unit (JB036) and Sekotong Unit (NB001) to explore the student experiences. So,
for the further studies the author should consider exploring the other teams or other university because every university
has different method to implement KKN during the COVID-19 pandemic and will lead to different student
experiences.

14
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to express their appreciation and special thanks to all key informant especially to the team
of KKN-PPM UGM Ibun Unit (JB036) and Sekotong Unit (NB001) who entrusted me with the opportunity, support,
and suggestion to conduct this research.

REFERENCES
[1] Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, “Sikapi COVID-19, Kemendikbud tebitkan dua surat edaran [Responding to
COVID-19, the Ministry of Education and Culture issues two circular letters],” Official Website of Kemendikbud, March 2,
2020, Retrieved from https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2020/03/sikapi-covid19-kemendikbud-terbitkan-dua-surat-
edaran.
[2] Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, “Pembelajaran online di tengah pandemi COVID-19, tantangan yang
mendewasakan [Online learning in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, a mature challenge],” Pusdatin Kemendikbud, April
11, 2020, Retrieved from https://pusdatin.kemdikbud.go.id/pembelajaran-online-di-tengah-pandemi-covid-19-tantangan-
yang-mendewasakan/.
[3] W. W. Rahayu & N. H. I. Rukmana, “Empathy grown through KKN-PPM UGM towards unity and coalescence of Pamulihan
community,” Jurnal Pengabdian Sriwijaya, Vo. 2, No. 2, 2014, pp. 167-182, https://doi.org/10.37061/jps.v2i2.1688.
[4] KKN-PPM UGM, “Upacara peluncuran KKN daring dan pelepasan KKN-PPM periode 2 tahun 2020 Daring [Online
launching ceremony and release of KKN-PPM 2nd period of 2020],” KKN-PPM UGM Official Youtube, Live streaming June
29, 2020, Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvmB814F7VQ.
[5] Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, “KKN saat pandemi di mata mahasiswa [Community
engagement program during a pandemic from a student perspective],” Inspectorate General of Kemendikbud-Ristek,
September 30, 2021, Retrieved from https://itjen.kemdikbud.go.id/webnew/2021/09/30/kkn-saat-pandemi-di-mata-
mahasiswa/.
[6] Y. Estriyanto, “Penguatan ketahanan masyarakat terhadap pandemi COVID-19 dengan program kuliah kerja nyata
[Strengthening community resilience against the COVID-19 pandemic with the student's community engagement program],”
Dedikasi: Community Service Report, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2020, pp. 66-78, https://doi.org/10.20961/dedikasi.v2i2.46541.
[7] M. Miftah, H. Riyana, Y. F. Erdiana, A. A. Nurhakim, T. A. Trisakti, & D. Yogaswara, “Kuliah kerja nyata tematik
pencegahan COVID-19 di Desa Cibatu [Student community engagement thematic prevention of COVID-19 in Cibatu
village],” Jurnal PkM MIFTEK, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2020, pp. 112- 125, https://doi.org/10.33364/miftek/v.1-2.112.
[8] I. M. D. C. Putra & M. R. A. T. W. Yuhari, “Edukasi COVID-19 melalui Program KKN ISI Denpasar untuk mewujudkan
karakter anak yang sadar kebersihan di Desa Cangarsari [COVID-19 education through the ISI Denpasar’s KKN program to
realize the character of children who are aware of cleanliness in Cangarsari village],” Segara Widya: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian
dan Pengabdian Masyarakat, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2020, pp. 78-83, https://doi.org/10.31091/sw.v8i2.1175.
[9] N. A. Heydemans, R. Lombogia, I. C. Siwu, & R. C. P. Kenang, “Kegiatan kuliah kerja nyata di masa pandemi COVID-19
[Students community engagement activities during the COVID-19 pandemic],” Dedication: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat,
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[10] Y. N. Janati, T. P. Hanudya, M. M. R. Putra, R. Alam, T. Hasibuan, & T. Patrianti, “Penyuluhan promosi tentang kesehatan
mata melalui platform daring (zoom) di SMPIT Darul Abidin pada masa pandemi COVID-19 [Promotional counseling on eye
health through an online platform (zoom) at SMPIT Darul Abidin during the COVID-19 pandemic],” Seminar Nasional
Pengabdian Masyarakat LPPM UMJ, Jakarta, October 28, 2021.
[11] S. Kvale, Doing Interview, London: SAGE Publication, 2007, https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781849208963.n3.
[12] A. Asyraf & A. Fauziah, “KKN daring sebagai alternatif, apakah efektif [Online KKN as an alternative, is it effective?],”
Balairung Press, August 27, 2020, Retrieved from https://www.balairungpress.com/2020/08/kkn-daring-sebagai-alternatif-
apakah-efektif/.
[13] T. Octastefani, “Pengabdian asyik tanpa penerjunan fisik: Menjembatani rumah dan Ibun dengan KKN virtual [Fun
community engagement without physical activity: Bridging home and Ibun with virtual community service],” in T. Octastefani
(Ed.), Agar yang daring tak menjadi garing: Cerita seputar KKN pada masa pandemi di Ibun Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta:
Cantrik Pustaka, 2020.
[14] T. Octastefani, “Mengabdi di masa pandemi: Ingat desa, ingat bangsa [Serving during the pandemic: Remember the village,
remember the nation],” in T. Octastefani (Ed.), Meneroka tanpa tatap muka: Kisah pengabdian daring di Sekotong, Lombok
Barat, Yogyakarta: Cantrik Pustaka, 2021.
[15] KKN-PPM UGM, “Upacara pengarahan dan penerjunan KKN-PPM UGM Periode 2 Tahun 2021 [Launching ceremony and
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15
 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

International Law, Humanitarian Issues, and the

COVID-19 Outbreak: The Ambivalence of
Indonesian Government in Handling Refugees
1
Bayu Mitra A. Kusuma
1
The Ph.D Program in Asia-Pacific Regional Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan
Email: 81090B006@gms.ndhu.edu.tw
2
Theresia Octastefani
2
The Ph.D Program in Asia-Pacific Regional Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan
Email: 81100B001@gms.ndhu.edu.tw

Abstract— This research aims to reveal the difficulties faced by the Indonesian government in dealing with refugees
during the COVID-19 outbreak and find solutions to these problems. To analyze this phenomenon, this research used
a descriptive qualitative approach. Data was collected through interviews, literature study, and supported by
observation. The research result shows that the Indonesian government faces ambivalence in dealing with this
problem. On the one hand, Indonesia did not participate in ratifying the 1951 International Convention and the 1967
Protocol, so Indonesia was not obliged to handle the presence of refugees. But on the other hand, since early 2020,
Indonesia has been appointed as a member of the UN Human Rights Council so indirectly Indonesia must comply
with all forms of international declarations on human rights. With this position, the Indonesian government must
normatively pay attention to refugees in the form of access to social assistance and health facility services. Considering
government limitations due to the COVID-19 outbreak, several solutions that can be taken include clarifying and
strengthening the cooperation with UNHCR and IOM, expanding community-based protection cooperation,
delegating part of the state's authority to local governments which deemed capable, and regulating the opening of
limited work access for refugees.

Keywords— Ambivalence, Asylum Seekers, COVID-19, Indonesian Government, Refugees

I. INTRODUCTION
There is not a single country in the world that is completely prepared to face the hard blow of the COVID-19
outbreak. No matter whether it's a superpower country, a developed country, let alone a third-world country; everyone
is rushing to deal with the virus that is spreading rapidly. Even the United States government, which is often the
patronage of various countries' policies, has not escaped sharp criticism because it is considered to be delaying the
response to handling COVID-19 [1]. Although the current situation is slowly getting better, the virus has not
completely disappeared. Even almost two years after COVID-19 emerged, the world still can't really control it. In fact,
COVID-19 has mutated into more virulent variants like alpha, beta, delta, gamma, and omicron. Therefore, this
phenomenon should really be an important lesson so that it does not happen again in the future of mankind.

When all countries are busy taking care of their respective citizens, it is no wonder that refugees and asylum seekers
do not become a group that gets adequate treatment. Their rights are uprooted due to the uncertainty they experience
in fleeing from their home countries. They are being outside the country where they normally reside, as a result of an
event and cannot or due to fear in such a way and do not intend to return to their country [2]. Therefore, it is true to
say that refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants are vulnerable to epidemics [3]. Meanwhile, the WHO said that
concrete decongestion camp plans needed to be prioritized, and vulnerable people needed to be moved to safe

16
accommodation [4]. It should be understood that their fate uncertainty will make the spread of COVID-19 increasingly
out of control.

In the territory of Indonesia, the flow of refugees and asylum seekers continues to arrive along with the growing
potential for COVID-19 transmission. Actually, Indonesia is just a transit country for them. Indonesia is a developing
country that geographically connects the Asian region and Australia; thus the country has long been a major transit
point for asylum seekers, especially those who attempt to seek protection in Australia [5][6]. However, since July
2014, Australia has closed its borders tightly in line with the Operation Sovereign Borders policy [7]. As a result, there
is an accumulation of refugees and asylum seekers in Indonesia which then triggers various social problems.

In the Asia-Pacific region, providing protection for 8.3 million displaced people has been a significant concern for
international humanitarian organizations and affected states [8], while at the global scope the total number of refugees
and asylum seekers reached 70.8 million people. When compared with the global number, the number of refugees and
asylum seekers in Indonesia which reaches around 14,000 is quite small actually. They are mostly from Afghanistan
and Pakistan, but also from Myanmar, Iraq, Iran, Sri Lanka, and other countries [9]. However, this number remains a
difficult problem during this pandemic, where Indonesia's economy is experiencing a decline, causing reduced
people's income, narrowing of employment opportunities, and other latent problems [10].

The accumulation of refugees and asylum seekers, especially in urban areas, is certainly a thorny problem in itself
[11]. The economic downturn which has an impact on the decline in people's income has collided with refugees who
are also trying to survive in the midst of an uncertain future. The absence of a definite policy from the government
also makes this situation even more dilemmatic. Therefore, it is interesting to study more deeply how the steps of the
Indonesian government in handling refugees and asylum seekers during the COVID-19 outbreak, especially at the
beginning of the virus spread. In addition, it is also important to formulate possible options that can help overcome
the problem of refugees and asylum seekers in Indonesia, both now and in the future. This issue must be the concern
of all stakeholders because everything is intertwined between international law, humanity, and other related issues.

Basically, there have been many published studies related to the problem of refugees and asylum seekers during
the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are quite a few studies that specifically discuss Indonesia. From the review
of literature, it is found that related research includes: First, the research entitled ‘Refugees and asylum seekers in
Indonesia amid the spread of COVID-19: Case study of refugees and asylum seekers in Pekanbaru’ [12]. This study
suggests that the acceptance of refugees by Indonesia on humanitarian principles has been in line with the identity that
has been shown as a defender of human rights. To maintain this good identity, in terms of handling COVID-19 with
refugees, Indonesia should adapt policies that are adaptive and sensitive to minority groups in Pekanbaru City.

Second, the research entitled ‘The problem of Indonesia’s health diplomacy in the age of COVID-19 pandemic’
[13]. Using an intermestic approach, this research critically analyzes the implementation of health diplomacy in Joko
Widodo’s administration. This research suggests that the implementation of Indonesia's foreign policy related to the
COVID-19 pandemic is still less significant. Domestic factors, especially the marginalization of diplomacy's position
in national crisis management, are obstacles to the performance of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in addition to the
functional and institutional weaknesses of the Indonesian diplomatic bureaucracy. Directly or indirectly, these
conditions will certainly have an impact on the uncertain fate of refugees and asylum seekers.

Third, the research entitled ‘The migration policy during COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Indonesia's immigration
governance’ [14]. This study finds that migration policies and governance in Indonesia during the COVID-19
pandemic indicate a lack of coordination between border agencies, and this can lead to mutual blame. In more detail,
this research explains that immigration policies at the Indonesian border are actually very strict but inconsistent, where
policy instruments are revised and extended every month. This policy has not been designed for the situation after the
COVID-19 crisis in Indonesia was declared completed by the competent authorities.

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 From a review of several related studies, it can be mapped that research examining the issue of refugees and asylum
seekers during COVID-19 in Indonesia mostly uses a humanitarian and the Indonesian government's reactive response
perspective. However, there has been no research comparing the humanitarian and international law aspects which
poses a big dilemma. This dilemma or ambivalence makes the Indonesian government hesitate to take strategic policies
for handling refugees and asylum seekers during the pandemic. Therefore, the novelty offered by this research
becomes clear. From the novelty, it is hoped that this research can provide input for improving the handling of refugees
and asylum seekers in the future, especially during crisis periods such as COVID-19.

II. METHODS
To obtain holistic research results, this research used a descriptive qualitative type of research. This research
focuses on Jakarta, which is the most densely populated area of refugees and asylum seekers in Indonesia. To collect
data related to the Indonesian government's policies in dealing with refugees and asylum seekers during the COVID-
19 outbreak, the authors conducted interviews and literature studies. Interviews were conducted with three informants
with an adequate understanding of the refugee's and asylum seekers' issues. One of the key informants works for an
international organization that takes care of immigrants. However, due to sensitive issues, the names of the informant
and institutions will be kept confidential. In addition, the authors also made observations to see the lives of refugees
and asylum seekers during the COVID-19 outbreak, especially those who chose to live in locations with close access
to UNHCR and IOM offices. Given that the consequences of interview studies need to be addressed in terms of the
possible harm to the subject as well as the expected benefits of participating in the research [15][16], especially
considering that this research was conducted during the COVID-19 outbreak, so the authors should be more careful
to protect themselves and resource persons as a way to prevent the virus transmission.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The use of the terms refugees and asylum seekers are still often used interchangeably [17][18]. In fact, international
law has a different meaning regarding the legal status of the two, even though the term basically has something to do
with the refugee problem itself. The 1951 International Convention on the Status of Refugees defines a refugee as a
person who due to a well-founded fear of persecution, for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group and political party, is outside his country of nationality and does not want protection from that
country. The convention is used as a reference by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to
define and determine the eligibility of an asylum seeker to be granted official refugee status. However, the problem is
that Indonesia has not yet ratified international legal instruments governing refugees, both the 1951 Convention and
the 1967 Protocol. Therefore, it becomes a fundamental note in this research how researchers define refugees in the
Indonesian case, even though Indonesia has not ratified international law which regulates refugees.

In Indonesia, when the government decides to ratify an international convention or protocol, it will be manifested
in the form of a national act (undang-undang). In reality, until now there is no national act that regulates refugees.
However, the increasingly massive flow of refugees and asylum seekers to Indonesia has forced the government to
issue a regulation so that they have a legal basis for making related policies. The government then issued Presidential
Regulation Number 125 of 2016 about the handling of refugees from overseas. According to this regulation, refugees
are defined as foreigners residing in the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia due to a well-
founded fear of persecution on the grounds of race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, membership in certain social
groups, and different political opinions and do not want protection from the state of origin and/or have obtained asylum
seeker status or refugee status from the United Nations through the High Commissioner for Refugees in Indonesia.

If we compare the definition of refugees according to the 1951 Convention and Presidential Regulation Number
125 of 2016, we will get two big points that connect the two. First, they both use the diction that ‘a refugee is a person
who due to a well-founded fear of persecution, for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in certain social
groups and political parties, is outside his country of nationality and does not want the protection of that country’.
Second, Presidential Regulation Number 125 of 2016 uses the diction ‘has obtained asylum seeker status or refugee

18
status from the United Nations through the High Commissioner for Refugees in Indonesia’, in this case, the authorized
institution referred to in the sentence is UNHCR. Meanwhile, UNHCR has confirmed that they define and grant
refugee’s status based on the 1951 Convention. Thus, it can be said that the definition gap about refugees between
international law and Indonesian national regulation has reached a compromise point.

However, this does not mean that regulations in Indonesia run without problems. In the hierarchy of laws in
Indonesia, one regulation must not conflict with the regulation above it. In this case, a presidential regulation is
prohibited from contradicting the national act because in the hierarchy the position of the national act is higher.
Whereas Act Number 6 of 2011 about immigration (immigration act) does not recognize the terms of asylum seekers
or refugees, so foreigners who enter Indonesian territory are categorized as illegal immigrants. The implication is that
all foreigners who come to Indonesia, whether asylum seekers, refugees, or criminals who enter without having official
documents are automatically qualified as illegal immigrants, and those caught are detained in immigration detention
houses.

Another weakness of Presidential Regulation Number 125 of 2016 is regarding the process of returning refugees
which is not in accordance with the provisions of international law. Based on the presidential regulation, the process
of returning refugees is carried out voluntarily or by deportation. This is contrary to Indonesia's obligation to uphold
refugee protection standards and the principle of non-refoulement [19]. The principle of non-refoulement clearly
guarantees that no one should be returned to their country of origin where they will face violence, torture or cruel,
inhuman or degrading punishment, and other irreparable harm. Therefore, in the future, there is a need for
harmonization between the presidential regulation and the immigration act, especially in critical times such as the
COVID-19 outbreak.

As a country that has not ratified the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol regarding the status of refugees,
Indonesia is not obliged to handle refugees comprehensively. It should be understood that when referring to historical
facts, basically the 1951 Convention is an old product aimed at reducing the residue from World War II [20]. The
destruction of the various countries involved forced their people to migrate in search of a better life. Indonesia, which
was new independent in 1945, certainly did not want to be trapped in these regulations. Apart from still having to
build their own newly independent country, the obligations contained in the convention are quite burdensome, such
as providing housing, jobs, and so on. In other words, the burden of the convention far outweighs the benefits to
Indonesia.

With this position, Indonesia also has no obligation to determine the status of an undocumented immigrant who
enters Indonesia. The determination of this status was delegated to the UNHCR. Referring to the Indonesian
immigration act which states that anyone who enters without having official documents is automatically qualified as
an illegal immigrant as stated by Arifin and Wiraputra, the treatment given is the same so that refugees and asylum
seekers must go through the arrest process to be detained in immigration detention centers. It was during this detention
process that the Indonesian government handed over the determination of their status to UNHCR.

Besides UNHCR, the international organization related to refugees is the Indonesia International Organization for
Migration (IOM). UNHCR is in charge of overseeing the process of determining refugee status, resettlement to third
countries, and repatriation. Meanwhile, IOM is tasked with providing day-to-day assistance including food,
accommodation, and health. Asylum seekers and refugees while in transit countries such as Indonesia are the
responsibility of IOM until they are placed in a third country or voluntarily return to their country of origin.
Unfortunately, however, both UNHCR Indonesia and IOM Indonesia are under-resourced and have a high workload.
As a result, all these processes take quite a long time and years. In this situation, their existence raises various polemics
such as economic, social, cultural, and security issues, especially their clashes with the urban communities where they
live temporarily.

This condition is detrimental to Indonesia's position as a transit country which only plays a role in providing a
temporary stopover [21]. As mentioned earlier in this study, the problem got bigger when the Australian government

19
closed the borders for the entry of refugees and asylum seekers into their country and stopped all related funding. In
implementing this policy, Australian border authorities often send refugees and asylum seekers back to Indonesian
territory. In this case, Australia clearly violates the 1951 Convention where the ratifying country is prohibited from
denying the arrival or sending of refugees to their country. Australia violates the principle of non-refoulement where
refugees and asylum seekers have not been properly processed but are immediately expelled from the territory and are
not given the opportunity to state their reasons for coming to Australia.

For Australia, this policy could be triggered by the situation of those who also face a dilemma. In line with the
argument put forward by Benhabib, countries like Australia face doubts in addressing sovereignty, territoriality, and
human rights. On the one hand, they are aware of their position as ratifiers of the 1951 Convention. So within a few
decades, Australia has become a heaven for refugees and asylum seekers. But on the other hand, now they are starting
to feel the negative impact of their policies so far. Australia is starting to worry that the steady stream of illegal
immigrants will create various problems in the country. However, Australia's actions to close the border certainly
cannot be justified. They must be consistent with their policy of ratifying the 1951 Convention. Moreover, they are
the commonwealth member of the British, a country that was directly involved in World War II.

Back to the juridical position of Indonesia. Since the beginning of this study, it has been emphasized that Indonesia
is not a ratifying country to the 1951 Convention. However, it should be noted that since the beginning of 2020
Indonesia has been appointed as a member of the UN Human Rights Council. Post-authoritarian Indonesia has
emerged as a country that advocates human rights values in the Asia-Pacific region [22]. Therefore, Indonesia must
also comply with all forms of international declarations on human rights such as the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR). With this position, the Indonesian government in handling COVID-19 should also pay attention to
refugees in accessing social assistance and medical facility services. The Indonesian government ultimately provided
health services to refugees and asylum seekers, including COVID-19 vaccination services [23].

Indonesia continues to be committed to assisting the handling of refugees in accordance with the UDHR. The
issuance of Presidential Regulation Number 125 of 2016 which regulates the handling of refugees is a tangible
manifestation of the efforts of the Indonesian government. So far, Indonesia has continued to show itself as a nation
that upholds humanity. For example, if we have a little flashback, during the Andaman Sea crisis, Indonesia
systematically assisted Bangladeshi and Rohingya migrants, which later received appreciation at the international
level. In addition, Indonesia also supports the WHO agreement on Promoting the Health of Refugees and Migrants in
2019, one of which encourages international organizations and non-governmental organizations to oversee the health
of refugees [24]. In this way, the Indonesian government compromises the ambivalence between international law and
humanity in dealing with illegal immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers, both in normal situations and during the
COVID-19 outbreak.

So, considering the Indonesian government's limitations due to the COVID-19 outbreak, various actions and
breakthroughs are needed as solutions, including: First, clarify the capacity of UNHCR and IOM in carrying out their
obligations related to protecting the health of refugees. If the capacities of UNHCR and IOM can be mapped out well,
the Indonesian government can help by filling the gaps with more precision. Second, expanding community-based
protection cooperation. The government needs to educate the public awareness around the refugees and asylum
seekers. Moreover, the Indonesian people are known to have high solidarity with each other, so this effort has great
potential for success. Third, Reviewing local or regional-scale policy and action options. Each region and its local
government has a different level of threat to COVID-19 and the potential presence of refugees. Therefore, the
government needs to work with regions that have been able to control COVID-19 well and have a high level of
readiness. Fourth, strictly regulate the opening of work access for refugees. If refugees have access to work, then they
will have income so they can protect themselves independently from potential exposure to COVID-19.

20
IV. CONCLUSION
Currently, the COVID-19 situation in Indonesia has begun to improve. However, the experience of dealing with
the epidemic should be a valuable lesson. No one can guarantee that a major tragedy like the COVID-19 outbreak will
not happen in the future. So, from the detailed explanation above, it can be concluded that Indonesia faces an
ambivalence in dealing with refugees and asylum seekers during the COVID-19 outbreak. On the one hand, Indonesia
has not ratified the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol, so Indonesia does not have the obligation to deal with
refugees comprehensively. Indonesia does not want to be trapped in burdensome obligations as a consequence of the
ratification of these international rules. Moreover, the 1951 Convention is an old product that emerged as a result of
the residue of World War II. Thus, Indonesia also has no obligation to determine the status of an undocumented
immigrant and delegate it to the United Nations through UNHCR. But on the other hand, Indonesia is a member of
the UN Human Rights Council which must comply with all forms of international declarations on human rights such
as the UDHR.
As a middle way, although Indonesia has not ratified the 1951 Convention, Indonesia is committed to assisting the
handling of refugees in accordance with the UDHR through the implementation of Presidential Regulation Number
125 of 2016 which regulates the handling of refugees partially. In the period of the COVID-19 outbreak, Indonesia
proves this commitment by providing vaccinations to refugees. However, given the government's limitations, possible
options that can help overcome the problem of refugees and asylum seekers in Indonesia as a transit country in the
future are clarifying and strengthening the cooperation with UNHCR and IOM, expanding community-based
protection cooperation, delegating part of the state's authority to local governments which are deemed capable, and
regulating the opening of limited work access for refugees. As a closing statement, the authors realize that this research
has limitations related to time and data sources. Therefore, further research is expected to be able to reveal this
ambivalence problem in more depth from the perspective of refugees and asylum seekers which has not been widely
disclosed in this research.

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https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol14.2.688.
[8] R. A. R. F. Prabaningtyas, “Indonesia and the international refugee crisis: The politics of refugee Protection,” Journal of
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[9] L. R. Briskman and L. I. Fiske, “Asylum seekers and refugees in Indonesia: Problems and potentials,” Cosmopolitan Civil
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[14] R. Arifin and A. Wiraputra, “The migration policy during COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Indonesia’s immigration
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[17] D. Hughes, F. Akkök, G. Arulmani, and H. Zelloth, “Migration: Theory, research and practice in guidance and counselling,”
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[18] J. Phillips, “Asylum seekers and refugees: What are the facts?” Australian Parliamentary Library: Social Policy Section,
Edition of January 14, 2011, pp. 1-15, https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/bn/sp/asylumfacts.pdf.
[19] M. A. Syahrin, “The principle of non-refoulement as jus cogens: History, application, and exception in international refugee
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[20] S. Benhabib, “The end of the 1951 refugee convention? Dilemmas of sovereignty, territoriality, and human rights,” Jus
Cogens, Vol. 2, 2020, pp. 75-100, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42439-020-00022-1.
[21] P. Kilibarda, “Obligations of transit countries under refugee law: A Western Balkans case study,” International Review of the
Red Cross, Vol. 99, No. 1, 2017, pp. 211-239, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383118000188.
[22] M. F. Karim, “The limits of global human rights promotion: Indonesia’s ambivalent roles in the UN Human Rights Council,”
Contemporary Politics, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2020.1720065.
[23] UN, “Vaccinating refugees in Indonesia, for the benefit of all,” United Nations News: Global Perspective Human Stories,
November 7, 2021, https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/11/1104922.
[24] WHO, Mapping health systems’ responsiveness to refugee and migrant health needs, Geneva: World Health Organization,
2021, https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240030640.

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4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

Eco-friendly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)

fabricated by green synthesis using Actinidia
deliciosa extract: biosynthesis, characterization,
and antibacterial activity
Erna Fitriany1*, Novi Ariani2, Andri Priyoherianto3, Cikra Ikhda N.H.S.4
1,3,4
Akademi Farmasi Mitra Sehat Mandiri Sidoarjo, Indonesia
2
STIKES ISFI Banjarmasin, Indonesia
Email: ernafitriany9@gmail.com

Abstract—Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have many benefits, one of which is in the health sector. AgNPs also
have received a great attention in nanotechnology because of antimicrobial and biomedical activity. Green synthesis of AgNPs
have a cost- effective and enviromentally alternative. In this research, Actinidia deliciosa were used to reduce the size of Ag to
become AgNPs. Biosynthesis, characterisation, and antibacterial activity of AgNPs were studied in this research. The
synthesized of AgNPs were characterized by UV- Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier- transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR), and Parcticle Size Analyzer (PSA). The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by optical performance using UV-VIS
spectroscopy and showing a peak of AgNPs at 415 nm. C-H, C-N, and C=O groups in Actinidia deliciosa were confirmed by
FTIR. The size of AgNPs was studied using PSA and obtained a size of 65,01 nm. This extract was used to synthesized
AgNPs exhibited good in antibacterial activity.

Keywords— Actinidia deliciosa, Green synthesis, AgNPs, antibacterial activity.

INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is an important field in the field of modern research. The nanotechnology approach is
concerned with the design, synthesis, and manipulation carried out to obtain particle structures with sizes ranging
from 1-100 nm [1,2]. The use of large nanoparticles in the biomedical field creates its own challenges in the
synthesis method. The nanoparticle synthesis method is based on three process approaches, namely chemistry,
physics, and biology [1]. In this study, the synthesis of AgNPs was carried out in an environmentally friendly
manner using a green synthesis technique. Nowadays, biological nanoparticle synthesis is preferred over
physicochemical methods, because it is considered to have many advantages, including: more eco-friendly [2], non-
toxic, more reproducible, easier to scale up, and better morphology. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles is
suggested as an environmentally friendly (without environmental damage method) and low cost process. Several
reports are available on the biosynthesis of silver metal nanoparticles using plant extract [3]. Sources of biological
synthesis of nanoparticles are microorganisms and plants. The use of plants for the synthesis of nanoparticles is
preferred over microorganisms for various reasons, including: a simpler, faster, more cost-effective, more
biocompatible step so that it is more applicable for use in the medical field. Almost all components in plants such
as proteins, amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, and secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids,
polyphenols, terpenoids, heterocyclic components, and polysaccharides, have significant functions in reducing
metal salts, acting as capping and stabilizing agents in synthesis. nanoparticles [4]. The biological activity of AgNPs
depends on factors including surface chemistry, size, size distribution, shape, particle morphology, particle
composition, coating/capping, agglomeration, and dissolution rate, particle reactivity in solution, efficiency of ion
release, and cell type, and the type of reducing agents used for the synthesis of AgNPs are a crucial factor for the
determination of cytotoxicity. Basically, the reduction of silver salts involves two stages (1) nucleation; and (2)
subsequent growth. In general, silver nanomaterials can be obtained by two methods, classified as “top-down” and
“bottom-up”[5]. This study used kiwi fruit extract as a silver metal reducing agent. The initial process of
synthesizing silver nanoparticles in this study was started by optimizing the synthesis parameters using uv-vis,
FTIR, and psa instruments. the use of uv-vis is used to ensure the formation of silver nanoparticles which are
characterized by the wavelength formed and a change in color. ftir was used to determine the presence of active
groups C=O and O-H which functioned as reducing agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. PSA is used to

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4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

determine the average size distribution of silver nanoparticles in the synthesized solution. In this study also studied
the antibacterial activity of AgNPs that have been synthesized using kiwi fruit extract.

METHODS
2.1 Materials
Silver nitrate (AgNO3) from Sigma- Aldrich (Darmstadt), kiwi fruit, Ultra High Pure Water (UHP), All culture
media for bacterial and fungal growth. The glassware and dishes were immersed in sulfuric acid and then washed
by using deionized water. All the prepared media were then sterilized through autoclaving at (121°C) for 20 min.
Bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The pure bacterial cultures were grown
on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) medium. After that, each bacterial culture was kept through regular subculturing
on the same medium and kept at 4oC prior further researches.

2.2 Preparation of Plant Extract

254,4 grams of kiwi fruit was crushed, then added 100 mL of UHP. The solution is kept for about 1 hour. The
next step is to stir and let stand at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was filtered to obtain a clear yellowish
green solution. The solution is stored in a dark glass bottle at room temperature.

Figure 1. preparation of plant extract

2.3 Synthesis of AgNPs

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing 10 ml of aqueous extract of kiwi fruit with 50 mL of 1mM
AgNO3. the solution was stirred for 30 minutes. After that 10 mL plant extract which was left for incubation over
24 hours, 30oC. The solution was stored in a dark glass bottle and a dark room to prevent photooxidation. The
color change indicates that silver nanoparticles have been formed. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized
using uv-vis, FTIR, and PSA.

Figure 2. 10 mL plant extract which was left for incubation over 24 hours, 30oC

2.4 Characterization Techniques

Silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Simadzu (UV- 1800, Japan) at
300-700 nm. The probabale functional groups that present within plant extract were identified using FTIR analysis.
The size of of AgNPs was determined using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Malvern.

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4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Colour change of solution
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts is of great interest to researchers. The use of plant extracts
is considered easy, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly, and provides satisfactory nanoparticle results. Kiwi
plant extract can be used as a reducing agent because it has reducing compounds that can change the size of
AgNO3 into AgNPs. A colour change from light yellow to brown of silver nitrate solution indicates that AgNPs
have been formed. Figure 3 show us the colour changes that occurred in the 1 mM of silver nitrate solution from
light yellow to brown by the addition of 10 mL kiwifruit extract which was left for incubation over 24 hours, 30oC.
This color change indicates that AgNPs have been formed due to Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). The
synthesized of AgNPs were later subjected to various characterization methods. Secondary metabolites that
contained in kiwifruit extract will stabilized the size of AgNPs and lead the reduction of Ag  Ago. The secondary
metabolites can reduce the size of Ag to become silver nanoparticles [5].

Figure 3. Colour change of solution

3.2 UV- Visible Analysis

UV–vis spectroscopy is a significant technique to authenticate the formation and stability of AgNPs in aqueous
solution. It is renowned that AgNPs exhibit dark brown colours, depending on the intensity and the size of
nanoparticles; the colours arise due to the excitation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the AgNPs [5].
Analysis using UV-VIS spectrophotometer was used to confirm and characterize the formation of AgNPs through
the resulting color changes. Observations were made at a wavelength of 300-700 nm. Reaction time had
significantly effect on shape and size of AgNPs and the UV– Vis spectrum. Based on Figure 4, there are differences
in the UV-Vis analysis on the kiwi fruit extract solution + Ag and AgNO3 solution. AgNO3 used as a comparison
did not show any peaks when analyzed using UV-Vis. We can observe that there is a peak at the wavelength of
415 nm. This is in accordance with research that has been done previously, that silver nanoparticles are formed in
the wavelength range of 410 and 450 nm [6]. The sized of silver nanoparticles that have been formed were
confirmed by the wavelength of 415 nm.

Figure 4. (a) UV- Vis analysis of kiwifruit extract + Ag (b) UV- Vis analysis of AgNO3 1 mM

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e-ISSN: 2797-2437

Based on the observation, the formed silver nanoparticles were stable for 14 days. After more than 14 days, the
silver nanoparticles agglomerated. This is indicated by a change in the color of the solution to blackish gray (figure
5), from this colour we can indicated that Ago has aggregated into a bulk form, not in the form of silver
nanoparticles anymore.

Figure 5. Blackish gray solution, Ag not stable after 14 days

3.3 Particle Size Analizer (PSA) Analysis

Synthesis of nanoparticles using reducing agents is the most common way of synthesizing AgNPs using organic
and inorganic reducing agents. continues through a process to produce a silver colored solution, this is because
the metal surface has free electrons in the conduction band and a positively charged nucleus. To reduce AgNO3
solution to form nanoparticles, reducing agents such as Sodium borohydride (NaBH4), elemental hydrogen, polyol
process, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), Ascorbic acid, poly(ethylene glycol)-block copolymers, hydrazine, and
ammonium formate are applied for reduction of silver ions (Ag+) in the aqueous or nonaqueous solution. This study used
kiwi fruit extract as a reducing agent which aims to reduce the size of the nanoparticles and stabilize the size of the silver
nanoparticles. To characterize the size distribution of nanoparticles, PSA was used. Analysis using PSA is intended to
determine the particle size distribution of AgNPs in solution. Based on the results of characterization using the
PSA instrument, the size of the distribution of AgNPs was around 65 nm. The nanotechnology approach is
concerned with the design, synthesis, and manipulation carried out to obtain particle structures with sizes ranging
from 1-100 nm [1,2]. However, when the solution changed color to blackish gray and analyzed using PSA, the data
on the size distribution of Ag was around 111 nm. (Figure 6). Based on these data, it can be concluded that the
presence of a color change is a physical marker of the instability of the AgNPs formed. If the solution remains
brown, it indicates that Ag is still in the form of nanoparticles, whereas if the solution changes color to blackish
gray, it indicates that Ag has agglomerated into a bulk form and is no longer in the form of silver nanoparticles.

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4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

Figure 6. Comparison analysis using PSA between kiwi fruit extract + Ag solution which is brown (a) and blackish grey (b).

3.3 FTIR Analysis

The FTIR test was carried out to determine the presence of functional groups contained in the extract which would
stabilize the presence of AgNPs [6]. Based on the FTIR data, several functional groups were found at varying
wavelengths including 618, 1104, 1234, 1383, 1617, 1637, 1745, 2925, and 3414 cm-1. peak at wavelength 2925 cm-
1 indicates C-H stretch, peak at wavelength 1745 cm-1 indicates C=O stretch, and peak at wavelength 1383 cm-1

indicates amaida bonds C=N stretch and peak at wavelength 618 cm-1 indicates the reduction of Ag to Ago[7]. The
presence of C=N, C-H, and C=O groups were reduced the sized of Ag  Ago and stabilized the sized of Ago.

Figure 7. FTIR Analysis of kiwifruit extract + Ag

3.4 Antibacterial activity of the AgNPs

Infections caused by bacteria are very dangerous, so antibacterial agents are needed to prevent them. Plants and
organic ions have been used as antibacterial agents to fight infections in various industries. The development of
antibacterial agents is increasingly widespread, one of which uses the concept of green chemistry [8]. This study
used kiwi fruit extract to synthesize Ag into AgNPs and stabilize the formed AgNPs. The most important thing in
doing green synthesis using plant extracts is the selection of the right solvent, as well as consideration of the content
of metabolites present in the plant extract. If the ha is met, then AgNPs will be formed which are stable and can
be used to kill pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial test in this study used gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and
gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). Based on the research conducted, the inhibition data obtained were 16.71 mm and

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4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

19.41 mm, respectively. The bacterial test method used in this study is the disc diffusion method using gram-
positive and gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial strain activation was carried out by loopful inoculation of the strain
in 30 ml nutrient broth to maintain McFarland standard turbidity 6 (10cells/ml) of bacterial strains. The next step
is to incubate for 6 hours. 0.1 ml of inoculums of various bacterial strains were inoculated into the molten Muller
Hinton agar and spreaded uniformly over Petri plates with a sterile glass spreader. The solution derived from
AgNPs synthesis was prepared in UHP and 40 L of the sample was poured into a 6 mm disc and kept dry. The
standard drug used in this study was streptomycin. the seeded agar plates were impregnated with the disc. These
plates were kept for 1 hour for pre diffusion of the biosynthesized nanoparticles and incubated at 37°C for 24 H.
The diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured in mm around each paper disc.
Table 1. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs
Diameter of zone of inhibition (mm)
S No. Bacteria Standard drug
25 50 75
1 S. aureus 11 14 15 18
2 E. coli 12 14 13 20

CONCLUSIONS
AgNPs synthesis using kiwi fruit extract has been successfully developed. This method is an environmentally
friendly method, low cost, and does not use harmful chemicals. AgNPs were formed, indicated by a change in the
color of the solution from light yellow to brown. AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis, PSA, and FTIR. Based
on the characterization results, AgNPs were formed and were stable for 2 weeks. The size of the AgNPs
distribution is 65 nm. Anti-bacterial potential calculated by disc diffusion method shows more inhibition zone in
gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) as compared to gram-positive (Staphylococcs aureus).

ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Akademi Farmasi Mitra Sehat Mandiri Sidoarjo and STIKES ISFI Banjarmasin.

REFERENCES
[1] M. Germain, F. Caputo, S. Metcalfe, G. Tosi, K. Spring, A.K.O. Åslund, A. Pottier, R. Schiffelers, A. Ceccaldi,
R. Schmid, Delivering the power of nanomedicine to patients today, J. Control. Release 326 (2020) 164–171,
https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jconrel.2020.07.007.
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Boudouvis, I.N. Lykakis, G. Tsigaridas, M. I. Panayiotidis, V. Yannopapas, A.G. Georgakilas, Gold
nanoparticles, radiations and the immune system: current insights into the physical mechanisms and the
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[4] B. Halamoda-Kenzaoui, H. Box, M. van Elk, S. Gaitan, R.E. Geertsma, E. Gainza Lafuente, A. Owen, A. del
Pozo, M. Roesslein, S. Bremer-Hoffmann, Launching stakeholder discussions on identified regulatory needs
for nanotechnology-enabled health products, Precis. Nanomedicine 3 (2020) 608–621, https://doi.org/
10.33218/001c.13521.
[5] Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Naghizadeh, A., Mohammadi-Aghdam, S., Khojasteh, H., Ghoreishi, S.M., Mortazavi-
Derazkola, S., 2020. Enhanced catalytic and antibacterial efficiency of biosynthesized Convolvulus fruticosus
extract capped gold nanoparticles (CFE@AuNPs). J. Photochem. Photobiol., B 209, 111949.
[6] P. Belle Ebanda Kedi, C. Christian Nanga, A. Paboudam Gbambie, V. Deli, F. Eya’ane Meva, H. Elsayed
Ahmed Mohamed, A. Antoinette Ntoumba, M.H. Julien Nko’o, Ü. Kökam-Demir, B. Moll, H. Kouemegne
Armelle Michelle, P. Teke Ndifon, E. Albert Mpondo Mpondo, A.B. Dongmo, M. Maaza, C. Janiak,
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Microsorum Punctatum (L.) Copel Fronds Extract and an In-vitro
Anti-Inflammation Study, Journal of Nanotechnology Research. 02 (2020).
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[7] Mittal, A.K., Y. Chisti, U.C. Banerjee, Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts, Biotechnology
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[8] Alsubki,R., Tabassum,H., Abudawood, M., Rabaan, A.A., Alsobaie,
S.F.,Ansar,S., 2021. Green synthesis, characterization, enhanced
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on Coriander sativum. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 28, 2102–2108.

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 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

Real Water Savings of Simulated Irrigation

Methods and Farm Managements in Sugarcane:
Case Study in Malang Regency
1
AD Mawardhi
2
Master Student, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education
PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara
andremawardhi@gmail.com
2
CO Debataraja
PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara
chandraoktavianusd@gmail.com

Abstract— Water scarcity problem in East Java threatens Indonesia's sugarcane production. Various water
conservation techniques are carried out to reduce water use and achieve optimal production. This study aimed to
analyze the real water savings of various irrigation methods and farm managements commonly used by farmers to
respond to water drought and increase crop production in Malang Regency. AquaCrop modeling software and
REWAS tools were used to simulate sugarcane production under various conditions and calculate real water savings
from each scenario. The results showed that irrigation methods were able to increase crop yields compared to rainfed
farming. Good farm managements were also able to produce yields two times higher compared to minimum
managements. Without good managements, irrigation did not show higher water productivity than rainfed agriculture.
By changing the irrigation method from furrow irrigation to drip irrigation, it was only able to achieve real water
savings up to 14% compared to the apparent water savings which is up to 84%. The above results do not intend to
prevent drip irrigations and good farm managements use, instead to emphasize the importance of proper calculations
on real water savings at the basin level in terms of water scarcity. Future study is required to acquiring a better
knowledge of real water savings in sugarcane through field experiments.

Keywords— irrigation, real water savings, sugarcane, water productivity, water scarcity

I. INTRODUCTION
Malang Regency is located in the southern part of East Java Province, Indonesia (E112 o17' - 112o57' and S 7o44' -
o
8 26'). It is one of the sugar-producing regions of the country. Sugarcane harvested area on Malang Regency in 2019
is estimated to be about 39.686 hectares [1]. Due to its climatic condition, sugarcane farmers are facing the water
scarcity for several years. Therefore, farmers are required to be more adaptable and adjust their present field
management.
Putra, et al. [2] proposed many methods for raising agricultural yields while lowering crop water needs. The
effective irrigation method is one of the key possibilities that farmers may use as an adaptive way to respond to this
occurrence. Another strategy is to return sugarcane solid wastes to the field as an organic mulch and nutrition source.
Various studies have shown that the techniques and methods used (including irrigation) to increase productivity
and overcome the water crisis can significantly save water use in sugarcane. For instance, Olivier and Singels [3]
studied largest reduction in water used of sugarcane by irrigation requirement was 32%. Relation of this agricultural
water management in terms of production and water use can be simulated by AquaCrop. It is a model which commonly
used to simulate and analyze the water balance, crop yields, and water productivity of crops under certain
managements [4, 5]. It may also be used to calculate the water footprint of certain crops [6].

29
 However, FAO assesses that the current water savings concept only considers apparent water savings, namely the
decrease in the amount of water due to particular water management compared to the previous method [7]. By this
concept, “losses water” is recognized to able to be inconsumable and non-recoverable for the downstream part. Since,
the water users at the downstream part can be use that “losses water”, then the concept should not be longer accepted.
Therefore, real water savings concept was introduced as a new definition in water savings calculation which consider
non-beneficial consumption as well as non-recoverable return flow as the true “losses water” which cannot be
considered for water resources in the downstream area.
This study aimed to simulate some methods of water savings, i.e. combination of different fertilizer rate, mulching,
soil bunds, weed control, and regulated deficit irrigation and its effect to sugarcane productivity as well as the water
real saving based on FAO method. The AquaCrop model was used to simulate and analyse the water balance, crop
yields, and water productivity of crops. The modelling results will be useful in determining which field management
practices will positively contribute to water balance as well as crop yields and the real water savings.

II. METHODS
A. Geographical characteristic of Malang Regency
B. The daily climatic data used in this simulation were provided by the Malang Climatological Station. Daily
climate data from 2005 to 2014 were used for this simulation due to a lack of data availability and completeness in
recent years. The monthly climatic data distribution over a ten-year average is depicted in Figure 1.

FIGURE 1. DISTRIBUTION OF MONTHLY CLIMATE DATA OF MALANG REGENCY

Crop parameters are primarily drawn from AquaCrop default data, which is based on FAO-56 stages [8]. According
to Kapur, et al. [9], the reference harvest index (HI0) was changed from default values and set at 74%. Based on
current sugarcane production techniques in Malang Regency, a planting schedule was also established at the start of
the dry season in April.
TABLE 1. SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUGARCANE PLANTATION IN MALANG REGENCY
Soil parameter Unit Value
pH 6.7 (neutral)
Cation Exchange Capacity me.100g-1 11.54
Soil texture Clay fraction % 4.50
Silt fraction 3.10
Sand fraction 92.40
Soil moisture pF 0 (saturated) g.g-1 0.41
pF 2.5 (field capacity) 0.35
pF 4 (wilting point) 0.05

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 A prior study was conducted in Malang to investigate the soil properties of sugarcane crops [10]. The soils of
Malang Regency are described as sandy soils in general. The soil chemical and physical properties used in this
simulation are summarised in Table 1.
C. Field Management Scenarios
D. Three alternative irrigation methods were simulated and compared in this study, i.e. rainfed, furrow irrigation,
and drip irrigation. Rainfed irrigation was used in this study to evaluate its impact on water balance and agricultural
production to surface irrigation. Furrow irrigation was employed since it is a conventional and more common
agricultural water supplying method in Indonesia [11], while drip irrigation was implemented as the most water
efficient irrigation method [12]. Each irrigation method was simulated by three field management scenarios, i.e.
conservative, moderate, and good. Those field management scenarios consisted of several agricultural water
management techniques, i.e. fertilizer rate, mulching, soil bunds, weed control, and regulated deficit irrigation (not
applicable for rainfed agriculture). The description of each field management scenario was summarized in Table 2.
Since the dry season had just begun in April, the initial soil water content for all scenarios was considered to be at
field capacity.
TABLE 2. FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF THREE SCENARIOS
Practice Conservative Moderate Good
Fertilizers rate 60% 80% 100%
Mulching None About half, Significant,
organic mulches organic mulches
Soil bunds None 0.25 m 0.25 m
Weed control Fairly poor Moderate Very good
Regulated deficit irrigation-Furrow Irrigation per 7 days, fixed per 7 days, per 7 days, fixed
application rate fixed application rate application rate
of 45 mm of 30 mm of 15 mm
Regulated deficit irrigation-Drip Irrigation per 3 days,
per 2 days, fixed per 3 days, fixed
fixed application rate
application rate of 5mm application rate of 3mm
of 5 mm

E. AquaCrop Model
The AquaCrop model considered mainly four variables, i.e. climate, crop, field management, and soil. In this study,
climate variables consist of evapotranspiration, and temperature, crop variables consist of growth cycle and harvest
index, field management variables consist of fertilizer rate, mulches, soil bunds, weeds, and irrigation techniques, and
soil variables consist of soil type and groundwater condition. These particular input variables were then simulated
simultaneously to determine the crop development (also called green canopy cover), crop transpiration, above-ground
biomass, and finally crop yield [13].
Crop yield (Y) was computed by the following equation [13]:
Y = fHI.HI0.B

here fHI is a factor that considers the stressors that are used to adjust the Harvest Index from HI0, which has a value
of 74%. Because the biomass created in this simulation was dry, the water content of sugarcane biomass was used to
adjust the dry yield to wet yield. The average water content of sugarcane biomass in this scenario is 57.5% [14].

Water productivity (WP) was calculated by the following equation [13]:

WP =

where B denotes the quantity of biomass produced from above ground, and Tr denotes the amount of crop water
transpiration. Alternatively, we may determine water productivity by dividing yield over actual evapotranspiration

F. Water Savings
According to Kaune, et al. [7], water savings can be divided by into two concepts, i.e. apparent water savings and
real water savings. Apparent water savings term was determined by decreased water amount by particular change
relative to the total water inflow of previous stage. In real water savings, water use for agriculture is divided into four

31
categories, i.e. beneficial consumption, non-beneficial consumption, recoverable return flows, and non-recoverable
return flows. Hence, real water savings term was defined as sum of non-beneficial consumption and non-recoverable
return flows relative to total water inflow of previous stage. Schematization of real water savings concept is shown in
Figure 2.

FIGURE 2. SCHEMATIZATION OF REAL WATER SAVINGS (FAO, XX)

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Crop Yield
The influence of different management scenarios on crop yield is undeniable. The good management, as
illustrated in Figure 3, has more yield than the moderate as well as conservative methods. By changing the
management scenarios from conservative method to moderate method and to good method can generally increase the
sugarcane yield by 48% and 127%, respectively. However, irrigation methods did not show significant impacts to
yields, since difference was only small (1.5-3.4%) by applying both furrow and drip irrigation in conservative and
moderate methods. The difference can reach 17% if the field management is good.

FIGURE 3. CROP YIELDS OF DIFFERENT FIELD MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS AND IRRIGATION METHODS

As can be seen from the results, the AquaCrop model simulated a wide range of sugarcane yields. The results'
dependability, on the other hand, should be compared to the other studies. It is useful for convincing people that the
AquaCrop model correlates well with field observations. Hence, this model may be used to a wide range of field
project. In the preceding five years, Indonesian sugarcane harvests averaged 65-75 tonnes per acre [1]. These values
were lower than the maximum yield ever reported in Indonesia, which was 110 tonnes per hectare in the 1960s,

32
according to Putra, et al. [15]. These values are also lower than the AquaCrop model simulated results since there are
various ecological factors that might inhibit plant development and decrease crop production.

B. Water Productivity
C. The water productivity was also increasing by changing to better field managements as well as more efficient
irrigation method. Water productivity for rainfed in conservative, moderate, and good management were 2.52, 3.82,
and 5.82 kg.m-3, respectively. Water productivity for furrow irrigation in conservative, moderate, and good
management were 3.85, 5.93, and 9.19 kg.m-3, respectively. Water productivity for drip irrigation in conservative,
moderate, and good management were 3.94, 6.02, and 9.26 kg.m-3, respectively. Furrow and drip irrigation especially
in good management resulted larger water productivity values since it obtained higher yield while using less water
compared to rainfed that do not require irrigation. On the other side, it may be claimed that agricultural yields and
water productivity can be improved by lowering irrigation water requirements and replacing them with more effective
irrigation systems.
D. Rabnawaz, et al. [16] also measured water productivity in the field on a sugarcane plantation. They observed
that sugarcane production and irrigation water application had a linear relationship. The water productivity values
were found to range between 2.22 and 3.50 kg.m-3. The simulated model's greater results values are most likely
attributable to the differences in both approaches. Furthermore, the simulated water productivity levels did not differ
considerably from earlier observations.
E. Real Water Savings vs Apparent Water Savings
F. Since the rainfed agriculture did not require irrigation, then the comparison of both real water savings as well
as apparent water savings was only conducted for furrow irrigation and drip irrigation in the three different field
management scenarios. In this case, conservative method of furrow irrigation was also set as the reference. Therefore,
by changing the management scenario to moderate and good, the apparent water savings percentage were 33% and
67%, respectively. The drip irrigation showed larger apparent water savings for the conservative, moderate, and good
methods relative to conservative method of furrow irrigation, i.e. 61%, 74%, and 84%, respectively. However, the
percentage of real water savings for both irrigation methods were somewhat lower. The real water savings of moderate
and good methods for furrow irrigation were only 7% and 12%, respectively. The drip irrigation showed slightly larger
real water savings for the conservative, moderate, and good methods relative to conservative method of furrow
irrigation, i.e. 8%, 12%, and 14%, respectively. Indeed, these lower values due to the beneficial water consumption
and recoverable return water flow were considered as the reusable water for the downstream part.

IV. CONCLUSION
Several methods have been introduced to manage sugarcane filed adapted to the water scarcity. Those methods
resulted positive impacts in terms of water balance, crop yields, and water productivity. Those parameters can also be
conducted by simulation using AquaCrop model. However, regarding to the water shortage, the concept of water
savings was not longer accurate to determine only by the decreased water amount due to more efficient water use.
This study showed that irrigation methods as well as field management which apparently decreased water savings up
to 84% were only lowering water use up to 14% in more holistic consideration. Future researches are strongly needed
to obtain clearly understanding on real water savings in sugarcane by conducting the field experiment.

V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

REFERENCES
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Crops, ed.: Directorate General of Estate Crops, 2020, p. 1056. [Online]. Available:
https://ditjenbun.pertanian.go.id/?publikasi=buku-statistik-perkebunan-2019-2021.
[2] R. P. Putra, N. Arini, and M. R. R. Ranomahera, "Implementation of Climate-Smart Agriculture to Boost Sugarcane
Productivity in Indonesia," Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, vol. 40, no. 2, 2021, doi:
10.21082/jp3.v40n2.2021.p89-102.
[3] F. C. Olivier and A. Singels, "Increasing water use efficiency of irrigated sugarcane production in South Africa through
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[4] R. Revathy and S. Balamurali, "Examination of Sugarcane Yield by Simulating Aqua Crop to Overcome the Irrigation
Deficiency," International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, vol. 8, no. 4S2, pp. 546-550, 2019, doi:
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[5] J. Alvar-Beltrán, A. Heureux, R. Soldan, R. Manzanas, B. Khan, and A. Dalla Marta, "Assessing the impact of climate
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United States, 1998, p. 327.
[9] R. Kapur, S. K. Duttamajumder, B. L. Srivastava, H. L. Madhok, and R. Kumar, "Harvest index and the components of
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10.5958/j.0975-6906.73.4.058.
[10] B. Hariyono, R. Dinarsih, and W. Utomo, "The residual effect of soil amendments application on physical sandy soil
properties and first ratoon sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)," in The 2nd International Conference on Sustainable
Plantation, 2022: IOP Publishing, 2022, p. 7, doi: doi:10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012086.
[11] M. R. R. Ranomahera and H. Ritzema, "Seeking alternatives of water-saving irrigation: sprinkler irrigation for
smallholder sugarcane farmers in East Java, Indonesia," IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 437,
p. 10, 2020, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/437/1/012033.
[12] M. R. R. Ranomahera, A. R. Puspitasari, R. P. Putra, D. Gustomo, and S. Winarsih, "Agronomic Performance and
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Java, Indonesia," Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim, vol. 44, no. 2, 2020, doi: 10.21082/jti.v44n2.2020.141-153.
[13] FAO, Aquacrop Manual Chapter 2 version 6.0-6.1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, 2018, p.
314.
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Analysis," presented at the The 4th TSME International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, Pattaya, Chonburi, 16-
18 October 2013, 2013.
[15] R. P. Putra, R. Muhammad Rasyid Ridla, R. Muhammad Syamsu, S. Rahmad, and D. Vita Ayu Kusuma, "Short
Communication: Investigating environmental impacts of long-term monoculture of sugarcane farming in Indonesia
through DPSIR framework," Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, vol. 21, no. 10, 2020, doi:
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182, 2015, doi: 10.17582/journal.sja/2015/31.3.175.182.

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 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

Research on Microplastics (MPs) in Indonesia:

Bibliometric Analysis 2011-2022 As Sustainable
Marine Environment
1
Siti Ayu Ulfadillah
1
Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University
sitiayuulfadillah@gmail.com
2
Yenni Putri Sari, 3Rindiani Puja Listari, 4Elsa Vandana, 5Mukti Dono Wilopo
2,3,4,5
Laboratory of Fisheries, Marine Science Department, University of Bengkulu
yenniputrisari@unib.ac.id

Abstract—Microplastics (MPs) are an issue in both natural and manufactured fisheries.

Microplastics research is one of the most rapidly growing areas of study in the world of science to
date. This study describes and analyzes the results of microplastic research in Indonesia that were
published in the form of scholarly papers between 2011 and 2022 based on the Web of Science
(WoS) database’s research articles. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to explore research
trends regarding microplastics in marine Indonesia. This study used VOSviewer to analyze
collaboration networks among authors and institutions, as well as co-occurrence analysis of
keywords in three defined periods. A total of 46 papers on research microplastics in Indonesia
were identified. The most influential microplastics in marine ecosystem research publications are
Marine Pollution Bulletin, Chemosphere, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Water,
Air, and Soil Pollution, and Environmental Technology Innovation. The valuable results obtained
from this study can help scholars better understand the research development trends and research
hotspots in the field of microplastic pollution in the marine ecosystem and provide direction for
future research.

Keywords—Bibliometric, Indonesia, Microplastics, and Research

I. INTRODUCTION
Plastics have provided various benefits to modern living due to its low cost, lightweight, and
durability, leading in a significant rise in demand. The worldwide industrial sector generates
millions of tons of plastic annually, and more than eight million metric tons of plastic end up in
the ocean. Plastic contamination is already widespread in the marine environment. The weight of
plastics in the ocean is expected to surpass that of fish by 2050 [1]. Plastics are classified into four
groups based on their size: macroplastics (> 25 mm), mesoplastics (5–25 mm), microplastics (5
mm), and nanoplastics (100 nm) [2]. Microplastics (MPs) are microscopic plastics resulting from
the fragmentation of larger plastics with various morphologies, including foils, foams, fibers,
pellets, bits, and microbeads [3–4]. Microplastics can cause marine environmental degradation
(MPs).
Global concern has been raised over the presence and build-up of microplastics (MPs) in marine
ecosystems. Microplastics can bind to other pollutants by pore filling, hydrophobic interaction,

35
and hydrogen bonding, which implies that once organisms inadvertently ingest it, it will be more
harmful and poisonous and may cause growth suppression, neurotoxicity, digestive blockage, and
internal damage to biota [5]. In addition, a number of studies [6-7] have indicated that marine MPs
may be ingested by humans through the ingestion of MPs-contaminated seafood, posing a grave
concern to human health. Bibliometric analysis is a generally accepted way for evaluating certain
themes from a global standpoint. Using statistical analysis tools such as VOSviewer, [8] this
method has been utilized in recent years to visualize the advancement of MP research. To the
authors' knowledge, however, there have been no early investigations employing bibliometric
analysis to analyze global trends in research on microplastics in marine environments. In this study,
bibliometric analysis was utilized to examine research trends on microplastics in Indonesia's
maritime environment between 2011 and 2022. In order to obtain a comprehensive grasp of this
research topic, this study used social network analysis to evaluate research performance trends. In
addition, bibliometric analysis is performed to identify science mapping, which comprises a
comprehensive evaluation of microplastic Indonesia-related works and hot topics.

II. METHODS
2.1. Data sources and search strategy
Scholars utilize bibliometric analysis as a potent technique for capturing the research
performance and growth trends of the global scientific literature. It provides a complete overview
of the influential academic literature in a certain discipline or on a particular subject in terms of
prominent writers, journals, organizations, and nations. This research selected Thomson Reuters'
Web of Science (WoS) database as its scientific data source for bibliometric analysis [9]. WoS has
a more standardized method for keeping track of the global scientific literature in a variety of
research and study domains.
Eleven years of linked papers on microplastics in Indonesia were retrieved from the WoS
Core collection database using the advanced search tool. Included in the search phrases were the
article's title, abstract, and keywords: ("microplastic" OR "marine" OR "Microplastic Indonesia")
[10]. To eliminate bias caused by the database's daily updating, the search for required articles was
performed on a single day. Additionally, only English-language publications were selected for this
study's final cut. During the period 2011–2022, the primary research tasks for this study will be
identified. 46 articles from a file containing "Full Record and Cited References" were downloaded
using the "save for other file formats" export feature with "Tab-delimited (window)" and analyzed
using the VOSviewer application. All of the primary data sources used for bibliometric analysis in
this paper were listed above.

2.2. Statical analysis

This study evaluates the impact of microplastics on the marine environment before
evaluating the performance of the top five scientific publications and their respective universities.
The Hirsch index (h-index) indicates that the author or publication has published h works that have
been cited h times or more. It is an author-level index that assesses both the citation impact and
publication output of a researcher.
The co-authorship analysis in this work was conducted using the user-friendly VOSviewer
software (created by Leiden University, Netherlands). It evaluated the dynamic patterns between
focus and relationships among the most productive authors and institutions based on the subject
under investigation. Each network map reveals that the thickness of the lines connecting nodes is

36
proportional to their "link strength." In addition, it demonstrates the strength of network linkages
and cooperation.
Thirdly, a co-occurrence analysis was undertaken to investigate the comprehensive link
between the keywords in the papers they co-authored. The VOSviewer application facilitates
network visualization study and scientific mapping in a cluster format. Cluster analysis is
performed to discover the primary cluster of microplastic research trends in the marine
environment. Author keyword co-occurrence analysis also enables this study to construct and
visualize the relationships between the various research networks.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Number of published articles
3.1.1. Publication output by Journals
Figure 1 displays the 46 selected papers of microplastic Indonesia between 2011 and 2022.
According to the WoS database search, microplastics research in Indonesia remains insufficient.
In the first five years (2011-2015), there were no microplastic-related studies. Following that
(2016-2018), there was just one publishing per year. The graph depicts a large peak in the last
three years (2019-2021), while 2022 implies that the research is ongoing.

30
24
25

20

15 Total
Series1
10 8
5 6
5
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

FIGURE 1. PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION OF MICROPLASTIC IN INDONESIA FROM 2011-2022

3.1.2. Number of Articles Published and Most Cited Research Article

Table 1 displays the five publications that have published the most articles about
microplastics in Indonesia's maritime environment during the past eleven years. The topic Marine
Pollution Bulletin (534 citations, 16 publications) was the most prevalent across all journals. Also
the second most cited is Chemosphere (107 citations, four publications).
TABEL 1. MOST CITED JOURNALS
Total Link
Journal Publisher Citations Articles
Strength
Marine Pollution Bulletin Elsevier 536 16 451
Chemosphere Elsevier 107 4 175
Environmental Technology Innovation Elsevier 13 2 74
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Springer Nature 8 3 128
Water Air and Soil Pollution Springer Nature 2 3 114

37
3.2. The Publishing Performance of Authors and Affiliations
According to the findings, 206 authors contributed to the research on microplastics in the
marine environment of Indonesia. In Table 2. only five writers were picked, Cordova Muhammad
Reza (175 citations, 11 papers) the most mentioned and followed by Riani Etty, Muhammad Fuad,
Hadiyanto, and Khoironi Adiani. And Indonesia university with the highest citation numbers in
research on microplastic Indonesia is the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (178 citations, nine
articles), followed by the Bogor Agricultural University, Institute Technology Sepuluh Nopember,
and Dian Muswantoro University. All of the writers are Indonesian and are still engaged in
multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary microplastics research in Indonesia.

TABEL 2. INDONESIAN AUTHORS RANKED BY THE NUMBER OF CITATION

Author Citations Articles Total Link Strength
Cordova, Muhammad Reza 175 11 34
Riani, Etty 41 6 26
Muhammad, Fuad 37 4 21
Hadiyanto, Hadiyanto 12 5 23
Khoironi, Adiani 6 5 23

TABEL 3. INDONESIAN UNIVERSITIES RANKED BY THE NUMBER OF CITATION

Affiliation Citations Articles Total Link Strength
Indonesian Institute of Sciences 178 9 1163
Bogor Agricultural University 131 4 1011
Institute Technology Sepuluh Nopember 46 4 242
Diponegoro University 41 6 438
Dian Muswantoro University 6 4 322

3.3. The Research Hotspots and Emerging Trends Based on Keyword Co-occurrence Analysis
Keywords are essential for detecting research gaps and setting study patterns and focus.
Keywords that appear frequently indicate hotspots for research. Keyword co-occurrence analysis
was performed to find systematic links between various themes across three time periods [11]. The
research topic's conceptual evolution can be followed through clusters of keyword nodes, as shown
by the keyword analysis. Figure 2 depicts the result, there are four color-coded clusters observed.
Cluster 1 (red) is concerned with the prevalence, accumulation, and pollution of microplastics in
the ocean and their habitats. Cluster 2 (green) illustrates the connection between microplastics and
marine organisms in several waters. Cluster 3 (blue) represents the toxicity of microplastics, while
Cluster 4 (yellow) represents the fate of microplastics in a variety of environmental media, such
as the marine environment, sediment, and surface water, among others [12]. The larger the network
a keyword has, the broader its links [13]. Thus, microplastic is the keyword that appears most
frequently in the selected articles, indicating that Indonesia is the second-largest node after
microplastic. It supported statements that the majority of microplastic is largely land-based plastic
that has poured into the Indonesian ocean, resulting in an abundance of marine water and marine
life.

38
 FIGURE 2. THE MOST USED KEYWORDS IN MICROPLASTIC RESEARCH IN INDONESIA

In addition, the study indicated that new issues and approaches are associated with
developing study areas over time, such as microplastics in the aquatic ecosystem. To achieve
sustainable ocean management, linkages between citizen science and microplastics must be
stressed. Citizen science is a cost-effective method for collecting data over a broad geographical
area, while simultaneously increasing public awareness. Over time, scientists have transformed
the study of plastic pollution into a wide field of study.

IV. CONCLUSION
In recent years, researchers and the general public have become more aware of the dangers
of microplastics in the environment. Researchers can use bibliometric analysis to learn more about
academic collaboration, research trends, and hot topics in microplastics [14]. We also
systematically summarized information about institutions, authors, and journal data from all of the
papers based on these findings. Furthermore, bibliometric mapping assigns a position to each term
such that the distance between any relationships reflects their similarity [15-16]. Cordova's author,
the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, is very active in contributing articles and has many research
accomplishments. The topic of microplastics in Indonesia has been the subject of 46 research
articles written by 206 authors from 96 universities and cited over 500 times, with the Marine
Pollution Bulletin being the most influential research journal.
In terms of the method used, the scope of this study was limited. To begin with, the database
used in this study is limited to Web of Science (WoS) other databases such as Scopus and Google
Scholar are not included. To ensure the robustness of future research, several databases may be
used. Second, only research articles published in English, as well as some other important literature
published in other languages and other types of literature, were included in this study. Finally,
bibliometric mapping only looks at the title, keywords, and abstract. Considering the content
analysis, a wide range of technological investigations in research to reduce microplastic in the
marine environment in Indonesia could be displayed. The study could review what type of
technology is used in Indonesia to detect or reduce the hazards of microplastic, as well as more

39
insightful information that Indonesian scholars and practitioners can use as references, by
conducting content analysis.

REFERENCES
[1] Rocha-Santos, T.A.P. Editorial overview: Micro and nano-plastics. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci.
Health 2018; 1: 52–54.
[2] Stock F, Kochleus C, Bänsch-Baltruschat B, et al. Sampling techniques and preparation
methods for microplastic analyses in the aquatic environment—a review. TrAC - Trends Anal
Chem 2019; 113: 84–92.
[3] Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson, R.C, et al. Microplastics in the marine environment: A
review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ. Sci. Technol 2012;
46: 3060–3075.
[4] Klein S, Worch E, Knepper T.P. Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Microplastics in River
Shore Sediments of the Rhine-Main Area in Germany. Environ. Sci. Technol 2015; 49: 6070–
6076.
[5] Wu M, Jiang Y, Kwong R. W. M, et al. How do humans recognize and face challenges of
microplastic pollution in marine environments? A bibliometric analysis*. Environmental
Pollution 2021; 280: 1-16.
[6] Barboza L.G.A, Vieira L.R, Branco V, et al. Microplastics cause neurotoxicity, oxidative
damage and energy-related changes and interact with the bioaccumulation of mercury in the
European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758). Aquat. Toxicol 2018b; 195: 49-57.
[7] Li L.Z, Luo Y.M, Li R.J, et al. Effective uptake of submicrometre plastics by crop plants via a
crack-entry mode. Nature Sustainability 2020b; 1-9.
[8] Van E.N.J, Waltman L. Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric
mapping. Scientometrics 2010; 84: 523-538.
[9] Zhang L. Big data, knowledge mapping for sustainable development a water quality index case
study. Emerg. Sci. J 2019; 3: 249–254.
[10] Yang C, Wang X, Tang, et al. Research trends of stem cells in ischemic stroke from 1999 to
2018: A bibliometric analysis. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 2020; 192.
[11] Andrade D.F, Romanelli J.P, Pereira-Filho E.R. Past and emerging topics related to electronic
waste management: top countries, trends, and perspectives. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res 2019;
26: 17135–17151.
[12] Akdogan Z, Guven B, Microplastics in the environment: A critical review of current
understanding and identification of future research needs. Environmental Pollution 2019; 254.
[13] Gao Y, Ge L, Shi S, et al. Global trends and future prospects of e-waste research: a
bibliometric analysis. Environ Sci Pollut R 2019; 26: 17809-17820.
[14] Kasavan S, Yusoff S, Fakri M. F. R, et al. Plastic Pollution in Water Ecosystems: A
Bibliometric Analysis From 2000 to 2020. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021; 313: 1-13.
[15] Ying Z, Shengyan P, Xue L, et al. Global Trends and Prospects in Microplastic Research: A
Bibliometric Analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2020; 400: 1-24.
[16] Chen M-RA, Hwang G-J, Majumdar R, et al. Research trends in the use of E-books in English
as a foreign language (EFL) education from 2011 to 2020: a bibliometric and content analysis.
Interact Learn Environ 2021; 1–17.

40
 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

Learning Style (Brain Dominance) on STEM

Student Achievement
1
Zumrotul Faizah
2
International and Innovative College, National Pingtung University (NPTU)
zumrotulfaizah06@gmail.com

Abstract—This research was a quantitative research design in this study, the researcher limited discussion by
stating the following research problem: "Is there any relationship between learning style on STEM students
Achievement?". "Does the learning style affect their achievement?". This study aimed to find out the most
dominance used by students in learning STEM and to find out whether or not an effect between right-brain and
left-brain on STEM learning. The result of this study can help teachers' methods in teaching-learning. The
subject of this study was the STEM students of university level. The sample of this research was 45 students.
The data were collected using interview STEM education, questionnaire 5-Likert scale, and test. The data were
analyzed using an independent t-test through SPSS 22.0 version. The result of this research showed that the
finding effect between right-brain and left-brain dominance on learning achievement is positive result means
that there is a difference between right-brain and left-brain dominance on their achievement. The level sig. (2
tailed) was greater than the level of significance (.00 < 0.05), then H0 was rejected H1 was accepted. It can be
said that all students of the STEM Education Department use left-brain dominance in the learning process.
Meaning that the students who use right-brain dominance have good scores and students who lowest score also
use right-brain dominance but it is not suitable for them. These findings imply that students who learn analytical
with left-brain dominance will be good in achievement than those who learn with the other brain dominance.
The researcher suggested applying the brain dominance provided to overcome their difficulties. However, this
research was expected to be developed by future researchers who had the same interest.

Keywords— STEM Education, Learning Style, Achievement

I. INTRODUCTION
In this world, there are various subjects, one of them is STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering,
Mathematics) education. STEM combines four subjects: science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
STEM education not only serves as a tool in our lives, but it also represents inquiry and practice. It must be learned
because we not only learn but also practice in this subject.As a result, most people believe STEM education has
a positive impact and readily assume that STEM integrated education influences instructors' instructional tactics
as well as students' attitudes and academic achievement. Because of their belief in the power of STEM education,
classroom teachers are being urged to incorporate STEM education into their curriculum.
There is some problem in learning process one of them is learning style. Some teacher does not aware with
their students learning style. They only focus to the material as the result the students with different learning style
difficult to understand the material. Learning style can be helpful and beneficial to the student in becoming more
focused on an attentive student that will increase learning process. Discovering the learning style will allow the
student to determine their own personal strengths and weaknesses and learn from them. Teachers can incorporate
learning styles into their classroom by identifying the learning styles of each student, matching teaching style to
learning style for difficult tasks, strengthening weaker learning styles through easier tasks and drill, teaching
students, and learning style selection Kartika et al., (2014). Another benefit it will help the learners to be a problem
solver because the learners can control and solve problem that they faced while learning process. Identifying
students learning styles also provides information why each student has different learning styles. Every student
has different learning style by identifying students’ learning style, the teachers can organize classroom based on
their individual needs. As a result, teachers must learn about the learning and cognitive preferences that students
bring to class and incorporate those preferences into their instruction. As a result, students' learning experiences
will be enhanced, and they will learn language aspects in the way that best suits their learning preferences. Brain
hemisphericity, or brain specialization, has piqued the interest of some researchers among the learning styles.
Left brain dominance refers to how students learn or think about material using their left brain. They may
be unaware that she or he is constantly using their left brain. Students who are left brain dominated are usually
easy to understand when it comes to grammar and structure. According to Singh (2015), intellectual, remember
names, verbal response to instructions and explanations, experiments systematically and with control, makes

41
objective judgments, planned and structured, prefers established certain information, analytic reader, reliance on
language in thinking and remembering, prefers talking and writing, prefer multiple choice test, control feelings,
not good at interpreting body language, rarely used.
Right brain dominance refers to how students learn or think about material using their right brain. This
type of brain is known as a challenging brain. Students who prefer writing are classified as right brain dominated.
As a result, they prefer essay questions to multiple-choice questions. According to Singh (2015), right brain
dominated students are intuitive, remember faces, respond to demonstrated, illustrated, or symbolic instruction,
experiment randomly or with less restraint, make subjective judgments, fluid and spontaneous, prefer elusive,
uncertain information, synthesizing reader, reliance on imaging in thinking and remembering, prefer drawing and
manipulating objects, prefer open ended (essay) questions, and are freer.
For the reasons stated above, the researcher has a strong reason to conduct the study "Learning Style (Brain
Dominance) on STEM Students Achievement."

II. METHODS
A. Research Design
This study is quantitative and the research design is Ex-Post Facto design. According to Latief (2016) the
relationship between two variables which do not manipulate the independent variable is Ex-Post Facto. It is known
that this design does not give treatment to independent variable. The dependent variable of this research is
academic achievement in learning STEM and independent variables are the students ‘left brain and right brain
dominance.Samples is the part of the population of study. The samples of this study were 40 students that have
same grade in Junior High School in Indonesia. Researcher use simple random sampling to get the participant.
B. Collecting the data
The data collected in this study were in form of questionnaire that adapted from Brown (2000) and
achievement test. The procedure of collecting data was divided into several steps. The first step was choosing
the participants. The researcher administered the simple random sampling technique to get the sample. The next
step was the questionnaire distribution. The researcher distributed the questionnaire to the participants and
respondents were given time 30 minutes to finish the questionnaire. In this step the researcher collected the
information about dominance of the left-brain and right-brain.

This questionnaire has two scoring directions: the first is ascending for numbers 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14,
15, 19, and 20. Second, the scoring direction for numbers 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17, and 18 is descending. The total
score is used to categorize students as left brain dominated, right brain dominated, or no brain dominated. The
score stars below 57 are classified as left brain dominated. If the score ranges from 57 to 66, it indicates that there
is no brain dominance. A score of 66 or higher indicates that the right brain is dominant.
The second set of data was obtained through testing. The test was used to ensure that student achievement
has improved. In this case, the researcher used a reading test with 20 items that included multiple choice (10
items) and essay questions (10 Items). The author used the same test for two groups (left and right) to determine
whether students who learned using the right brain outperformed students who learned using the left brain in
reading achievement. Each item on the test has the same score, so the total score is 100 for multiple choice item
5 and essay item 5.
Following the collection of all data, the researchers analyzed it using descriptive statistical procedures or
the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), as well as the independent t-test. This application is
designed to determine whether left brain dominated students perform significantly better in answering multiple
choice tests of reading two than right brain dominated students, and whether right brain dominated students
perform significantly better in answering essay tests of reading two than left brain dominated students. The first
step was for the researcher to categorize the group statistic in SPSS v22 as left or right brain. The researcher then
entered the reading test score into SPSS. Finally, to determine the result, researchers compared the means and
analyzed the data using an independent sample t-test.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In what follows, firstly various statistical calculations are presented followed by the discussion as a
separate section.

42
 Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95%
Confidence Interval of
the Difference

Mean Std. Error

Sig. (2- Differen Differenc
F Sig. t df tailed) ce e Lower Upper
Test Equal 5 , -2 , - 3,5 - -
Achievement variances ,546 027 5,363 4 000 19,154 71 26,525 11,783
assumed

Equal -7, , - 3,5 - -

variances 5,363 8 000 19,154 71 26,660 11,648
not assumed 9
9

The results of Learning Style on Academic Achievement in STEM Students, tests support the above
findings as non-normality of the data on multipel choice and essay. All the statistics have significance values less
than .05.

Group Statistics
Std. Std.
learning_styles N Mean Deviation Error Mean
Test left brain 13 65, 11,459 3,178
Achviement 85
right brain 13 85, 5,874 1,629
00

What is the relationship between the brain dominance and academic achievement STEM student?

43
 Results obtained from the normality test indicated that the tests are needed here; so, two- independent
samples test was run to investigate any significance between the brain dominance and academic achievement at
STEM student. The statistic was 5,546, which was a significant one (P = .027 < .05). According to the mentioned
results, it might be concluded that there is any significant relationship between the brain dominance and academic
achievement at STEM student. Therefore, the answer to the question is that there is any significant relationship
between the brain dominance and academic achievement at STEM student. Meanwhile, the means for the left-
brain students is 65,85 and for the right-brain is 85.00 which verify the support of question answered.

IV. CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the students have different learning style are related with the dominance of right
or left brain. This has a great impact during the learning process. Therefore, they having an idea about the brain
dominance of the students is important. If the teacher knows his or her students well, he or she can use the methods,
techniques and material suitable. This research will provide the teachers to find out the dominant part of their
students’ brains and use the appropriate classroom, methods and tools according to them. It will also give the
opportunity of finding out the teachers’ brain dominance to help him/her to be aware of his/her teaching style. For
the next researcher I suggest try to investigate by using another instrument/design like classroom observation or
interviewing the participants so you will get deeper result.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Laboratory of maker space National Pingtung University (NPTU).

REFERENCES
Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of language teaching and learning, (4th ed.). White Plains, New York : Longman.

Brown, H. D. (1994). Teaching by principle: An interactive approach to language pedagogy.White Plains, New
York : Longman.
Daniels, A. M. (2014, December 24). 10 characteristics of right-brain learners. Retrieved from
https://revolutionarypaideia.com/2014/12/24/10-characteristic-of-right-brain-learners/
Daymut, J. A. (2009). Right brain vs. Left brain- what’s the difference?. Retrieved from www.superduperinc.com

Diffen LLC. (n.d). Left brain vs. Right brain. Retrieved from
https://www.diffen.com/difference/left_Brain_vs_Right_Brain doi:10.12973/iji.2015.8211a
Singh, P. (2015). Interaction effect of brain hemispheric dominance and study habits on academic achievement in
mathematics, IJAR, I(11), 746-750. Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a699/6559f4d9e7e29c5262ab0826b957bb56ff4b.pdf
Smith, A. (1998). Accelerated Learning In Practice. York Road, London: Network Educational Press Ltd.

Smith, E. E. (2012). Are you left – or right brain dominant ? left – brained people are smarter. Right ?. retrieved
from https://www.Psychologytoday.com/blog/not-born-yesterday/201210/are-you-left-or-right-brain-
dominant
Soyoof, A., Jokar, M., Razavizadegan, M.A., & Morovar, E. (2014). The Effect of Learners’ Brain Hemisphericity
on their Degree of Vocabulary Retention: A case Study of Iranian High School Students. Prosedia –
Social and Behavioral Sciencees, 98, 1844 – 1849, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.614

Tendero, J. B. (2000). Hemispheric dominance and language profiency levels in the four macro skills of the
westren Mindanao State University college students. University of western Mindanao, Philippines.

44
 Attachment 1

Learning style questionnaire

In this test, each item has two contrasting statements. Between the two statements is a scale
of five points on which you are to indicate your perception of which statement best describes
you. Boxes 1 and 5 indicate that a statement is very much like you; boxes 2 and 4 indicate
that one statement is somewhat more like you than other statement; box 3 indicate no
particular learning one way or the other.
I prefer speaking to large 1 2 3 4 5 I prefer speaking in small group

audiances situations

Box number 4 has been checked to indicate a moderate preference for speaking is small
group situations.
1. I remember names 1 2 3 4 5 1. I remember faces

1. I respond better to 1 2 3 4 5 1. I respond better to demonstrated,

verbal instructions. illustrated, symbolic, instruction

1. I am intuitive 1 2 3 4 5 1. I am intellectual

1. I experiment randomly and 1 2 3 4 5 1. I experiment systematically

with little restraint and with control

1. I prefer solving a problem 1 2 3 4 5 1. I prefer solving problem by

by breaking it down into looking at the whole, the
parts, then approaching configurations, then
the problem sequentially, approaching the problem
using logic. through patterns, using
hunches

1. I make objective judgments, 1 2 3 4 5 1. I make subjective

extrinsic to person. judgments, intrinsic to
person

1. I am fluid and spontaneous. 1 2 3 4 5 1. I am planned and structured

1. I prefer established, certain 1 2 3 4 5 1. I prefer elusive, uncertain

information information

1. I am synthesizing reader 1 2 3 4 5 1. I am an analytical reader

45
1. I rely primarily on 1 2 3 4 5 1. I rely primarily on images in
language thinking and thinking and remembering.
remembering

1. I prefer talking and 1 2 3 4 5 1. I prefer drawing and manipulating

writing objects.

1. I am easily distracted when trying to 1 2 3 4 5 1. I am an

read in noisy or crowded places. analytical reader

1. I prefer work and/or 1 2 3 4 5 1. I prefer work and/or studies

studies that are open- that are carefully planned
ended.

1. I prefer hierarchical 1 2 3 4 5 1. I prefer collegial

(ranked) authority (participative) authority
structures structure

1. I control my feelings. 1 2 3 4 5 1. I am more free with my feelings.

1. I respond best to kinetic 1 2 3 4 5 1. I respond best to

stimuli (movement, action). audiotory, visual stimuli

1. I am good at interpreting 1 2 3 4 5 1. I am good at paying attention

body language to people’ exact word

1. I frequently use metaphors 1 2 3 4 5 1. I rarely use metaphors or

and analogies analogies

1. I favor logical problem 1 2 3 4 5 1. I favor intuitive problem

solving solving

1. I prefer multiple-choice 1 2 3 4 5 1. I prefer open-ended

test questions

46
Attachment 2
Test : https://drmoku.com/stem-activities-for-kids/stem-science-questions-and-answers-for-
kids-51-to-100/

No Question Answer
1 True or False: Dilithium crystals are fictional. True. Dilithium Crystals are
from the world of Star Trek.
2 What name is given to a giant cloud of dust and gas in A nebula
space?
3 In what decade was NASA founded? NASA was founded July 29,
1958.
4 What chemical element is represented by Be? Beryllium
5 What chemical element powered the DeLorean in Plutonium
Back to the Future?
6 How many patents did Thomas Edison file? 1093
1093 / 308 / 669 / None
7 What does a manometer measure? Pressure
8 What does the Scoville Heat Unit Scale measure? The Scoville Scale is
Temperature of volcanoes measurement of the
Spiciness of chili peppers pungency
Temperature of sidewalks in summer
The heat of computers and games consoles
9 What does SCUBA stand for? Self-Contained Underwater
Breathing Apparatus
10 What is a nanometer? A nanometer is a unit of
measurement equalling one
thousand-millionth of a
meter
11 Who invented the first battery? Count Alessandro Volta

12 Name the tunnel construction company founded by The boring company

Elon Musk.
13 Name the sensory reaction of a tingling sensation on (ASMR) Autonomous
the skin/scalp popularized by YouTubers such as Sensory Meridian Response
Gentle Whispering.
14 What chemical element is represented by Pb? Lead
15 Who was the first person to win two Nobel Prizes for Marie Curie
Science?
16 What does LASER stand for? Light amplification by
stimulated emission of
radiation
17 What is the name of the chemical reaction that causes The maillard reaction
toast to brown?
18 What is the name of the line that separates day and The terminator
night on Earth? Hint: Arnie!
19 Aside from fingerprints, what other human body part The tongue
has a unique print?
20 What food additive is made of crushed insects? Carmine. It is red in color

47
21 Regardless of size, most mammals larger than a rat Urinate
take roughly 21 seconds to do what?
22 Which mammal was the first recipient of breast Dog
implants?
Pig / Human / Orangutan / Dog
23 The infection herpes zoster is better known by what Shingles
name?
24 How many elements of the periodic table begin with One. Kryptont
the letter 'k'?
25 What animal has fingerprints almost identical to Koalas
human fingerprints?

48
 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

A Proposed Assessment Tool for Sharia-

Compliant Equity Crowdfunding Projects
Utilizing TOPSIS
1, a)
Pandu Dwi Luhur Pambudi, 1, b)Afifah Nurrosyidah, 1,2,c)Army Justitia, 1,d)Cendra Devayana Putra,
1
Institute of Information Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
2
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
a)
lwpandu@gmail.com, b)r38097010@gs.ncku.edu.tw, c)army-j@fst.unair.ac.id, d)r76097020@gs.ncku.edu.tw

Abstract— On the market, the number of newly founded fintech companies that involve sharia-
compliant businesses has increased recently, one of them being the sharia-crowdfunding company.
The company targets countries with large Muslim populations, such as Indonesia and Malaysia.
Since the sharia compliance is unique, and thus it influences decision-making in a business.
Therefore, we are driven to propose and develop an assessment tool to assist the investment
signaling process for the sharia-compliant equity crowdfunding projects on Platform X. Platform
X is one of the pioneers of real estate Islamic crowdfunding platforms investing in sharia-
compliant real estate projects in Southeast Asia's emerging countries. The firm must examine new
projects locally for each newly created branch country as the firm aims to open new branches in
some predominantly Muslim countries. However, each newly founded branch country lacks a
mature and uniform assessment tool for sharia-based projects, resulting in glaring problems in the
'portability' and time-consuming problem of assessing the projects. Therefore, this research
provides a technique for assessing sharia-equity crowd fundraising decisions using a multi-criteria
decision analysis (MCDA), namely TOPSIS. We combine the concept of equity crowdfunding,
Islamic principles, and Sharia compliance to develop a tailored assessment tool for sharia-based
projects. As a result, we present both theoretical and managerial implications, and we find that the
assessment tool is robust as the evaluation result for the portability aspect and the fast
computational time were successfully examined through a simple experiment.

Keywords— Crowdfunding, Financial Technology, MCDA, Sharia, TOPSIS

I. INTRODUCTION
Financial Technology, or Fintech, refers to computer programs and other forms of cutting-edge
technology that companies utilize to deliver streamlined and advanced financial services to their
customers [1]. Investments in financial technology have been rising ever since the most recent
global financial crisis. The Fintech market is anticipated to be positively impacted by the
increasing popularity of digital payments, more significant investments in technology-based
solutions, and increased acceptance of Internet of Things devices. Moreover, growing technologies
such as mobile wallets, digitized money, adoption of e-commerce platforms across economies, and
increased smartphone penetration have opened the way for a rise in Fintech transactions. KPMG,
in January 2022, reported that the financial technology industry had a significant increase in 2021,
across the board in the key geographic areas [2]. It is anticipated that the level of investment will
remain high because of this broadening reach, the increasing maturity of several Fintech
subsectors, the growing investment in less developed jurisdictions, and the growing interest of
corporations.

49
 The flourishing growth of Fintech has an impact not only on the conventional finance industry
but also on the Islamic finance industry, as the Islamic finance sector embraces Fintech as part of
the financial revolution. Islamic Fintech is comparable to conventional Fintech, except that its
business model adheres to Sharia law. They are also referred to as Shariah-compliant Fintech,
Shariah Fintech, and Halal Fintech, conveying the same notion. Islamic Fintech falls under the
same authority as Islamic finance products, which must be free of prohibited components such as
maysir or gambling, gharar or uncertainty, and riba or interest [3]. The State of the Global Islamic
Economic Report 2022 shows that Fintech sharia in Muslim-majority nations such as Malaysia,
Indonesia, and United Arab Emirates are proliferating despite Islamic Fintech still establishing
itself globally [4].
When compared to the other business fields that are a part of the Fintech sector, crowdfunding
and other forms of alternative finance hold the highest proportion of investment capital [5].
Crowdfunding enables businesses and other organizations to raise money through investments
from numerous individuals and willing investors who provide financial support and real-time
feedback on these firms. In Fintech sharia, crowdfunding invests in halal and socially responsible
enterprises, raises capital and funds, and donates to socially oriented organizations, particularly in
the equity crowdfunding concept. Existing studies mainly focus on identifying the criteria of
general equity crowdfunding. The previous finding identifies the equity crowdfunding success
drivers consist of human, social, intellectual capital, equity share, and financial projections[6].
Human capital is considered the essential and significant intangible asset for a venture and
describes as the total of an individual's knowledge, skills, experiences, and capacities [7], [9]. The
details of human capital factors consist of team size and experience, entrepreneurs' education, and
work experiences. Previous research also highlights structure capital's importance, such as
intellectual property rights, technology, infrastructure assets, organizational models, culture, and
procedures [6], [8]. The other component is referred to as relational capital, and it is derived from
the network of external relationships that are maintained by the venture [10]. However, the tools
for evaluating Sharia crowdfunding that combines between equity crowdfunding concept, Islamic
principle, and Sharia compliance have not been available yet.
To identify Sharia crowdfunding, the tool of the equity crowdfunding concept must be aligned
with Islamic principles and Sharia compliance. For the basic equity crowdfunding, we adopt the
tool that already summarizes the vital aspect of equity crowdfunding assessment, including human
capital, structured capital, and relational capital, to propose the funding success [11]. Even though
Muslims are regarded as the pioneers of profit and loss-sharing investments in businesses via
contractual agreements, which predate the concept of stock markets, the current form of the stock
market prevents the devout among them from seeking economic benefits from it due to several
provisions of Islamic law [12]. The sharia compliance adopts the Islam theory of Prophet
Mohammad, saying about 1/3 of the rules in Islamic finance. On the market, the number of newly
created fintech firms involving sharia-compliant businesses has surged recently, with the sharia-
crowdfunding company being one of them. The company targets primarily Muslim countries, such
as Indonesia and Malaysia, and Sharia compliance is distinctive and impacts company decision-
making. In order to facilitate the investment signaling process for sharia-compliant equity
crowdfunding projects on Platform X, we are compelled to suggest and construct an assessment
tool. Platform X is among the first Islamic real estate crowdfunding platforms to invest in sharia-
compliant real estate projects in growing Southeast Asian countries. As the company intends to
develop new branches in predominantly Muslim countries, it must review new projects in each
country where a new branch has been established. Nonetheless, each newly established branch

50
nation lacks a developed and standard review tool for sharia-based projects, resulting in
conspicuous 'portability' and time-consuming challenges in assessing the projects. From the
background and motivation, the purpose of this study is threefold: (1) Provide an assessment tool
as the standard assessment of sharia-equity crowd funding decision-making for Platform X. (2)
Examine the theoretical and managerial level implications of the assessment tool for Platform X.
(3) Evaluate the robustness of the assessment tool by taking a practical case for 15 projects from
various companies in Platform X using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA. Since we have
many aspects in the tool to decide on the Sharia equity crowdfunding project, we use the concept
of MCDA. We use The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(TOPSIS), a multi-criteria decision analysis method, to identify which project is suitable for sharia-
based funding due to its simplicity of the mathematical formulation. The contribution of this study
is to support and provide a state-of-the-art sharia-compliant equity crowdfunding projects
assessment using a proposed MCDA tool.

II. METHODS
We evaluate the robustness of the assessment tool by taking a practical case from Platform X
into the proposed assessment tool. Our research method was conducted in 3 stages: define criteria
assessment, evaluate funding assessment using TOPSIS, and evaluate TOPSIS performance. The
architectural design of our methodology can be seen in Figure 1.

FIGURE 1. METHODOLOGY

A. Define Criteria Assessment

To find the proper criteria for any type of financial technology and sharia, we reviewed several
articles on financial technology and sharia domain. We find those articles in Web of Science and
Google scholar databases ranging from 2020 to 2021. The criteria were validated by expertise from
the finance and technology department and stakeholders. According to the literature, five areas
were identified. Each macro-area is subdivided into a set of criteria. Specifically:
a) Human Capital area: it refers to the characteristics of workers, such as their habits, knowledge,
social attributes, and personality, which manifest in their ability to produce economic value
through their labor. Selected criteria for Human Capital area are the following:
1. Prior industry experience: the average industry experience of the founders (the sum of the
years of related industry experience for each founder, divided by the founding team size).
2. Prior start-up experience: the percentage of the founding team who created a start-up.
b) Structural Capital area: It pertains to the enterprise's internal assets. These resources include
intellectual property rights, technology, infrastructure assets (e.g., organizational models,

51
 culture, and processes), R&D, innovation activities, and new products/services, among others.
Selected criteria for structural capital are the following:
1. Product innovation: the company offers innovations (such as products, services, strategies,
technology, etc.) in the following years.
2. Intellectual property: the company owns intellectual property rights. i.e., dummy variables,
patents, copyright, etc.
c) Relational Capital macro-area: It refers to all relationships - market relationships, power
relationships, and cooperation - established between firms, institutions, and individuals, which
stem from a strong sense of belonging and a highly developed capacity for cooperation
characteristic of culturally similar individuals and institutions. Selected relational capital is
following:
1. Partnership: only recognizes official partnerships, evidenced by a written agreement with
industrial, commercial, or technological partners.
2. Third-party Endorsement: the company has cooperation with the official endorsement of
incubators and/or big companies.
d) Shariah Criteria macro-area:
e) Company Profile macro-area: It pertains to an introduction to the firm that describes what it
sells, how it was started, its mission, how it manufactures or sources its products, and why it
serves customers.
1. Founders: it refers to the founding size.
2. Team Size: it refers to the total team in the company (including staff and founders)
3. Service Industry: whether the company belongs to the service industry or not
4. Years: how long the company has been active since its establishment
5. Big City: The company is in a big city or not
6. Start-up Size: What is the scale of the start-up business?
7. Platform: It describes the number of campaigns on large platforms

B. TOPSIS
Real-world decision-making problems are usually too complex and ill-structured to be
considered through the examination of a single criterion that will lead to the optimum decision.
MCDA refers to deciding the presence of multiple and usually conflicting criteria [13]. MCDA
involves “making preference decisions (such as evaluation, prioritization, selection) over the
available alternatives that are characterized by multiple, usually conflicting attributes. The main
role of the techniques is to deal with the difficulties that human decision-makers have been shown
to have in handling a large amount of complex information consistently. MCDA occurs in a variety
of actual situations, for example, assessment [14]. Many research has developed to obtain the
relative value of the alternatives, one of the popular and traditional methods is TOPSIS [15].
TOPSIS, one of the most well-known classical MCDA methods, was created by Hwang and
Yoon in 1981 [16]; Chen and Hwang further refined it in 1992 [17]. Two "reference" points are
introduced by the TOPSIS method: a positive ideal solution and a negative ideal solution [18].
Positive ideal solutions maximize benefit criteria and minimize cost criteria, while negative ideal
solutions maximize cost criteria and minimize benefit criteria. TOPSIS identifies the optimal
solution by minimizing the distance to the optimal solution and maximizing the distance to the
optimal negative solution. This method assumes that each attribute increases or decreases
monotonically. TOPSIS utilized Euclidean distances to determine the alternatives’ positive and
negative optimal solutions. By comparing Euclidean distances, the preference ranking of

52
alternatives can be determined. Using a comparison of Euclidean distances, the preference order
of alternatives is determined. The TOPSIS method is executed as follows:
Step 1: Construct a normalized decision matrix
𝑥 (1)
𝑟 = ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 ∈ {1, 2, ⋯ , 𝑚}; 𝑗 ∈ {1, 2, ⋯ , 𝑛}
∑ 𝑥
𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 are original and normalized score of decision matrix, respectively.
Step 2: Calculate the weighted normalized decision matrix:
𝑣 = 𝑤 ∙ 𝑟 , 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑚; 𝑗 = 1, … , 𝑛 (2)
where 𝑤 is the weight of the j-criterion.
Step 3: Determine the positive ideal and negative ideal solutions:
𝐴 = {𝑣 , … , 𝑣 }; where 𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {𝑣 , 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑚} (3)

𝐴 = {𝑣 , … , 𝑣 }; where 𝑣 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝑣 , 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑚} (4)

Step 4: Calculate the distance from each alternative to a positive ideal solution and a negative ideal
solution.
(5)
𝐷 = 𝑣 −𝑣 , 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑚

(6)
𝐷 = 𝑣 −𝑣 , 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑚

Step 5: Calculate relatives’ closeness to the ideal solution.

𝐷 (7)
𝐶 =
𝐷 +𝐷
This TOPSIS process yields an ordinal scalar value as its output. The output value of TOPSIS
ranges from zero to one. A value of zero indicates that an alternative has the lowest potential, while
a value of one indicates that an alternative has the highest potential. This output is used to
determine the optimal alternative.

53
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We collected the company data and profile from Company X, a crowdfunding platform that
provides shariah compliance and Islamic principle. Some company data can be seen through the
Platform X website. Confidential and sensitive information from the company is obtained from
the company profile submitted to Platform X when applying for an investment loan. Platform X
evaluates these alternative companies to see if they are eligible for funding from Platform X
platform investors. We examine 15 companies' projects of Platform X's Indonesia branch to
evaluate the proposed crowdfunding assessment tool. These companies come from various kinds
of business, ranging from types (F&B, retailers services, online gaming, contractor, or mining
company), size-company (state-owned enterprise, public company, small-medium enterprises, or
start-up company) location-based (big city, small city, or rural area) and shariah criteria (shariah
principal or non-sharia principal). Table 1 explains the detailed information about these
companies.

TABLE 1. LIST OF COMPANY

Company Name Type Size Company Location-Based Shariah
Company #1 Online Gaming start-up companies Small City Shariah
Company #2 Retailers Public Company Small City Shariah
Company #3 F&B small medium enterprises Big City No Shariah
Company #4 Mining state-owned company Big City Shariah
Company #5 Mining state-owned company Big City Shariah
Company #6 F&B small medium enterprises Rural No shariah
Company #7 Retailers Public Company Big City Shariah
Company #8 Services Start-up company Big City Shariah
Company #9 F&B small medium enterprises Rural No shariah
Company #10 Mining state-owned company Big City Shariah
Company #11 Contractor Public Company Small City No Shariah
Company #12 F&B small medium enterprises Small City No Shariah
Company #13 Services small medium enterprises Rural Shariah
Company #14 Retailers Public Company Big City Shariah
Company #15 Services Start-up company Rural No shariah

54
 TABLE 2. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
Area Criteria Origin Criteria Normalized Criteria
Weight(s) Weight
Human Capital Prior Industry Experience 7 0.093
Prior Startup Experience 7 0.093
Structural Capital Product Innovation 6 0.080
Intellectual Property 5 0.067
Relational Capital Partnership 7 0.093
Third Party Endorsement 6 0.080
Sharia Capital Islamic Principal 6 0.080
Shariah compliance 7 0.093
Company Profile Founder 2 0.027
Team Size 3 0.040
Years 5 0.067
Service Industry 1 0.013
Big City 1 0.013
Startup-Size 6 0.080
Platform 6 0.080
Sum 75 1

We applied five intellectual capital (IC) criteria that affect the company's success in
obtaining funding from Platform X. There are 15 criteria assessments we have explained in the
previous section. Several expert judgments assigned the weight of each assessment criteria used
in the TOPSIS algorithm. Then, we normalized the assigned score, so the sum of the weight score
equals one. This normalization is used to calculate the weighted normalized matrix. The origin
criteria weight scores and normalized weight scores can be seen in Table 2. We took the six highest
Pi value companies because of the policy of the Platform X company, which considers only six
companies to be selected and proceed to the funding process. The following results were computed
using a Microsoft Excel application, which increases the portability of the assessment tool given
that most Platform X branch companies use the Windows operating system. This portability also
makes this tool ready to use and reduces the time-consuming preparation and project assessment.
Based on our observations, this assessment tool can be computed quickly (in less than 3 seconds)
utilizing portable devices (4 laptops) under a simple experiment, indicating that it meets the speed
aspect. The main limitation of this study is the difficulty in finding literature on the assessment of
sharia-based equity crowdfunding platforms, mainly owing to the novelty of the topic. This
constraint makes it challenging to analyze specific criteria that might be assessed more effectively
if decision-makers had access to data and analysis from the scientific literature. To overcome this
limitation, the decision-makers in the domain must have more significant preparation and expertise
knowledge.

55
IV. CONCLUSION
Many Muslim countries support and permit equity crowdfunding with regulations that can
assist investors in evaluating sharia-compliant projects. Platform X, the growing sharia-based
crowdfunding platform, requires a tailored assessment tool that can be used to evaluate the sharia
projects, which can be implemented for all new branches’ countries of its company. Therefore, our
study successfully builds an assessment tool to tackle the issues of a unique sharia market. While
presenting a tailored tool that addresses these crucial challenges, this study also provides micro-
level decision-makers with methodological guidance that applies to all sharia-based projects.
Theoretically, this research completes the literature on signaling in equity crowdfunding [6,
11] and proposes a unique MCDA assessment method for signaling in sharia-based ventures. To
the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time the MCDA has been used to examine
sharia-based projects. Second, this MCDA tool for equity crowdfunding sharia-based projects is
managerially practical. Building on pre-defined criteria and being easily implementable in actual
scenarios permits decision-makers in each newly-branch country to avoid time-consuming
processes. This tool uses fewer person-hours than others (headquarters officers do not need to
travel abroad frequently to establish a new managerial tool). Moreover, the crowdfunding
campaigns of evaluated projects on Platform X can quickly generate investors. Local branches can
spend less time building ad-hoc tools, reducing opportunity costs. Therefore, resources are freed
up. This solves a major managerial problem for Platform X, whose local subsidiaries in other
countries may start operations immediately. Third, this approach can hasten the integration of
sharia-based project evaluation into local institutions, supporting consistent operational standards
in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, we found that the assessment tool is robust as
the evaluation result for the portability aspect and the fast computational time was successfully
examined through a simple experiment.
Our future directions are as the followings: (1) Building the web-based software with the
graphical user interface (GUI) to increase the user-friendliness aspect for the users in newly
branches companies to use the assessment tool. (2) And examining different project cases from
different branch companies of Platform X in countries like Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam.

REFERENCES
[1] Deloitte, “Five fintech trends : What ’ s happening now, and the promise ahead,” Deloitte
Advis., p. 4, 2015.
[2] K. International, “Pulse of Fintech H2’21,” 2022.
[3] N. F. Rahim, M. H. Bakri, and S. N. Yahaya, FinTech as a Disruptive Technology for
Financial Institutions. Malaya: IGI Global, 2019.
[4] State of the Global Islamic Economy, “State of the Global Islamic Economy Report
2020/2021,” Dubai Int. Finance. Cent., p. 112, 2021.
[5] P. Griffiths, “Advances in Crowdfunding,” Adv. Crowdfunding, 2020, DOI: 10.1007/978-
3-030-46309-0.
[6] G. K. C. Ahlers, D. Cumming, C. Günther, and D. Schweizer, “Signaling in Equity
Crowdfunding,” Entrep. Theory Pract., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 955–980, 2015, doi:
10.1111/etap.12157.
[7] A. Lukkarinen, J. E. Teich, H. Wallenius, and J. Wallenius, “Success drivers of online
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[8] E. Piva and C. Rossi-Lamastra, “Human capital signals and entrepreneurs’ success in equity

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 crowdfunding,” Small Bus. Econ., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 667–686, 2018, DOI: 10.1007/s11187-
017-9950-y.
[9] C. Troise, D. Matricano, E. Candelo, and M. Sorrentino, “Entrepreneurship and fintech
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[10] N. Bontis, W. C. C. Keow, and S. Richardson, : “A Review of the Models Used to Measure
Intellectual Capital,” KM World, 2000.
[11] C. Troise, D. Matricano, M. Sorrentino, and E. Candelo, “Investigating investment
decisions in equity crowdfunding: The role of projects’ intellectual capital,” Eur. Manag.
J., no. January, 2021, DOI: 10.1016/j.emj.2021.07.006.
[12] M. M. Alam, C. S. Akbar, S. M. Shahriar, and M. M. Elahi, “The Islamic Shariah principles
for investment in the stock market,” Qual. Res. Finance. Mark., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 132–146,
2017, DOI: 10.1108/QRFM-09-2016-0029.
[13] C. Kahraman, S. C. Onar, and B. Oztaysi, “Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision-Making: A
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[14] P. Wang, Z. Zhu, and Y. Wang, “A novel hybrid MCDM model combining the SAW,
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[15] A. R. Mishra, P. Rani, A. Raj Mishra, P. Rani, and D. Jain, “Information Measures Based
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[16] K. Yoon and C. L. Hwang, “TOPSIS (a technique for order preference by similarity to ideal
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[17] S.-J. Chen and C.-L. Hwang, “Multiple attribute decision making—An overview,” Fuzzy
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[18] K. P. Yoon and C.-L. Hwang, Multiple Attribute Decision Making. 1995.

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 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE TO

DETERMINE HYDROQUINONE IN FACE
CREAM BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
1
Masfah Raudlotus Shofiyyah1, Nur Yaqin1 , Nuria Wijayanti1
1
Diploma 3 Analis Kesehatan, Akademi Analis Kesehatan Delima Husada Gresik
masfah.raudlotus.shofiyyah@gmail.com

Abstract— Hydroquinone is often used as a bleach in face creams. Hydroquinone is an effective substance against
skin whitening but has damaging side effects if used long term. Basically hydroquinone does not work as a skin
whitener, but inhibits the production of skin melanin. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in
hydroquinone levels in face cream before and after treatment with different storage temperatures. This study was
conducted using spectrophotometry at a maximum wavelength of 280 nm. As for this study using variations in storage
temperatures are 24°C, 31°C and 3°C, and before treatment at 28°C. Hydroquinone levels were obtained with the
lowest levels of 0.113 ppm in sample C stored at 24°C and the highest levels of 0.518 ppm in sample A without
treatment at 28°C. Based on this study, it was concluded that in sample A there was a difference between the sample
before and after treatment. While in sample B and sample C there is no difference between the samples before and
after treatment.

Keywords— Hydroquinone, Face Cream, Spectrophotometry

I. INTRODUCTION
Cosmetics are preparations that are applied to the body with the aim of cleaning and improving appearance [1].
One of the current cosmetic trends is face whitening cream [2]. Whitening cream is one type of cosmetic that contains
active substances that can suppress or inhibit the formation of melanin so that it will give a whiter skin color [3]. Based
on an examination by the Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM), there are whitening cosmetic products in
circulation containing hydroquinone with levels >2%. Cosmetics in the form of creams containing hydroquinone are
widely used to remove patches on the skin and face [4].

Hydroquinone (HQ) is a phenol group compound that is easily oxidized if left in the open air and can change
color due to the formation of oxidation products. Hydroquinone is also an effective substance for skin whitening but
has damaging side effects if used in the long term [5]. The mechanism of action of hydroquinone is as a lightening
agent by inhibiting the enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine to become 3,4-dihydrophenylalanine (DOPA), inhibiting the
activity of the tyrosinase enzyme in melanocytes and reducing the amount of melanin directly [6]. Futhermore HQ is
considered to be one of the strongest inhibitors of melanin production and for more than 25 years it has been
established as the most effective ingredient for treating melasma [7]. However, its long-term application has numerous
adverse effects, including irritative dermatitis, melanocyte destruction, contact dermatitis, and ochronosis

The stability of HQ is influenced by temperature, HQ is stable at normal pressure and temperature and is
sensitive to light and air. HQ will darken when exposed to light and air because of its nature as a reducing agent. The
hydroquinone level in the cream is only allowed to be 2%, if the hydroquinone level is > 2% then it is included in the
group of hard drugs that can be used based on a doctor's prescription [8]. Therefore, the use of HQ with high levels in
cosmetics has been prohibited [9].

Taking into consideration both benefits and risks of using HQ-containing cosmetics, the quantitative
determination of the HQ level in bleaching creams is imperative. For this purpose, many studies on HQ determination
in different cosmetics are reported. The employed analytical methods are based on the specific properties of HQ
exploited by chromatographic (HPLC [10-13] , capillary electrochromatographic [14] , voltammetric [15] , and
spectrometric techniques [16]. The advantages of the spectrometric techniques consist in the fact that they use

58
accessible and simpler equipment, have shorter analysis time, and are cheaper than the chromatographic techniques.
The use of UV-Vis spectrometry has enhanced rapidly over the last few years. Some of the advantages of these
methods are precision, short analysis time, and less reagent consumption [17] . The spectrometric determinations of
HQ in cosmetic products were based on direct measurement of UV absorbance of HQ [18, 19], besides that
hydroquinone compounds have chromophore groups so that they meet the criteria for compounds that can be analyzed
by spectrophotometry [20].

Based on the description above, a problem can arise, namely does the storage temperature of the face cream
affect the hydroquinone level in the face cream which was analyzed using the spectrophotometry method. The purpose
of this study was to determine the level of hydroquinone in face cream which was analyzed by spectrophotometry
method, and to determine whether there was an effect of storage temperature of face cream on hydroquinone levels
which were analyzed by spectrophotometry method.

II. METHODS
Preparation of 100 ppm Hydroquinone Mother liquor

Weighed 0.01 g of hydroquinone powder using an analytical balance and dissolved with 96% ethanol, after that it
was transferred quantitatively to a 100 ml volumetric flask to the mark, then the solution was homogenized. Thus, the
concentration of the hydroquinone mother liquor is 100 ppm.

Determination of Maximum Wavelength

0.1 ml was taken and put into a 100 ml volumetric flask and then 6 drops of 4N HCl was added then 96% ethanol
was added to the mark and homogenized then put into a cuvette and the absorbance was measured at a wavelength
between 260-400 nm.

Preparation of Hydroquinone Standard Standard Solution

100 ppm hydroquinone mother liquor was put into a 50 ml burette, then 0.1 ml was taken; 0.2 ml ; 0.3 ml ; 0.4 ml;
and 0.5 ml, each was put in a 100 ml volumetric flask, then 6 drops of 4N HCl were added, then 96% ethanol was
added to exactly 100 ml and homogenized. Obtained a solution with a concentration of 0.1 ppm; 0.2 ppm ; 0.3 ppm ;
0.4 ppm ; and 0.5 ppm.

Sample Preparation

Face cream samples A, B, and C were stored at 24°C 31°C, and 3°C for 24 hours and before treatment stored at
28°C, the sample storage temperature was measured first. using a thermometer. After the sample was stored for 24
hours, then measure the level of hydroquinone.

Determination of Hydroquinone Levels

Each sample was weighed as much as 0.01 g and then diluted with 5 ml of 96% ethanol.

The solution was transferred to a 100 ml volumetric flask and added 96% ethanol to exactly 100 ml and then
homogenized. Then 30 ml of pipette was put into a 100 ml volumetric flask, then 6 drops of 4N HCl and 96% ethanol
were added to exactly 100 ml to obtain a concentration of 30 ppm. Then measured one by one by means of
spectrophotometry at the maximum wavelength.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Three samples of face cream were purchased from several sellers in the market and each sample was coded A,
B, and C. The samples were prepared by storing the samples at 24°C, 31°C, and 3°C for 24 hours then quantitative
analysis was performed using spectrophotometry.

59
 The standard hydroquinone solution was used for determining the maximum wavelength of hydroquinone and
making a calibration curve of hydroquinone. Hydroquinone standard solution with a concentration of 0.1 ppm; 0.2
ppm; 0.3 ppm; 0.4 ppm; and 0.5 ppm was made, wherein a standard solution with a concentration of 0.1 ppm was
selected as the determination of the maximum wavelength. Determination of the wavelength was carried out in the
range of 260-400 nm and obtained the maximum wavelength of hydroquinone in this study of 280 nm which is shown
in Figure 1.

Absorbance

Wavelength (nm)
Figure 1. Maximum wavelength of hydroquinone

The calibration curve of hydroquinone was made by measuring the absorbance of the hydroquinone standard
solution at a maximum wavelength of 280 nm. The concentration of the calibration curve for absorbance forms a
straight line (linear) and produces a regression equation y = 0.106x + 2.223 with a correlation coefficient (R 2) of
0.9696 which is shown in Figure 2. The sample concentration can be calculated based on the calibration curve of
hidroquinone equation obtained.

y = 0.106x + 2.223
Absorbance

R² = 0.9696

Concentration (ppm)

Figure 2. Calibration curve of Hidroquinone

IV.
Determination of hydroquinone levels in face cream samples was carried out using the same method as
measuring the standard hydroquinone solution, where the absorbance of the prepared sample solution was measured
using spectrophotometry at wavelength of 280 nm. The measurement results are shown in Table 1 data of the
hydroquinone levels in the face cream samples without treatment at 28°C and different storage temperatures, namely
at 24°C, 31°C and 3°C. The absorbance value is used to calculate the sample concentration in ppm. The levels of
hydroquinone in sample A were 0.518, respectively; 0.367; 0.330; 0.264 ppm, and in sample B of 0.358, respectively;
0.330; 0.283; 0.311 ppm, as well as on the sample C in a row of 0.226; 0.113; 0.150; 0.188 ppm.

60
 Quantitative analysis of the highest hydroquinone content was found in sample A without treatment, which
was 0.581 ppm. The results of this study indicate that the overall level of hydroquinone in the whole sample is still
within the safe limits, because the hydroquinone level is 2% (2x10 4 ppm)

Table 1. Data of the hydroquinone levels in the face cream

Levels of
Sample Treatment Absorbance Hydroquinone
(ppm)
- 2.278 0.518
A 24°C 2.262 0.367
31°C 2.258 0.330
3°C 2.251 0.264
- 2.261 0.358
B 24°C 2.258 0.330
31°C 2.253 0.283
3°C 2.256 0.311
- 2.247 0.226
C 24°C 2.235 0.113
31°C 2.239 0.150
3°C 2.243 0.188
.

V. CONCLUSION
From the results of this study that the three samples contained hydroquinone compounds but did not exceed the
maximum limit determined by BPOM of 2%.

ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS

The authors acknowledge to Akademi Analis Kesehatan Delima Husada Gresik for the laboratory facilities
support.

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[1] D Arifiyana, H F Ma, Fernanda. 2018. Analisis KualitatifDan Kuantitatif Cemaran Logam Berat Timbal (Pb)
dan Kadmium (Cd) Pada Produk Kosmetik Pensil Alis Menggunakan Spektrofotometer SerapanAtom (SSA).
Journal OfResearch And Technology. 4(1).

[2] E N, Glenn. 2008. Yearning For Lightness: TransnationalCircuits I The Marketing And Consumption of Skin
Lighteners. Gender & Society. 22(3), 281-302.

[3] S Ibrahim, S Damayanti, Y Riani. 2004. Penetapan Kecermatan Dan Keseksamaan Metode Kalorimetri
Menggunakan Pereaksi Floroglusin Untuk Penetapan Kadar Hidrokuinon Dalam Krim Pemucat. Act Pharm.
29(1), 28-33.

[4] K Yoshimura, K M Tsukamoto K M, V M Okazaki, T C Virador, Y Lei , G Suzuki , Y Uchida, K Kitano, K

Harii. 2001. Effects Of All-Trans Retinoic Acid On Melanogenesis In Pigmented Skin Equivalents And
Monolayer Culture Of Melanocytes. Journal. Dermatol Sci. 27, 68-75

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[5] K W Sarah. 2014. Analisis Hidrokuinon Dalam Sediaan Krim Malam “CW1” Dan “CW2” Dari Klinik
Kecantikan “N” Dan “E” DiKabupaten Sidoarjo. JurnalIlmiah MahasiswaUniversitas Surabaya. 3(2)

[6] N C Dlova, S H Hamed, J Tsoka-Gwegweni, and A Grobler. 2015. Skin lightening practices: an epidemiological
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[7] Badan Pengawas Obat Dan Makanan. Keputusan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat Dan Makanan
Republik Indonesia No.Kh.00.01.432.6081 Tentang Kosmetik Mengandung Bahan Berbahaya Dan Zat
WarnaYang Dilarang. Jakarta 2007.

[8] D Muloogi, I Nalumansi, D Byamugisha. 2021. Levels of Hydroquinone, Selected Heavy Metals (Hg, Pb, As)
and Chemical requirements in Some Skin Lightening Creams Sold in Mbarara Municipality. European Journal
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[9] N L D Aryani, D Khesuma, W Khosas. 2010. Pemeriksaan Hidrokuinon Dengan Spektrofotometri Dalam
Sediaan Krim Pencerah Kulit, Fakultas Farmasi,Universitas Surabaya,Seminar Teknik Kimia.

[10] S Siddique, Parveen Z, Z. Ali, and M. Zaheer. 2012. Qualitative and quantitative estimation of
hydroquinone in skin whitening cosmetics. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications.
2(3), 224–228.

[11] D Amponsah, R Voegborlo, and G W Sebiawu. 2014. Determination of amount of hydroquinone in some
selected skinlightening creams sold in the Ghanaian market. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research. 5(6), 544–550.
[12] M H Gbetoh, and M Amyot. 2016. Mercury, hydroquinone and clobetasol propionate in skin lightening products
in West Africa and Canada. Environmental Research. 150, 403–410.
[13] A M Htet, E E Thin, M M Saw, and S Win. 2016. Chemical analysis of hydroquinone and retinoic acid contents
in facial whitening creams. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 11(1), 89–90.
[14] C Desiderio, L Ossicini, and S Fanali. 2000. Analysis of hydroquinone and some of its ethers by using capillary
electrochromatography. Journal of Chromatography. 887(1-2), 489–496.
[15] J Tashkhourian, M Daneshi, F Nami-Ana, M Behbahani, and A Bagheri. 2016. Simultaneous determination of
hydroquinone and catechol at gold nanoparticles mesoporous silica modified carbon paste electrode. Journal of
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[16] S Uddin, A Rauf, T G Kazi, H I Afridi, and G Lutfullah. 2011. Highly sensitive spectrometric method for
determination of hydroquinone in skin lightening creams: application in cosmetics. International Journal of
Cosmetic Science. 33(2), 132–137.
[17] M R Siddiqui, Z A AlOthman and N Rahman. 2013. Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical analysis: a review.
Arabian Journal of Chemistry.
[18] P O Odumosu and T O Ekwe. 2010. Identification and spectrophometric determination of hydroquinone levels
in some cosmetic creams. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 4(5), 231–234.
[19] T E Kipngetich, M Hillary, and M. Shadrack. 2013. UV-VIS analysis and determination of hydroquinone in
body lotions and creams sold in retail outlets in Baraton, Kenya. Baraton Interdisplinary Research Journal. 3(1),
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Journal. 6(2), 103-202.

62
 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

The Effect of Binary Option Trading in Social

Phenomenon: Indonesia Case
1
Daffa Faadihilah Suntari Putra
1
Faculty of Economics and Business Management, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur,
Indonesia
daffaputra7776@gmail.com
2
Fadhel Husien, 3Rianmahardhika Sahid Budiharseno
23
Faculty of Economics and Business Management, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur,
Indonesia
fadhelfdhz@gmail.com, riansb@kakao.com

Abstract—Binary options trading consists of derivative instruments. There are several factors that
contribute to the misunderstanding of community perceptions of financial instruments in this case,
Binary Option trading. To begin with, provide education and understanding of financial
instruments and investments while dissecting the differences between them. A discussion is held
of the fundamental and evaluate money in Binary Options trading, which is the cause of the
disruption of the understanding of investment instruments in the social community. The authors
evaluate the support factor of the social phenomenon of binary options which results in many
material losses. Conclude what is happening in the social scope of Binary Option trading and
provides suggestions and solutions and precautions for not to be unwanted. Essentially, this
research aims to provide a true understanding of financial instruments, especially binary options
that have been abused by many individuals during the discussion of binary options concept, as
well as the strategy they employ to avoid the bandages of criminal law. This study utilizes the
qualitative method of analysis based on literature reviews of several journals and case study
analysis of events that have occurred in the social environment. Ultimately, it is expected that the
results of this study will contribute to the development of educational development and increase
awareness of Indonesian society.

Keywords—binary option trading, financial investment, financial instruments.

I. INTRODUCTION

In order to understand the financial instruments in which we are investing, we must first
understand the difference between investment, trading, short selling, scalping, gambling, and OTC
(over the counter) markets. In addition, trading at the same time includes short selling and scalping,
which is an investment activity in which a return is expected or more prophetic through the capital
exchange or difference between the two at a predetermined time. Gambling is a "complaint" by
predicting the options he considered right. In this case, gambling, has been transformed from
traditional forms such as dice, toggle, thrown, as the technology of the technology has advanced.
The platform is disguised as "Investment Instruments", commonly known as Binary Options.
Presently the Binary Option platform utilizes the OTC market as its operational platform
[12], although they make no use of real market data to display graphics on their platform. In other
words, they can manipulate or engineer the graphs on the screen as they see fit. The reason this
63
can be done is that the OTC Market is basically a secondary market or a different market from the
official markets of trafficking. Thus, the owner of the platform can easily modify a portion of the
graph to suit their preferences.
To apply this, the developer platform will make the rules for the players in the form of a
lower return profit than the defeat with the player's example will get the Ret's rest of 80% of the
Bet capital on their victory and will lose 100% of the bet capital if they lose. An advantage of 80%
is achieved when "playing" at a particular time is at any time when real-time markets are crowded
for the forex or some other financial instrument. During a player's break, the automatic platform
algorithm will adjust the returned by the player who even at certain times of the day will only
receive 30-40% of the capital bet they placed, while the platform will still receive 100% if the
player experiences defeat.
Even on the Russian market, there is no single internet portal offers a binary option on its
activities, because these types of documents are missing [13]. Based on this phenomenon Russian
binary option internet sites are not more than an online casino [14].
Based on the above explanation, our research objectives are to analyze how binary option
works and increase awareness in Indonesian society. While there is a significant difference
between understanding financial and investment activities. However, this is still a bias in the
layman of the main, who is not familiar with the financial aspects of the business.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Binary Option is a new tool of the financial market which has two possibilities of the
correct and wrong selection expressed in binary numbers [14]. The mechanism used in the Binary
Option platform is a binary mechanism up or down the value of an asset or commodity that is
underlying or commonly referred to as a derivative market product [7]. Binary Option uses a
futures trading system that is there is a contract future or a certain deadline at any remaining
payment that has been paid [11].
A. Difference of market type
Prior to discussing Binary Options, it is imperative that an understanding of Primary,
Secondary, and OTC (Over the Counter) markets is obtained. The prime market occurs when the
issuer sells its securities for the first time to general investors [16]. In order to offer shares to the
Prime Market, the issuer company must provide detailed information about the company
(prospectus). The secondary market is the market where the effects that have been listed on the
Stock Exchange are traded [8].
Investors have the opportunity to buy or sell the effects recorded in the exchange after the
implementation of the prime offer on the secondary market. The effects are traded between
investors on this market. OTC Market is a trading mechanism with direct exchange systems
between market participants [12]. At first transaction operational on Binary Option can only be
done through Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) of the Chicago trading options that exist
in the United States. But over time, not a little binary option transacted on over the counter (OTC)
market [14].
B. Binary Option Market Type Classification

In this case, Binary Options fall into the OTC market category, however, Indonesia has not
yet permitted their operating business that indirectly has the meaning of an investment instrument
[11]. Binary Options offer a two-way chance or opportunity that allows players to choose the ride
or the down direction when it comes to buying or selling an instrument traded in the market. Other
investment instruments also use this mechanism, such as forex (foreign exchange) or foreign

64
currency trading. Two-way opportunity is based on a system where the market price will rise when
the player selects up while the market price will fall when the player selects down. In the same
way, if the market price goes down and the player picks up, then the player will benefit while if
the price of the player goes down, the player will lose.
In the buy or up option, the stake or wager will use the player's capital whereas the selling
or down-to-choice option will be provided by the trader in the form of traded assets which will be
taken in compensation if the player loses and added if the player gains [16].
C. Previous Research

Previous research that has been reviewed by Rohmini [11] on Binary Option practices in
Indonesia and the temptations offered through various ways by platform developers have
manipulated the minds of the lay people of the binary option of the difference and the difference
with investment in the capital market. Developer Binary Optform platform through a marketing
strategy is quite massive and fast plus with high profit temptation with a short time making
information about education on investment to bias in the community [15]. Because many lay
people are rapidly raw information to them and the information is not faster than the binary option
marketing strategy is present when many lay people are trapped in losses when they play on the
binary platform of the option. Binary option needs a fundamentals of this market’s work and a
clear legislative regulation that can eliminated the problems [14].

III. Research Method

This research is using qualitative methods derived from secondary data. A secondary data
set consists of primary, secondary, and tertiary article materials. Consist of scientific works,
including books, journals, and other related scientific works related to the explanation about binary
option. Then, based on the material we collected; we create a comprehensive analysis to enhance
the binary option analysis.

IV. Result & Discussion

When it comes to the Binary Option system, the application of OTC Mechanisms or two-
way opportunity way systems will not be the same as the overall on the operating platform. An
example of the OTC market mechanism that should trade real assets is that the developer of the
Binary Option used the real market time as a means to fool the application of the user and use the
term OTC market to build confidence in the Binary Option market. Additionally, they apply the
same concept to the two-way opportune mechanism. The concept of two-way opportunity is
combined with that of futures trading or, more commonly, futures contracts. Trading in futures is
subject to deadlines.
1. Binary Option Is Not Investing or Trading Platform

Binary Option Trading is a trading activity with a futures contract system in a certain
period to determine the movement of a value of traded [8]. As a trading platform, Binary
Option is more like a gambling platform than an investment platform. Binary legality of the
option cannot be dealt with in a legal way because OJK (Financial Services Authority) has
confirmed Binary Option is an illegal system since the items are not traded. Furthermore,
there is no trading of goods because the player only purchased the manipulated value that

65
has been taken from real-time markets by the platform developers. So the traded value is
just nominally narrow in any backup of any asset.
2. Binary Option Legality on Few Country

The UE-Financial Regulatory Institute has banned Binary Option to operate in their
territory [8]. Binary options trading has finally entered Indonesia's contract category futures.
The futures contract has been set up in Law 11 Number 2011 concerning commodity futures
trading, Law 49 of 214 and Per-Bappebti 3/2018. Under the law, brokers can do binary
options transactions as futures contracts, as long as they follow the provisions that have been
set. The Commodity Trade Administration Agency (BAPPEBTI) Commodity Trade Regulator
Institute in Indonesia through press release dated February 2 February 2022 has claimed blocking
to several Binary Optics platforms such as IQ Option, Quotex, Olymp Trade, Binomo and 88 Other
Binary Options platforms [11].
3. Binary Option Indonesian Market Entry Strategy

Binary Option Early entry into Indonesia is in 2008 when online trading and investment
are still exclusive for the community and its average players are companies or people with high
income [7]. Using influencer marketing to enter the Indonesian market, Binary Option uses a
massive and sustainable marketing strategy. Moreover, they also do the burning strategy of
money through referrals for later the owner of the code that will be obtained some of the bonus
balance. To close the financial balance of their balance sheet, platform developers must continue
their business expansion to the broader market targets. Low minimum balances are one of their
ways to expand the market. Initially, the community with the most money will be able to afford
the program for children as well.
4. Mass Misperception About Binary Option

Many people are trapped in the Binary Options field due to the conditions that exist.
Tempo reports that there are 8 victims of binary options who have lost Rp 2.4 billion. Even
hundreds of thousands of people will make reports to Binary Option platform developers
from the same source. Many members of the small part of reporters are not reporting on the
losses they are experiencing. In general, the mass losses in this community are the result of
the lack of education on investing plus the attachment of the public opinion made by the
company that developed the binary options platform. There are different types of marketing
strategies used by platform developers, which range from price plans to word-of-mouth
marketing. Influencers are paid to persuade consumers to make a purchase. Combining both
of these strategies, the platform can reach a large market share of people who haven't been
educated about investing yet.

V. Conclusion

There are several regulatory institutions in Indonesia, such as the OJK and Bappebti
to the Ministry of Finance (Kemenkeu) taken steps to restrain binary option movement that
started in Indonesia in 2008. However, the Binary Option platform developer company has
used business political maneuvers to face regulations that focus on them, one of which uses
the statement quoted from the regulation of the commodity trading watchdog in the sense

66
of trading with futures contracts implying similar trade in Indonesia. Due to their massive
marketing strategy and political maneuvers, they were able to manipulate lay people who
had not received investment education. This allowed them to expand the business to broader
markets by lowering the minimum deposit value. It's known as anchoring marketing by
using the first price as a bait to capture the community, and the second price is generally
lower to catch their prey using target market psychology. Binary options are not just
experienced by a few people but have become a social phenomenon experienced by almost
all ordinary people who see and hear for the first time about the pleasures of binary options,
which they consider money-printing machines. That not a few falls into a trap set by the
binary options platform development company.

Although the findings provide valuable information regarding binary option in

Indonesia, the present study has a few limitations. The lack of evidence in previous literature
who determine binary option analysis is one of the limitations in this study. There are not
many studies who wrote about the topic. And for the future research, a quantitative analysis
should be provided to gain the real perspective of Indonesia user. Otherwise, a big data
perspective in binary option platform through reviews can be consider another method as
the lack of evidence in previous literatur

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68
 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

Zero-Knowledge Proof Application in E-

Commerce Payment
1
George Morris William Tangka
1
Kun Shan University, Institute of Information Management
gmwtangka@gmail.com
2
Ellie Ophelia Delviolin, 3Hsien-Ming Chou
2
Department of Business and Management, Chung Yuan Christian University
3
Department of Information Management, Chung Yuan Christian University
elly.silaban@gmail.com
chou0109@cycu.edu.tw

Abstract— E-commerce plays a significant role in a country's economic condition. Since the
COVID-19 outbreak, it has become more popular, along with concerns about its ability to handle
information security. The Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) method could be a possible solution to
the e-commerce payment security issue that hampers customer trust. This paper investigates the
viability of an online payment framework based on the ZPK method. This method is an upgrade
for authentication during the payment process in online shopping. Experiments on customers'
perspectives of the payment framework based on the ZKP method were conducted and supported
the perceived usefulness, ease of use, trust, control, satisfaction, and loyalty aspects of a better e-
commerce website. It allows advantages for both customers and e-commerce and prevents fraud,
which will increase the trust level for both sides. zkSNARK speeds up and lowers the cost of the
process, but there is a risk of DOS. Future work needs to be done to handle DOS in this method.

Keywords— blockchain, e-commerce, information security, online payment, zero-knowledge

proof

I. INTRODUCTION
The rise of urgency in e-commerce popularity has been accompanied by security challenges
among digital services. E-commerce is often known as electronic commerce or any business
transaction that uses the internet where people purchase and sell gadgets, products, or services.
Along with the exchange of products and services, it also includes the flow of capital and data to
carry out these transactions. E-commerce has made it simple to identify and purchase from a
variety of stores as well as markets that are active and use an online application. [1] People who
want to start their own business can choose to join a marketplace like Amazon, Alibaba, etc., or
have their system of operations.
Since the COVID-19 outbreak, people's awareness and consideration of how e-commerce,
business, and countries' economies are transforming have increased. It is also thrilling how e-
commerce gives consumers alternative ways to satisfy their needs. The outbreak is one of the
reasons for the many transformations ahead regarding e-commerce. E-commerce, according to
economists, is strengthening the price competition in business. Almost all users can now trade,
shop, or do other types of commerce from the comfort of their own homes. As a result, it has
become much easier to strike a balance between family and work [2].
E-commerce, like other members of the internet world, has its security challenges. The
challenges created a trust issue that created a gap in the relationship between customers and

69
retailers. Security in payment is widely considered by customers. They not only buy things online
but also use online payments, including credit cards. People need to feel safe about their payment
accounts and prevent false deductions from them.
Blockchain entered the market with amusing technology regarding security in its system [3].
indicate a possible scheme for electronic payment using a blockchain system to execute e-
commerce security. It will solve the issue of authenticity in the agreement between customers and
retailers, and also integrity during transactions. Despite this, fraudulent users may be able to
assemble information and detect personal identities using blockchain systems. To be focused on
the issue of securely moving data over the blockchain network, protocols such as Zcash introduced
a cryptographic method known as Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) to ensure data secrecy. This
method could be a possible solution to the e-commerce payment security issue [4].
The implications of ZKP in the e-commerce trust issue study deserve to be explored further.
This study purposed to gain implications as follows: payment framework based on the ZKP
method assist better e-commerce website for retailers and customers.
This paper first explores important technology factors and prior research related to the study,
then proposes a framework for the payment model using the ZKP method. The next part includes
and analyses the whole e-commerce system plan. Finally, the last part concludes this study.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

During the presence of e-commerce, the merchant must gain customer trust. The reason is that
customers cannot be directly involved in the transaction or touch the products physically.
Customers are often concerned about whether the system keeps their information safe and accurate
payment system that will not take more of their money than it should be. For both concerns, the
transaction needs to have high protection and high authentication system.

A. Trust Issue in E-Commerce System

Lazaroiu et al. [5] consider that purchasing intentions of social platform users may be formed
by taking into consideration the link between online trust and perceived risk. There is a link
between online consumer purchasing intention, social commerce subsequent adoption, consumer
trust, and risk variables influencing online consumer choices, based on source trustworthiness
features. So, e-commerce needs to have strategies for customer trust. Trust is a mechanism that
can be built by people, by developing interactions and time.
Most e-commerce strategies on trust issues include their characteristics, strengths, and identity.
But now, trust in information security means that they believe the systems used by the retailer will
not disadvantage them. Customers need to be sure that the system will not take more money than
their total payment requirement.
The design of the e-commerce website can help to establish their trust first. A website with a
better design can give more positive impressions of a store's trustworthiness and competency,
leading to a positive view of the website and the retailer. As a result, customers have more trust in
the store. The message of security measurement has been popular on e-commerce websites, but
Mohr and Walter [6] prove that those messages do not affect customer trust. Most customers gain
trust through recommendations from friends who have previously used the website. Any news
about a retailer's data breach also plays a part in building customer trust.
Information security has been a challenge in gaining customer trust for e-commerce. In Kaushik
and Gupta review [7], states that all customers must utilize HTTPS during their online shopping.

70
They also need to choose the best e-commerce platform, keep their admin panel airtight, and have
a backup of vital data.

B. E-Commerce Current Payment Model

The popularity of smartphones and credit cards, the development of wireless communications
networks, and the spread of online purchasing drive the e-commerce market's continuous rise [8].
As a result of this tendency, purchasing habits are diversifying, as are product sales and delivery
methods [3]. The most crucial habit for customers is choosing their payment method. E-commerce
will provide many options for customers on their website to make it easier to do online shopping
[9].
Sexena et al. [10] mentioned two ways to classify payment methods, credit, and money payment
systems. The difference will be in the utilization of direct money. The rise of online payment has
been caused by advantages that customers felt. Customers will feel convenient as they will not
need to go to ATMs like the previous time. Online payment comes together with a virtual account
that can be accessed by customers anytime and anywhere, which will make it easier to track our
expenditures. PG (Payment Gateway) is an intermediary system between the merchant and the
bank (or card issuer) that allows online payment transactions [3]. First, customers ask for payment
information from retailers. Retailers then send a request for payment authorization to PGs. PG will
confirm the authorization to a bank (card issuer). After the bank confirmed, PG will allow access
to the payment. This authorization can be made if both parties passed the authentication process
(Figure 1).

FIGURE 1. CURRENT E-COMMERCE

TRANSACTION DESIGN

C. Authentication

The authentication process is essential in an online payment system. It will allow only
authenticated users to get control access to the system activity. Users need to match with existing
data to be called authenticated users. In the process, users need to provide a unique key that will
match the key in the system. This unique key has been transformed day by day, from QR codes to
OTP that will be sent to customers' smartphones.
Two-factor authentication is one of the security mechanisms in the authentication process. It
uses two or three factors for data proof, like identity validation and logical password. In three-
factor authentication, there will be three levels of the process. It will include who we are,
something we have, and something we know. First, customers need to do biometric verification
like fingerprint or face recognition, then they need to prove their possession like a card or one-

71
time token. To confirm what customers know, customers need to provide a password or personal
id.
D. Zero-Knowledge Proof

ZKP is a cryptographic approach that has been used in blockchain systems [11]. It allows the
prover to convince the verifier about the correctness of some data or statements without providing
or leaking any additional information [12]. ZKP can be divided into interactive and non-interactive
components.
ZoKrates, one of the non-interactive ZKP, is based on the zkSNARK algorithm. First create
specific calculations in a human-readable format, then obtain the DSL file containing high-level
codes. The DSL file is then compiled into flattened code, an abstraction of restrictions like a circuit,
also is compatible with zkSNARK proof systems since it can be turned into Rank-1-Constraint-
Systems (R1CS) [13]. ZoKrates, undertakes the phase of preparation to reveal a Common
Reference String (CRS), As a result, two public keys are generated: a long verification key and a
short verification key. The verification key and contract will be put into the blockchain. Then, the
proving key will be handed to each prover. The prover must provide public and private inputs into
the generator before creating the zkSNARK proof to calculate the zkSNARK witness that meets
the flattening code. Followed by, how zkSNARK proof against the witness and CRS would be
calculated (like proving key). The verification key supplied in the verification contract would be
used to validate the proof and public inputs. The reported verification result will be used to regulate
smart contract identification [14].
Yang and Wenjie [12] succeeded in introducing zkSNARK into the Digital Identity
Management Scheme (DIMS). The DIMS effectively forbids the disclosure of ownership between
the user entity and distributed ledger characteristics, resulting in identity unlink ability and
behavior privacy. The protocol used also implements low-cost and high-throughput authentication
operations. This result shows the probability of more applications using ZKP to solve information
security issues regarding control access and authorization.

III. PROPOSED METHOD

The proposed payment framework includes three parties, the merchant, the customer, and the
blockchain system [15]. This also will involve the ZKP method during the process. The following
is the steps for processing payments based on the purposed model as in Figure 2:
1. The system will assert the profile of customers using two hash functions that contain tokens.
One is the order validity created by the e-commerce website system, and the other is account

FIGURE 2. PROPOSED E-COMMERCE PAYMENT

MODEL

72
 validity by the blockchain system.
2. If an e-commerce site's product validity is verified, the system will assert the merchant profile
using two hash functions (product and business validity) that contain tokens.
3. If the factor validity is verified, the customer gains a report of factor validity and unique code.
The customer needs to click the "pay" button that includes the unique code access to request
payment to the system, which contains the transaction ledger.
4. The Blockchain system deducts the balance of the customer's account.
5. Blockchain transmits the result of payment to customers and notification of a delivery request
to the merchant.
6. The merchant delivers products as requested to the customer.
7. After pick-up and get the products, the customer needs to click "confirm arrival" in the website
system that also contains the same unique code as the previous process.
8. The system raises the balance of the merchant's account, then transmits payment results to the
merchant.
The whole process can be assessed as in order. The process will continue into the third step
only if the profile assessment in the second step is valid. The unique code in the third step only
can be formed if the profile assessment in the third step is verified.

IV. CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVES EXPERIMENT

For testing customer perspectives on the proposed payment system framework, the researcher
collected twenty participants to fill out an anonymous questionnaire. The participants consist of
women and men from different countries that ever done online shopping on some e-commerce
websites. Participants also need to be above 18 years old and agree to contribute to the experiment.

A. The Design

The questionnaire will be analysed to evaluate our implications in the study. In this experiment,
the hypothesis considers the validity of a better e-commerce website that uses the ZKP method on
its online payment model by improving customers' perceived usefulness, ease of use, trust, control,
satisfaction, and loyalty [16] [17]. All parts consist of two five-point Likert scale questions that
used the first point as strongly disagree and the fifth point as strongly agree.

B. Analysis and Findings

The researcher conducted a one-sample t-test and evaluated customers' perspectives. The
questionnaire-based data indicate a good fit for the test. For all aspects (perceived usefulness, ease
of use, trust, control, satisfaction, and loyalty), the two-sided P-value shows p < 0.001. The results
in Table 1 shows that customers' perspectives on the online payment framework proposed,
supports the research hypothesis.

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The whole process in online payment model using ZKP method will provide a secure and
trustworthy system that prevents losses for both customers and the e-commerce side. Here will be
the advantages that can be gained from these processes:
1. The merchant is only allowed to send the products after verification of the customer's profile.
It will make them feel safe delivering the products.

73
2. The merchant is allowed to get the account balance after the product has arrived in the
customer's hand. It will prevent fraud from a merchant that gains the money without the
customer having their purchased product.
TABLE 1. T-TEST MEASUREMENT
Significance Two-
Item t df Mean Difference
Sided P
A1 24.658 19 <0.001 4.000
A2 18.420 19 <0.001 3.750
B1 29.947 19 <0.001 4.050
B2 23.106 19 <0.001 3.850
C1 16.905 19 <0.001 3.800
C2 15.119 19 <0.001 3.550
D1 22.134 19 <0.001 3.800
D2 21.326 19 <0.001 3.750
E1 27.568 19 <0.001 4.000
E2 25.667 19 <0.001 3.850
F 23.269 19 <0.001 3.950
3. Both merchant and customer will have the exact number of financial transactions based on valid
data in the blockchain system. It will prevent the possibility of overpaid and online scams that
take customers' money more than it should be.
4. The ZKP method in the blockchain system does not allow data leaking or any additional
information to both merchants and customers about each other

VI. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

Data secrecy in a blockchain system may be achieved by employing ZKP protocols. It allows
e-commerce to overcome the information security challenge and gain trust from the customer,
even though they are newcomers when they use it on their website. The researcher believe that
some e-commerce companies do not use their website but have their business site in the
marketplace, so choosing a marketplace that uses a secure protocol will also be important for them.
This paper designates a position of sustainability in business and smart-economy in the future
that has high authentication system to satisfy society's needs. Based on zkSNARK, the method has
a much faster and low-cost method. But this requires a trusted setup that allows DoS to happen.
Improvements in this area are needed to make the zkSNARK-based blockchain scale for the
demands of future use cases. It could be achieved by repeatedly creating key-value pairs in the
token to be used by different users while also reducing the redundancy by optimizing attribute
token logic.

REFERENCES

[1] C.-C. Chou, Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. The impacts of information technology and
e-commerce on operational performances: A two-stage dynamic partial adjustment approach, 2021.
[2] M. Basit, A. Bhatti, H. Akram, A. U. Khan, S. M. R. Naqvi and M. Bilal, "E-commerce trends during COVID- 19 Pandemic,"
International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1449-1452, 2020.
[3] S. I. Kim and S. H. Kim, "E-commerce payment model using blockchain," Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized
Computing, vol. 13, p. 1673–1685, 2020.
[4] X. Sun, F. Richard Yu, P. Zhang, Z. Sun, W. Xie and X. Penh, "A Survey on Zero-Knowledge Proof in Blockchain," IEEE
Network, vol. 35, pp. 198-205, 2021.
[5] G. Lazaroiu, O. Negurita, I. Grecu, G. Grecu and P. C. Mitran, "Consumers’ Decision- Making Process on Social Commerce
Platforms: Online Trust, Perceived Risk, and Purchase Intentions," Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 11, no. 890, 2020.

74
[6] H. Mohr and Z. Walter, "Formation of Consumers’ Perceived Information Security: Examining the Transfer of Trust in
Online Retailers," Information System Frontiers, vol. 21, pp. 1231-1250, 2019.
[7] D. Kaushik, A. Gupta and S. Gupta, "E-Commerce Security Challenges: A Review," International Conference on Innovative
Computing & Communication , pp. 1-4, 2020.
[8] B. Purwandari, S. Alam Suriazdin, A. Nizar Hidayanto, S. Setiawan, K. Phusavat and M. Maulida, "Factors Affecting
Switching Intention from Cash on Delivery to E-Payment Services in C2C E-Commerce Transactions: COVID- 19,
Transaction, and Technology Perspectives," Emerging Science Journal, vol. 6, 2022.
[9] L. Qian and S. Mimi, "Discussion on Payment Application in Cross-border E- Commerce Platform from the Perspective of
Blockchain," EDP Sciences, 2021.
[10] S. Sexena, S. Vyas, B. S. Kumar and S. Gupta, "Survey on Online Electronic Paymentss Security," Amity International
Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 746-751, 2019.
[11] D. Anand, S. Gracia Villar, H. Moaiteq Aljahdali and D. Mohanty, "Blockchain Interoperability: Towards a Sustainable,"
Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 913, 2022.
[12] X. Yang and L. Wenjie, "A zero-knowledge-proof-based digital identity management scheme in blockchain," Computer &
Security, vol. 99, 2020.
[13] M. Harikrishnan and V. Lakshmy, "Secure Digital Service Payments using Zero Knowledge Proof in Distributed Network,"
International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Systems, pp. 307-312, 2019.
[14] M. u. Rehman, A. Lakhan, Z. Hussain, F. Hussain Khoso and A. Ahmed Arain, "Cyber Security Intelligence and Ethereum
Blockchain Technology for E-commerce," International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research, vol. 9, 2021.
[15] H. Al-Aswad, W. M. El-Medany, C. Balakrishna, N. Ababneh and K. Curran, "BZKP: Blockchain-based zero- knowledge
proof model for enhancing healthcare security in Bahrain IoT smart cities and COVID-19 risk mitigation," ARAB JOURNAL
OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES, vol. 28, 2021.
[16] H. M. Chou, "A Smart-Mutual Decentralized System for Long-Term Care," Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 3364, 2022.
[17] C.-C. Tu, K. Fang and C.-Y. Lin, "Perceived Ease of Use, Trust, and Satisfaction as," JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS, vol. 7,
2012.

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 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

IDEAS OF GREEN BUILDING LAWS AND

REGULATIONS IN REALIZING
SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN INDONESIA
1
Bayu Mogana Putra
2
Department of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta - Indonesia
bayumoganaputra@gmail.com
2
M. Zikra Zizo Alfieta
2
Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta - Indonesia
zikrazizoalfieta@gmail.com

Abstract
Sustainable development in building facilities raises strategic issues. One of which is the
construction of green buildings that pay attention to and uphold environmental aspects. The current
development has not fully implemented aspects of green building construction. The legal basis and
obligation to implement weak laws and regulations are some of the factors that have not enabled
the growth of productive green buildings in Indonesia. Therefore, this scientific paper examines
the idea of regulating the construction of green buildings in the context of laws and regulations as
a binding legal basis for realizing sustainable buildings in Indonesia. The method used to analyze
the subject matter in this scientific paper was normative legal research methods, by examining and
exploring the idea of green building arrangements in-laws and regulations in Indonesia as the
embodiment of sustainable buildings that uphold environmental aspects. Eventually, this scientific
paper can reveal the ideal concept in the regulation of green building laws in Indonesia's
formulation of laws and regulations.
Keywords: Ideas, Laws and Regulations, Green Buildings, Sustainable Buildings

I. INTRODUCTION
The development of community social activities in addressing life’s demands is
influenced by the community’s growing population, which continues to expand today. That
results in more complicated issues. Environmental difficulties will be one of the issues faced
as the population grows. The number of facilities required for living infrastructure will rise as
the population grows. As a result, a balance must be maintained between fulfilling human
needs and providing infrastructure for community activities while maintaining the integrity of
a healthy and sustainable environment. Sustainable Development, in essence, is an
understanding of the interaction between nature and society, which is carried out the
sustainability related to the human basic human needs. It means that there must be commitment

76
from the community and the government in protecting the environment and keeping it away
from pollution and environmental damage. [1]
This control certainly requires a regulatory rule that ensures the balance of human life and
the environment in a strong legal formulation and binds the community to implement it
properly. The law comes from the word “Iuris”, a plural form of the word “Ius”, which is
interpreted as a series of guidelines for achieving justice in Indonesian. The term “Iustitia”
came from “Ius”, which indeed means “Justice”. In addition to “Ius”, in Latin, there is the
word “Lex”, which means law in the Indonesian language, which is a set of rules of behavior
to regulate public order. [2]
In line with the study of this scientific paper, the regulation as a law that binds the
community is the formulation of laws and regulations as positive laws in Indonesia. The
positive law is the whole principle and rules that govern human relations in society. When
elaborated further, the human relations in this society means the relationship between humans,
the relationship between humans and society, and vice versa, the relationship of society with
human members of society itself. Concretely, it can be defined that the law is a basic device
and rules that govern human relations in society, whether it is a kinship, a village, a country,
or a continent. [3]
In the Law No. 15 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law No. 12 of 2011 concerning
the Establishment of Laws and Regulations, it is explained that laws and regulations are written
regulations that contain legal regulations that are generally binding and are formed or
determined by state institutions or authorized officials through the procedures stipulated in the
Laws and Regulations.[4] Following the strategic issues in the study of this scientific paper, it
is related to the regulation of environmental control in the context of the construction of
infrastructure facilities for community activities, namely the construction of buildings that
apply the integration of technical, economic, social, and environmental aspects effectively to
maintain the environmental sustainability. The government has formulated laws and
regulations to formulate ministerial regulations governing it. The ministerial regulation is the
Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 21 of 2021 concerning
the Assessment of the Performance of Green Building.
In the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 21 of 2021
concerning the Assessment of the Performance of Green Buildings, a building is defined as a

77
physical form of construction work that is fused with its position, partly or completely above
and in the ground and water, which serves as a place for humans to carry out their activities,
whether for residential, religious, business, socio-cultural, and special activities that meet the
Technical Standards of Buildings and have a significantly measurable performance in saving
energy, water, and other resources through the application of green building principles
according to the functions and classifications in each stage of its implementation. [5]
As a result of construction work, green building is intended to realize sustainable
construction. In the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing of the
Republic of Indonesia Number 9 of 2021 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of
Sustainable Construction, it is an approach to carrying out the series of activities needed to
create a physical facility that meets current and environmental goals in the present and the
future.[6]
In short, green building is intended to realize sustainable buildings. Sustainable buildings
are buildings that achieve high performance during the full life cycle in aspects such as
minimizing natural resource consumption, minimizing emissions that negatively impact our
indoor environment and planetary atmosphere, minimizing the disposal of solid waste and
liquid waste such as demolition and occupant waste, minimal negative impact on ecosystems,
as well as the maximum quality of the living space environment, including air quality, thermal
quality, lubrication, acoustics, and visual aspects to provide comfortable human physiological
and perception. [7]
Sustainable development is one solution to how buildings are responsive to the impacts of
climate change. Green buildings are part of the realization of sustainable development that
focuses on applying the principles of green architecture to buildings. According to World
Green Building Council a green building is a building that, in its design, construction and
operation, reduces or eliminates negative impacts and can create positive impacts, on our
climate and natural environment. Green buildings are expected to be efficient in energy
utilization, minimize adverse impacts on the environment, support the sustainable availability
of natural resources and improve the quality of human life as users. [8]
Thus, this scientific paper will be examined and reveal the study of the laws and
regulations related to green building to be known and understood related to the legal politics
of the laws and regulations that govern and can produce ideas for the formulation of

78
 improvements and refinements of laws and regulations related to green building on the
evaluation of applicable regulations. Therefore, it can contribute to realizing sustainable
building construction in Indonesia.

II. METHODS
Formulating laws and regulations is a norm used as a foundation in community activities
to create a constructive life order following applicable values and morals. Thus, in this
scientific paper, the research method used was normative legal research by reviewing and
studying laws and regulations related to green building as a legal basis used as a foundation in
realizing sustainable construction buildings. The normative legal research in this scientific
paper is in line with the study of the main issues that will be discussed in this scientific paper.
This is because what will be studied is the dynamics of the implementation of laws and
regulations relating to green buildings in Indonesia

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

National development to advance the general welfare as contained in the 1945
Constitution is essentially the development of the Indonesian community as a whole and the
development of all Indonesian communities, which emphasizes the balance of development,
external prosperity, and inner satisfaction in an advanced and socially just Indonesian
community based on Pancasila. Buildings as a place for humans to carry out their activities
have a very strategic role in forming character, productivity, and human identity. Therefore,
the implementation of buildings needs to be regulated and built for the sake of continuity and
improvement of people’s lives and livelihoods and to realize buildings that are functional,
reliable, self-deprecating, harmonious, and in harmony with the environment.
One of the sectors that contribute positively to national development is the construction
of green buildings, which are seen as pillars of sustainable development. The Green building is
becoming a popular practice globally, primarily due to the increased attention given to
environmental issues and the role that construction must play in reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. [9] To uncover the extent to which green building buildings in Indonesia have been
regulated through laws and regulations and ideals such as what can be proposed to evaluate

79
green building arrangements. It must first be investigated concerning legal foundations and
evaluative studies to bring up the ideal ideas on green building laws and regulations.
A. Juridical Review of Green Building Arrangements
The United States Green Building Council (USGBC) Research Committee (2007)
notes that Green buildings depend on the continuous improvement of building processes,
technologies and performance to minimise negative envi-ronmental or health impacts and
contribute to environmental restora-tion and sustainable resource management. Objectives
of green buildings include climate conditions decoupled from human activities; stable,
sustainable energy supplies; clean, renewable and suffi-cient water resources; restorative
use of land for the long-term sus-tainability of habitats; restorative use of materials and
assemblies that account for life-cycle impacts; and enhanced human safety, health and
productivity in the built environment. [10]
Green building is an integral part of building in general in Indonesia. It can be said
that green building is a more specific aspect of building and has a sense of destruction
compared to building in general. The implementation of building in Indonesia is carried out
based on Law No. 28 of 2002 concerning Building. Some provisions in this law have
undergone changes in Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. [11] Law No. 28
of 2002 concerning Buildings explains the aspects of the building that are actualized in the
context of development in Indonesia. This law only regulates buildings in general and does
not regulate substance matters related to green building. Nevertheless, this law firmly
stipulates that in organizing buildings, they must consider aspects of green open space.
Therefore, environmental aspects are still considered in this law.[12]
To implement Law No. 28 of 2002 concerning buildings that have changed several
provisions through Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning job creation, Government Regulation
No. 16 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Law No. 28 of 2002 concerning Buildings
is formulated.
The most essential thing in the provisions of Government Regulation No. 16 of 2021
concerning the Implementation of Law No. 28 of 2022 concerning Buildings-related to the
application of green building principles is that the technical standards of a building must be
met. In this case, the standards for planning and designing buildings, the standards for the
implementation and supervision of building construction, building utilization standards, and

80
 building demolition standards apply.[13] Green buildings formulated after the green
construction are energy efficient with low emission of toxic gases with less conservation of
natural resources and make environment healthy. Hence, green construction practices make
environment healthy and build better climate through environment protection with less
degradation. [14]
In particular, green building has a specific legal basis, namely the Regulation of the
Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No. 21 of 2021 concerning the Assessment
of Green Building Performance. This ministerial regulation was born as a rule that
implements the provisions of Article 123 of Government Regulation No. 16 of 2021
concerning the Implementation of Law No. 28 of 2002 concerning Building which
mandates that technical regulations further related to the assessment of the performance of
green buildings are regulated through ministerial regulations.
Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No. 21 of 2021
concerning the Assessment of the Performance of Green Building regulates all provisions
for the implementation of buildings subject to the requirements of Green Building, which
includes new buildings, existing buildings, community green dwellings, new green areas,
and existing green areas.[15]
To optimize the implementation of the assessment of the performance of green
buildings as well as realize the implementation of green buildings that meet the technical
standards of green buildings, the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing issued
Circular Letter Number 01/SE/M/2022 concerning Technical Instructions for the
Performance Assessment of Green Buildings, which is intended as technical instructions
for the performance assessment of green buildings covering new buildings, existing
buildings, community green dwellings, new green areas, and existing green areas. This
circular aims to realize the implementation of green buildings that meet the technical
standards of green buildings following laws and regulations. [16]
These regulations are at least used as a legal basis in implementing green buildings in
Indonesia to welcome sustainable national development by considering sustainable
environmental aspects.
B. Ideas on the Evaluation of Green Building Arrangements in Laws and Regulations

81
 Based on the studies that have been outlined, we can understand that, in the context of
the legal basis, green building in its specific arrangement is still regulated to the extent of
the Ministerial Regulation. Further technical arrangements are regulated in the Ministerial
Circular Letter. In this case, there is a diversity of arrangements because the arrangement
of green buildings is only regulated through ministerial regulations, which in the
implementation of technical instructions are carried out through circular letters. It gives
the impression of a weakness in the legal position in regulating green buildings in
Indonesia. Because the regulation of new green buildings is formulated through
Government Regulation No. 16 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Law No. 28 of
2002 concerning Buildings, which is an update to Government Regulation No. 36 of 2005
concerning the Implementation Regulation of Law No. 28 of 2002 concerning Buildings.
Even in the previous government regulation, Government Regulation No. 36 of 2005
concerning The Implementation Regulation of Law No. 28 of 2002 concerning Buildings
does not discuss the formulation of the implementation of green buildings in its
arrangements. After being updated through Government Regulation No. 16 of 2021
concerning the Implementation of Law No. 28 of 2002 concerning Buildings, formulate
arrangements related to the implementation of green buildings.
The rules of technical implementation are also regulated only to the extent in the
Minister’s Circular Letter, namely Circular Letter Number 01/SE/M/2022 concerning
Technical Instructions for Assessment of Green Building Performance. It resulted in weak
legal power to implement the provisions in this letter because of the circular letter’s
position, which is still being debated in the context of legislation. Legislation is a written
regulation that contains legal norms that are generally binding and are formed or
established by state institutions or authorized officials through the procedures set out in
the laws and regulations. A circular letter is not a law (regeling) nor a state administrative
decision (beschikking) but a policy regulation, including in policy regulations
(beleidsregel) or pseudo-laws (pseudo wetgeving). [17] It gives uncertainty over the
enactment of a circular letter. It generates the impression that Circular Letter Number
01/SE/M/2022 concerning Technical Guidelines for the Performance Assessment of
Green Building Performance seems not binding to be implemented.

82
 In the context of legislation, the green building should be regulated in the legal order
earlier, which creates the concept of delegation, namely the distribution of authority to
form laws and regulations by higher laws and regulations to lower laws and regulations.
It is intended to avoid the dominance of power by one branch of power, namely the
executive or legislative, and is feared not to create the principle of checks and balances of
power. The arrangement of green buildings is formulated in government regulations to be
implemented through Ministerial Regulations with a Ministerial Circular Letter as a
technical guideline for implementation. It is feared that there will be termination of power
by the executive. Because substantively, the three regulations are implementing
regulations.
In addition, the non-formulation of a green building law provides awareness for
violations that occur. Because there are no criminal sanctions that regulate if the building
obligations must be carried out in the development process in Indonesia. It resulted in a
high level of urgency for the regulation of laws that regulate green buildings.
Substantively, the regulation of green buildings that have been stated in Government
Regulation No. 16 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Law No. 28 of 2002
concerning Buildings, Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing
No. 21 of 2021 concerning Assessment of the Performance of Green Buildings, as well as
the Minister’s Circular Letter, namely Circular Letter Number 01/SE/M/2022 concerning
Technical Guidelines for Assessment of Green Building Performance, has a complete
formulation and detailed. However, in the context of the hierarchy of regulations, it is still
not appropriate to be implemented and binding in organizing green buildings in Indonesia.

CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis and study outlined, it can be concluded that there is the indecision of
formulated legal products contained in the laws and regulations regarding the arrangement of green
building construction. It is because the green building does not have an arrangement in the
formulation of the Law. Nowadays, the Law used is Law No. 28 of 2002 concerning buildings, as
amended by Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning job creation. The Law is not specifically related to
green buildings that are regulated. The Law only explains the implementation of building
construction in general in Indonesia. The regulations for the construction of green buildings were

83
formulated in Government Regulation No. 16 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Law No.
28 of 2002 on Buildings, which was implemented in more detail through the Regulation of the
Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No. 21 of 2021 concerning Assessment of the
Performance of Green Buildings and technically assessed through Circular Letter Number
01/SE/M/2022 concerning Technical Instructions for Performance Assessment of Green
Buildings. In general, the substance of the arrangement of green buildings has been formulated in
detail. However, the arrangement still does not provide ideal legal certainty for formulating
existing laws and regulations.
As a recommendation for the study in this scientific paper related to the idea of green building
arrangements in the formulation of laws and regulations, there should be legislation in advance to
regulate green buildings. In this case, the government, both legislative and executive, can
formulate laws relating to green buildings which are used as the basis for implementing green
buildings in Indonesia. so that further implementing regulations on laws can be systematically
compiled by related institutions that have the authority to regulate green buildings. Although the
Law is only abstract in its arrangement, in the order of Law, the formulation of regulations will be
more philosophical in their arrangement according to the nation's ideals. In addition, there is a
substance of arrangements that should be regulated by law to provide legal certainty, namely those
related to criminal sanctions for implementing green building projects in Indonesia. The
formulation of the Law is also intended for the realization of the separation of powers between the
legislature and the executive in the arrangement of green buildings, and they will correct each
other so that there is no dominance of power by one of the authorities of both the executive and
the legislature. It is feared that there are arbitrary arrangements in their substance because the green
building is explicitly regulated in government regulations and ministerial regulations that are
executive powers.
Based on the conclusions from the descriptions that have been presented and the
recommendations that have been proposed, further scientific works can be used to complement the
study of this scientific paper in greater depth to discuss the potential, challenges and big goals in
the implementation of green buildings in Indonesia in order to provide more knowledge. for the
importance of implementing green buildings in order to realize sustainable development in
Indonesia

84
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
With sincerity, the author expressed gratitude to the Islamic University of Indonesia for
providing full support in preparing this scientific paper. The author hopes that this scientific paper
can improve the scientific atmosphere at the Islamic University of Indonesia, which is more
productive.
REFERENCES
[1] Sandy Kurnia Christmas, Aminah, “The Principles of Environmental Based Development in
International Law and Sustainable Development Goals” Novelty., Vol. 10, No. 2, 2019, pp.
101.110.
[2] Marzuki, Peter Mahmud, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum. Jakarta : Kencana, 2017. 8-9.
[3] Kusumaatmadja, Mochtar dan Arief Sidharta, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum – Suatu Pengenalan
Pertama Ruang Lingkup Berlakunya Ilmu Hukum. Bandung : Penerbit Alumni, 2021. 4.
[4] Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 12
Tahun 2011 Tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan menjelaskan bahwa
Peraturan Perundang-Undangan
[5] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 21 Tahun 2021 Tentang
Penilaian Kinerja Bangunan Gedung Hijau
[6] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Dan Perumahan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Nomor 9
Tahun 2021 Tentang Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Konstruksi Berkelanjutan
[7] Utami, Sentagi Sesotya. et.al, Menuju Bangunan Zero Energy Di Indonesia. Yogyakarta :
Gadjah Mada University Press, 2021. 7-8
[8] Ni Wayan Meidayanti Mustika and Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra, “Preliminary Study of
Green Material for Green Building in Bali” International Journal of Engineering and
Emerging Technology., Vol. 6, No. 2, January - June 2021, pp. 15-21.
[9] Dat Tien Doan1, Hamish Wall1, Ali Ghaffarian Hoseini1, Amirhosein Ghaffarianhoseini1,
Nicola Naismith, “Green Building Practice in the New Zealand Construction Industry: Drivers
and Limitations” International Journal of Technology., Vol. 12, No. 5, 2021, pp. 946-955
[10] George Ofori, “Green Concept In Building Construction” Architecture &
Environment., Vol. 12, No. 2, Oct 2013, pp. 145-166
[11] Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 Tentang Cipta Kerja
[12] Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2002 Tentang Bangunan Gedung
[13] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 16 Tahun 2021 Tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang
Nomor 28 Tahun 2002 Tentang Bangunan Gedung.
[14] Ubaid ur Rehman, Muhammad Shafiq, Hasan Ali3, Mohammad Abdullah, “Green and
sustainable construction practices impact on Organizational Development” European Journal
of Social Impact and Circular Economy., Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct 2020, pp. 1-26
[15] Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 21 Tahun 2021
Tentang Penilaian Kinerja Bangunan Gedung Hijau
[16] Surat Edaran Nomor 01/SE/M/2022 Tentang Petunjuk Teknis Penilaian Kinerja Bangunan
Gedung Hijau
[17] Anggono, Bayu Dwi; (Janurai, 2015). Surat Edaran, “Kerikil” Dalam Perundang-
Undangan. HukumOnline. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/surat-edaran--kerikil-
dalam-perundang-undangan-lt54b1f62361f81

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 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

CRITICAL REVIEW OF IMPLEMENTATION

OF VILLAGE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLES BASED ON LAWS AND
REGULATIONS IN REALIZING
SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
1
Bayu Mogana Putra
2
Department of Law, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta - Indonesia
bayumoganaputra@gmail.com
2
Ridwan Adnan Erlangga
2
Department of International Relations, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta - Indonesia
ridwanadnanerlangga@gmail.com

Abstract
The village is the beginning of the implementation of government policies into the community
as a representation of the presence of the state. The village is the vanguard that is directly related
to the community. To support this great responsibility, the village government is given the
authority to manage village finances as a means to implement the realization of a prosperous
society as the embodiment of sustainable national development. Therefore, this scientific paper
examined and critically analyzed the financial management of villages that should be carried out
under the principles of village management based on the mandate of applicable laws and
regulations. To analyze the subject matter in this scientific paper, the research method used
was the normative legal research method. Because what was studied and analyzed were the laws
and regulations related to village financial management, which were elaborated with an analysis
of social problems about village financial management. Eventually, this scientific paper can
reveal the dynamics of the principles of village financial management that occur in the process
of realizing sustainable national development.

Keywords: Principles, Village Finance, Laws and Regulations, Sustainable Development

I. INTRODUCTION
Governance has been variously defined as the exercise of authority or control to
manage a country’s affairs and resources‖. Good governance requires that the government is
governed in accordance with the governance principles, namely, transparency, accountability,
[1] The village's financial management is one of the responsibilities of the local government
mandated by Law. Financial management in the village must be carried out in line with the
mandate of existing laws and regulations. It will undoubtedly need close monitoring and
oversight. Village financial management requires a high level of accuracy due to the social,
cultural, and geographical characteristics of various village regions in Indonesia. The

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principles of village financial management have evolved into a direction to serve as a standard
guideline for village governments across Indonesia as they carry out their obligations in
village financial management.
In general, village governance is regulated by Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages.
In its arrangement, the law explains that the village is a unitary legal society that has territorial
boundaries that are authorized to regulate and manage government affairs, the interests of
local communities based on community initiatives, origin rights, and traditional rights that are
recognized and respected in the system of government of Indonesia. [2] Furthermore,
following the study of this scientific paper, the Village Law explains that Village Finance is
all village rights and obligations that can be assessed with money and everything in the form
of money and goods related to the implementation of village rights and obligations. Then,
specifically, village financial management is defined as a whole activity that includes
planning, implementation, management, reporting, and accountability according to the
Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 20 of 2018 concerning Village Financial
Management.
The main objective of village financial management based on productive financial
governance will undoubtedly support the community's welfare in the process of sustainable
national development. Development is defined as a process of activities carried out to develop
or make changes toward a better state. While national is something that relates to the
characteristics of a particular nation, in this case, it is the Indonesian nation. Then, it can be
concluded that national development is a development from, by, and for the people. [3] In
Law 25 of 2004 concerning the National Development Planning System, it is explained that
national development is an effort carried out by all components of the nation to achieve state
goals. [4] Meanwhile, concerning sustainable development, Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning
Environmental Protection and Management defines sustainable development as a conscious
and planned effort that combines environmental, social, and economic aspects into
development strategies to ensure the integrity of the environment and the safety, ability,
welfare, and quality of life of present and future generations. [5] Thus, it is clear that good
village financial management as one aspect of sustainable development, namely economic
aspects to support the safety, ability, welfare, and quality of life of present and future
generations, can contribute to national development.
Then, based on the sustainable national development process that until now continues
to develop rapidly, there is a need for critical analysis to evaluate the problems faced in
Indonesia's sustainable national development process. One aspect that needs to be critically
examined is the management of village finances as one form of the community development
process in Indonesia. Thus, this scientific paper will be studied and analyzed related to the
implementation of village financial management principles to realize sustainable national
development in Indonesia. For many years, government’s programs have been directed for
development and considerably are concentrated to reduce poverty in which the development
aims to improve the social welfare. [6] This is important to be explored more deeply, because

87
 good village financial management in accordance with the regulated principles will have a
significant impact on the sustainable development process in the community. Both human
resource development and economic development. Because the reality on the ground shows
that village financial management is very difficult to be accessed by the community for the
realization that is actualized in village government programs. So it is difficult for the
community to ensure that the village government has contributed to village development
according to the needs of the community in its jurisdiction.

II. METHODS
Legislation is a formulation of norms that each state must implement by the mandate of the
laws and regulations themselves. It is to realize the creation of legal compliance in the system
adopted by Indonesia as a country of Law. Thus, social problems analyzed in-depth in this
scientific paper were related to implementing village financial management laws and regulations
that mandate the actualization of village financial management principles. Therefore, the method
used in this scientific paper was a normative legal research method by examining the dynamics of
the implementation of village financial management principles following the mandate of
applicable laws and regulations. Normative legal research will be in line with the study of the
subject matter of this scientific work. This is because the dynamics of the principles of village
financial management in laws and regulations have not been properly actualized by the village
government in accordance with the mandated activities.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The village marks the beginning of the community's implementation of government policy.
The village is the front directly tied to the community as a manifestation of the state's presence.
The village and its apparatus have their challenges due to this situation. Management grew
increasingly varied as the era progressed, including the handling of village finances. The
achievement of policy goals will be significantly influenced by the performance of village
officials at the forefront. As part of the entire policy implementation process, the village
apparatus, at the forefront, occupies the last position that interacts directly with the
community—included in the village's financial management. Therefore, it is essential for
village officials in Indonesia who are truly qualified, professional, trustworthy, and loyal to
truth and goodness to carry out the power given. [7]
As one of the government organizations with the largest number and having the widest
network spread throughout Indonesia, the village government requires an arrangement of good
structure and work procedures so that the internal village government can divide the roles and
carry out its main duties and functions optimally. A good governance structure and work ethic

88
will support us in providing services to the village community to realize the welfare of village
communities in all corners of Indonesia. [8] including in terms of village financial
management. If the village government has good governance of the village finances, it will
positively impact people's social lives. Therefore, juridical reviews and implementation of
village financial management principles need to be studied further.

A. Juridical Review Of Village Financial Management

Village Fund Management is an inseparable part of Village financial management as
stated in the Village Budget so that activities sourced from the Village Fund are accounted
for administratively, technically, and legally. [9] To find out the extent to which village
financial accountability is regulated, it is necessary to first know the legal basics that form
the foundation for village financial management.

1. Law No. 6 of 2014 Concerning Villages

Historically, regarding village regulation, several arrangements have been made
on villages, namely Law No. 22 of 1948 on the Subject of Local Government, Law
No. 1 of 1957 concerning the Principles of Local Government, Law No. 18 of 1965
concerning the Principles of Local Government, Law No. 19 of 1965 concerning Praja
Village as a Transitional Form to Accelerate the Realization of Level III Areas
throughout the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia, Law No. 5 of 1974 concerning
the Principles of Government in the Region, Law No. 5 of 1979 concerning Village
Government, Law No. 22 of 1999 concerning Local Government, and Law No. 32 of
2004 concerning Local Government. The implementation of village arrangements
that have been in force is no longer based on times, especially regarding the position
of indigenous peoples, democratization, diversity, community participation, progress,
and equitable development. Thus, it causes gaps between regions, poverty, and socio-
cultural problems that can interfere with the integrity of Indonesia.
This Law regulates materials on the Principles of Village Regulation, Position and
Type of Villages, Village Arrangements, Village Authority, Village Government
Administration, Village Rights and Obligations, Village Regulations, Village Finance
and Village Assets, Village Development and Rural Area Development, Village
Owned Enterprises, Village Cooperation, Village Community Institutions and Village
Customary Institutions, and Development and Supervision. Thus, the existence of this
Law, which one of its substances discusses and explores related to village financial

89
 management in realizing sustainable national development, is nothing but aimed at
encouraging initiatives, movements, and participation of village communities for the
development of village potential and assets for mutual welfare and the professional,
efficient and effective, open, and responsible village government. [10]
2. Government Regulation No. 43 of 2014 concerning the Implementation
Regulation of Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages

The formulation of Government Regulation No. 43 of 2014 concerning the

Implementation Regulation of Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages is intended to
implement the provisions of Article 31 paragraph (3), Article 40 paragraph (4),
Article 47 paragraph (6), Article 50 paragraph (2), Article 53 paragraph (4), Article
66 paragraph (5), Article 75 paragraph (3), Article 77 paragraph (3), and Article 118
paragraph (6) of Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages and to optimize the
implementation of Village Government, village development, village community
development, and empowerment of village communities. Along with the dynamics of
village development in this government regulation, there have been several changes
in provisions. In 2015, a government regulation was issued that changed some of the
provisions of Government Regulation No. 43 of 2014 concerning the Implementation
Regulation of Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages, i.e., Government Regulation No. 47 of
2015 concerning Amendments to Government Regulation No. 43 of 2014 regarding
the Implementation Regulation of Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages, which has been
renewed through Government Regulation No. 11 of 2019 concerning the Second
Amendment to Government Regulation No. 43 of 2014 regarding the Implementation
Regulation of Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages.
This Government Regulation is prepared to realize the implementation of villages
based on the principle of good governance and in line with the principles of village
regulation as mandated by Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages, including legal certainty,
orderly governance, orderly public interest, openness, professionalism,
accountability, effectiveness, efficiency, local wisdom, diversity, and participation.
In carrying out village development, the values of togetherness and kinship are
prioritized to realize peace and social justice. This Government Regulation is a
guideline for the government and local governments, communities, and other

90
 stakeholders in realizing the purpose of village implementation as mandated by Law
No. 6 of 2014 on Villages, namely the realization of developed, independent, and
prosperous villages without having to lose their identity. [11]
3. Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 20 of 2018 concerning Village
Financial Management

The emergence of Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 20 of 2018

concerning Village Financial Management is an implementing provision of Article
106 of Government Regulation No. 43 of 2014 concerning the Implementation
Regulation of Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages as amended by Government Regulation
No. 47 of 2015 concerning Amendments to Government Regulation No. 43 of 2014
regarding the Implementation Regulations of Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages and has
been updated again through Government Regulation No. 11 of 2019 concerning the
Second Amendment to Government Regulation No. 43 of 2014 regarding the
Implementation Regulation of Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages.
In the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 20 of 2018 concerning
Village Financial Management, it is explained that Village Financial Management is
a whole activity that includes planning, implementation, management, reporting, and
village financial responsibility. This ministerial regulation contains a substance
related to the Village Financial Management Power, which includes the Holder of
Village Financial Management Power and the Village Financial Management
Implementer; the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget, which includes Revenue,
Expenditure, and Financing; Management that includes Planning, Implementation,
Management, Reporting, and Accountability; and the correlation towards
development and supervision. [12]
B. Implementation of Village Financial Management Principles in Realizing
Sustainable Development
The village financial management principle reflects values that the village
government administrator must meet as a guideline or reference in implementing village
financial management. The village government must manage village finances according to
the principles stated in the laws and regulations. [13] Based on the Minister of Home Affairs
Regulation No. 20 of 2018 concerning Village Financial Management, which mandates that

91
Village Finance is all village rights and obligations that can be assessed with money and
everything in the form of money and goods related to the implementation of village rights
and obligations. It must be managed based on transparency, accountability, and participation
and be carried out in an orderly and budget-disciplined manner. However, reality shows that
financial management principles in this village are far from being implemented properly.
Various problems still occur in the implementation of village financial management.
Transparency is a form of information disclosure that the village government must
perform to allow stakeholders to know and access the widest possible village financial
management information. Access to information that has not been widely opened results in
many people not knowing how the village government carries out the village financial
management. Even in some villages, village finance tends to be closed tightly, and only the
village government knows the circulation and financial allocation. The existence of a village
financial management planning process that is not based on detailed research means that the
use of villages is more often less targeted. In implementing development and community
empowerment programs, the village government also often prioritizes nepotism if the
program is considered profitable. Typically, program information is not distributed evenly
but rather to residents who have a personal relationship with the village government.
One of the efforts that can be made to reveal village financial transparency is the use
of information and communication media. The use of information and communication
technology in the implementation of governance in Indonesia is not new. The era of
globalization demands that the public sector and the private sector integrate technology into
its existence. In the current era of globalization, Indonesian society demands increased
accountability, transparency, and community participation. [14] This scheme is deemed to
be effective in upholding the principle of transparency in village financial management.
Accountability is the principle of government administration that must be accounted
for by the public. In terms of accountability for village financial management, there is no
financial ceiling in every sector that the village government clearly defines. Thus, spending
from village finances is not arranged systematically, and development goals do not have a
definite direction. Therefore, the period of targets in national development has the potential
to regress. The ceiling in question is the systematic division of each sector. These sectors
include education, village infrastructure development, capital assistance, and the

92
 development of natural resources and human resources. In addition, the use of village
finances in village government spending is still not on target. There are still many uses of
village finances that are spent only to realize the village head program (the program during
the campaign in contesting the election of the village head) solely without any development
renewal that prioritizes the needs of the community following the developments that occur.
The result of village government implementation activities must be accountable to the village
community in accordance with the provisions of the legislation. If the accountability
principle is not met, it will have implications in the village scope. [15]
Participatory is the principle of organizing the village government by involving the
elements in the village, especially the community. The implementation of financial
management related to the village government community has involved the Village
Consultative Board as an institution of democratic realization in the implementation of
village government, which is considered to be the "parliament" of the village. However, it
does not guarantee the representation of the aspirations of the village community in its
application. Because, in its implementation, there are still many villages consultative bodies
that do not work to represent the community's aspirations. Absorption of aspirations can also
be questioned in implementation because it is rarely performed. Many people still do not
know the true role and function of the Village Consultative Board itself.
The Orderly and Disciplined Budget, is the principle of village financial management
that refers to the regulations and guidelines governing its implementation in village financial
management. It is still questionable whether it is related to implementing the principle of
order and budget discipline because this principle is very dependent on the previous
principles, i.e., transparency, accountability, and participation. Many problems occurred in
implementing the principles of transparency, accountability, and participation causing the
problematic questions on the implementation of the principle of order and budget discipline.
Because the principles of transparency, accountability, and participation have been fulfilled,
then the orderly and disciplined budget has also been implemented properly as the ultimate
principle in the implementation of village financial management.
Based on the description that has been presented, it can be understood that the laws and
regulations regulating village financial management have been mandated to be implemented
following the principles of transparency, accountability, and participatory, orderly, and

93
disciplined budget. It is intended to ensure that the public can account for the village government's
performance in managing village finances. Hence, reality shows that there are still many dynamics
in village financial management, including dynamics in the actualization of village financial
management principles. It should be a common concern to control the village management
process by following applicable laws and regulations. It is intended to provide support in realizing
sustainable national development. By actualizing the principles of village financial management
that are implemented properly as a form of government support, community productivity will
increase, and so the standard of living and welfare of the community too. The government's role
as a guarantor of the survival of a prosperous society has a significant impact. It is because the
government's behavior will be directed against the people who are in its jurisdiction. Thus, great
hopes for improving village financial management following the principles mandated by laws and
regulations can be actualized responsibly.

CONCLUSION
The laws and regulations have been strictly stated concerning the principles that must be
used as the direct line of the village government in the management of village finances.
Systematically formulating laws and regulations from high regulatory hierarchies to
implementing rules related to village management is Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages,
Government Regulation No. 43 of 2014 concerning Regulations for the Implementation of Law
No. 6 of 2014 on Villages as amended by Government Regulation No. 47 of 2015 regarding
Amendments to Government Regulation No. 43 of 2014 concerning Regulations Implementation
of Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages, which has then been renewed through Government Regulation
No. 11 of 2019 concerning the Second Amendment to Government Regulation No. 43 of 2014
regarding the Implementation Regulation of Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages, as well as Regulation
of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 20 of 2018 concerning Village Financial Management.
Hence, reality shows that there are still many dynamics problems in the actualization of the
principles of village financial management that occur. The principles of transparency have not
been widely implemented in village financial management. The principle of accountability has
not been fully accounted for in the management of villages reported to the public. The principle
of participatory has not fully involved the community as the main aspiration distributor. The
orderly and disciplined budget principle has not fully implemented the applicable village

94
management guidelines, including village financial management principles. Implementing these
principles should be a subject of a joint evaluation because there will never be sustainable national
development if the government's performance as a community welfare enhancer is not
implemented productively.
As a recommendation for the analysis and review outlined, the village government's
supervision of village financial management must be improved again. It will be more productive
if a law is formulated that regulates community participation in supervising the village
government that covers it in its jurisdiction. In addition, sanctions for not implementing the
principle of good village financial management also need to be strictly regulated so that the
village government can account for the performance of village financial management to the
public by submitting and complying with applicable laws.
Based on the description above and the recommendations that have been proposed, further
scientific works can complement the study of this scientific paper in greater depth to discuss the
village financial management scheme by involving elements of the community so that there is a
balanced evaluation between the government itself and the government itself. has the right and
has the authority to supervise village financial management, as well as community elements who
are government partners. This aims to make village financial management more targeted and in
accordance with community needs.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
With sincerity, the author expressed gratitude to the Islamic University of Indonesia for
providing full support in preparing this scientific paper. The author hopes that this scientific paper
can improve the scientific atmosphere at the Islamic University of Indonesia, which is more
productive.

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[2] Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Desa
[3] Heliarta. Pembangunan Nasional. Semarang : Alprin, 2019. 2.
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[5] Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan Dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan
Hidup
[6] Novita Briliani Saragi, M. R. Khairul Muluk, I Gede Eko Putra Sri Santanu, “Indonesia’s
Village Fund Program : Does It Contribute to Poverty Reduction?” Journal of Home Affairs
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[7] Raharjo, Muhamad Mu’iz. Pengelolaan Keuangan Desa dan Aset Desa. Jakarta : PT Bumi
Aksara, 2020. 5.
[8] Raharjo, Muhamad Mu’iz. Tata Kelola Pemerintahan Desa. Jakarta : PT Bumi Aksara, 2021.
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[9] Rikha Murliasari, “Implementation of Village Fund ManagementPolicy Affirmation in Village
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[10] Penjelasan Undang-Undang Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Desa
[11] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 43 Tahun 2014 Tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-
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[12] Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 20 Tahun 2018 Tentang Pengelolaan Keuangan
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[13] Basri, Hasan. et.al. Manajemen Pemerintahan Desa. Bandung ; CV Media Sains Indonesia,
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[15] Dewi Indriasih and Wiwit Apit Sulistyowati, “The Role of Commitment, Competence,
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Village Fund Management” The Indonesian Accounting Review., Vol. 12, No. 1, January -
June 2022, pp. 73-85

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 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

ELDERLY FAMILY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT

DEMENTIA IN WONOKERTO VILLAGE,
TURI DISTRICT, SLEMAN REGENCY,
YOGYAKARTA
1
Hillary Shelyn Harsono
2
Faculty of Medicine Duta Wacana Christian University, 5-25 Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo No. 5-25
Yogyakarta, 55224, Indonesia
Shelynharsono@gmail.com

2
The Maria Meiwati Widagdo, 3 Johan Kurniawan Djonggianto
Faculty of Medicine Duta Wacana Christian University, 5-25 Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo No. 5-25
Yogyakarta, 55224, Indon
mariawidagdo@yahoo.com, dr.jkdjongianto@gmail.com

Abstract
Background: According to WHO, an elderly person is someone who has reached the age of 60 to
65 years and over. The development of the number of elderly people in Indonesia in 2020 reached
9.93 percent. The incidence of dementia generally increases with age. Dementia is a syndrome that
characterized by a progressive and persistent decline in cognitive function. In the condition of
dementia, there is a decrease in the independence and dependence of the elderly on the productive
population, one of which is the family.
Objective: This study aims to describe the knowledge of elderly families about dementia in
Wonokerto Village, Turi Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta.
Methods: The subjects of this study were elderly families who cared for and lived at home with
the elderly in Wonokerto The research was conducted using a qualitative research method with a
phenomenological approach. Data was collected by means of in-depth interviews. The sample was
taken by purposive sampling with a total of ten research subjects. The interview transcript was
analyzed using the thematic framework.
Results: Three research subjects with the latest high school education and experience caring for
the elderly more than ten years were able to answer questions about dementia knowledge well.
The remaining seven research subjects did not know the knowledge related to dementia or
answered undecided.
Conclusion: The results showed that most of the research subjects still do not understand about
dementia knowledge such as the definition, types, examination, and management of dementia.
While most research subjects have sufficient knowledge related to elderly support, how to care for
the elderly with dementia.
Keywords: knowledge, dementia, family, elderly, aging process

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 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

I. INTRODUCTION

The Indonesian Ministry of Health defines the elderly as those who have reached the age of
60 years and over (Kementerian Kesehatan RI, 2019). According to the Central Statistics
Agency for the Elderly 2020, the world's population is currently in the era of the aging
population where the population aged over 60 years exceeds 7 percent of the total population
in the world (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2020). The development of the number of elderly in
Indonesia alone in 2020 the percentage of the elderly reached 9.93 percent or around 26.82
million people (WHO, 2021). Biologically in the elderly group there will be a normal body
process, namely the aging process. The aging process is a complex process of accumulation of
changes (da Costa et al., 2016). These changes are marked by a decrease in body resistance
due to changes in the structure, function of cells, tissues and organ systems, resulting in
physiological, psychological and social setbacks (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2020).
Dementia is a syndrome that occurs due to a disease in the brain. Dementia is characterized by
a progressive and persistent decline in cognitive function (Duong & Tajel, 2017). The
incidence of dementia generally increases with age (Holmes & Amin, 2020). The results of the
2015 study on dementia in DIY showed that the prevalence of dementia in the population aged
60 years or older was 20.1% (DIY Health Office, 2021). In this dementia condition, it will
cause a decrease in the number of independence and increase the number of elderly dependence
on productive populations, one of which is the family (DIY Health Office, 2021). Based on the
description above, it can be seen that the elderly who experience the aging process have a risk
of developing dementia. This causes the dependence of the elderly on a productive population
to increase. Family is one of the most important sources of support for the elderly in carrying
out daily activities, both physically and psychologically. This study will discuss further the
knowledge of elderly families about dementia in Wonokerto Village, Turi District, Sleman
Regency.

II. METHODS

The research was conducted using a qualitative research method with a phenomenological
approach. Data was collected by means of in-depth interviews, which was preceded by a
screening process for the elderly. The affordable population in this study were all elderly
families who cared for and lived at home with the elderly in Wonokerto Village, Turi
District, Sleman Regency, sampling was done by purposive sampling with a total of ten
research subjects. From the results of the interviews, the interview transcript process was
carried out in the form of text verbatim and analyzed using the thematic framework.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Characteristics of Research Subjects
Overall, the ten research subjects did not know the definition of dementia itself. They are
more familiar with dementia as senility.
a. Three of the research subjects with the last education of high school and equivalent and
having experience caring for the elderly 10 years, were able to answer almost all dementia
knowledge questions according to existing theory, namely risk factors, symptoms, impacts, and

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prevention of dementia conditions. While questions such as support for the elderly, how to care
for and success in caring for the elderly can be known, understood in more detail and applied in
daily life
b. Seven out of ten other study subjects who had the last education of junior high school and
elementary school and had experience caring for the elderly < 10 years and 20 years did not know
about dementia knowledge or answered with doubt.

Table 1

Discussion

Knowledge becomes the basis for a person to make decisions and determine actions to
problems faced in everyday life (Mrl et al., 2019). Broadly speaking, knowledge is divided into
six levels (Mrl et al., 2019) namely knowing (know) the knowledge possessed at this level such as
describing, mentioning, defining, and stating something, understanding (comprehension) an ability
to explain about objects or things. correctly, application (application) an ability to be able to apply
the material studied in real or actual conditions, Analysis (analysis) an ability to describe a material
or an object into components that are related to each other, Synthesis (synthesis) synthesis abilities,
for example, such as compiling, planning, categorizing, designing, and creating, and evaluation
(evaluation) which can be described as the process of planning, obtaining, and providing the
information needed to make decisions.

The theme of dementia knowledge that was first asked was the definition of dementia itself. All
research subjects (100%) understand the condition of dementia with the term senile, which is a
condition associated with parents, memory problems, and reduced understanding. This is not in
accordance with the theory because according to (Shaji et al., 2018) dementia is not limited to
memory disorders but is a chronic or progressive syndrome, where there are several disturbances
in cognitive function, including impaired memory, thinking, orientation, understanding. ,
calculation, learning ability, language, and assessment. Dementia can be caused by genetic factors
that are passed down from family. All study subjects (100%) did not know and understand that
genetics is a risk factor for non-modifiable dementia. According to (Silva et al., 2019) about 70%
of the risk of developing dementia is associated with genetics. Dementia in the early stages occurs
due to mutations in the APP gene, PSEN1, PSEN 2, while dementia in the late stages is mainly
associated with polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein E gene. six out of ten study subjects (60%)

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knew that metabolic disease is a risk factor for dementia. Metabolic diseases such as high blood
pressure and high blood sugar are risk factors for developing dementia (Alzheimer Society Of
Canada, 2018). As many as 4 out of ten study subjects (40%) know that traumatic brain injury is
a risk factor for dementia. According to Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience (2019), the risk of
dementia is doubled in those with head injuries. Five out of ten research subjects (50%) know and
understand that lifestyle is a risk factor for dementia. Lifestyles such as lack of physical activity,
smoking, drinking alcohol and not maintaining a healthy diet are risk factors for dementia (Silva
et al., 2019). As for the symptoms of dementia. As many as 8 out of 10 research subjects (80%)
know and understand that the symptoms of dementia are easy to forget or lost memory, 1 study
subject (10%) know that the symptoms of dementia are reduced physical abilities of the body but
can still carry out daily activities as usual. The remaining one study subject (10%) knew the
symptoms of dementia, namely easily feeling tired and cold. Some of the common symptoms of
dementia from existing theories are memory loss, difficulty concentrating or organizing things,
problems in communication and language, hallucinations, confusion, personality changes, and
some experience paralysis conditions (The Alzheimer's Society, 2021). As many as 8 out of 10
study subjects (80%) know and understand that dementia cannot be cured. According to Zoe
Arvanitakis (2019), dementia is not a common disease and cannot be cured. The current treatment
only aims to relieve symptoms, slow the progression of the disease (Arvanitakis, 2020).
Furthermore, related to the impact of dementia on daily life as many as five out of ten research
subjects (50%) know and understand the impact of dementia on sufferers' daily lives is memory
loss. According to The Alzheimer's Society (2021) memory loss is a consequence of dementia that
can occur in the early stages. While the other four research subjects (40%) knew and understood
the impact of dementia causing a person to have difficulty in carrying out daily activities and
unable to work. This is in accordance with the existing theory where one of the most common
impacts of dementia is the loss of a person's ability to perform daily activities (Shuman et al.,
2017). While 1 study subject (10%) did not know that dementia can cause a person to have
difficulty with daily activities. This causes the dependence of the elderly with dementia to the
family. Regarding the prevention of dementia three other research subjects (30%) know that
exercise can prevent dementia Performing physical activities such as exercising plays a role in
preventing the risk of dementia (Dementia Australia, 2020). One in ten study subjects (10%) know
and understand that dementia can be prevented by stimulating the brain by reading and doing
repetitive activities. According to Alzheimer's UK (2020) Reading and carrying out daily activities
cause a person to remain mentally active. In addition, other activities such as painting, playing
music, playing puzzles, brushing teeth, changing calendars and others can also help prevent
dementia when included in one's daily routine (De Sousa & Lodha, 2019). Then one in ten research
subjects (10%) know that dementia can be prevented by reducing strenuous activities such as work.
This is not in accordance with the existing theory according to the Alzheimer's Society Against
Dementia (2020) that work can prevent dementia by stimulating and keeping the brain active.
There are seven out of ten study subjects (70%) who know that dementia can be prevented by
controlling metabolic diseases such as high blood pressure and blood sugar but cannot explain
why. Based on the existing theory that dementia can be prevented by controlling the risk factors
that cause dementia such as hypertension, diabetes (Livingston et al., 2020). Then seven of the
study subjects (70%) knew that not smoking can prevent dementia. According to Scotland (2015)
not smoking can prevent dementia. A person who does not smoke has a lower risk of developing
dementia than those who smoke (Scotland, 2015). Furthermore, related to family support for
families with dementia, there are six research subjects who know and understand the support

100
needed by the elderly with dementia is to provide emotional support such as attention and
enthusiasm. People with dementia experience reduced control over their feelings and emotional
responses such as being easily emotional, distant and disinterested in the environment around them
(Alzheimer's Society, 2018). Therefore someone with dementia needs love, good relationships,
enthusiasm, and attention from the closest people including family (Better Health, 2014). While
the remaining two research subjects knew the support needed by the elderly with dementia by
being given physical support. A person with dementia gradually becomes more dependent on other
people to perform daily activities. In dementia, a person needs physical support in performing daily
activities (ADL) such as eating, bathing, walking and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)
such as preparing meals, shopping, managing finances and health (Shuman et al., 2017). There are
six research subjects who know and understand that the elderly with dementia can be cared for by
paying attention and meeting their daily needs.

IV. CONCLUSION
a. The majority of research subjects still do not understand about dementia knowledge such as
the definition, type, examination, and management of dementia.
b. The majority of research subjects have sufficient knowledge related to elderly support, how to
care for, and success in treating dementia conditions.
c. The level of knowledge of research subjects regarding dementia knowledge is influenced by
the level of education, experience, and the environment in which the person lives.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The first author would like to thank colleagues at Duta Wacana Christian University, Faculty of Medicine,
especially dr. The Maria Meiwati Widagdo, Ph. D, dr. Johan Kurniawan. Cht, M. Biomed, Sp. KJ, who offered
support and feedback whenever requested. She would also like to thank the research participants, family, friends and
other parties who contributed to this research. The author hope that this research can be used for future researchers
that related to this research and Improve promotive and preventive health care programs from government related to
dementia carried out by puskesmas officers and posyandu cadres, to reduce the risk of dementia and reduce the cost
of managing dementia

REFERENCES

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Kesehatan RI. https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/19093000001/penyakit-jantung-penyebab-kematian-
terbanyak-ke-2-di-indonesia.html
[2] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). Statistik Penduduk Lanjut Usia 2020 (2020th ed.). Badan Pusat Statistik.
[3] WHO. (2021). Ageing and health. WHO.
[4] da Costa, J. P., Vitorino, R., Silva, G. M., Vogel, C., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha-Santos, T. (2016). A synopsis on
aging—Theories, mechanisms and future prospects. Ageing Research Reviews, 29, 90–112.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.005
[5] Duong & Tajel. (2017). Dementia : What Every Pharmacist need to know. Canadia Pharmacist Journal.
[6] Holmes, C., & Amin, J. (2020). Dementia. Medicine (United Kingdom), 48(11), 742–745.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2020.08.014
[7] Dinas Kesehatan DIY. (2021). Hari Lanjut Usia Nasional 29 Mei 2019: Lansia Sehat dan Berdaya, Keluarga
Bahagia. https://www.dinkes.jogjaprov.go.id/berita/detail/malaria-eliminasi-diy-penguatan-pengendalian-
malaria-melalui-dusun-peduli-malaria-
[8] Mrl, A., Kes, M., Jaya, I. M. M., Kes, M., Mahendra, N. D., & Kep, S. (2019). Buku Ajar Promosi
Kesehatan. 1–107. http://repository.uki.ac.id/2759/1/BUKUMODULPROMOSIKESEHATAN.pdf
[9] Shaji, K. S., Sivakumar, P. T., Rao, G. P., & Paul, N. (2018). Clinical practice guidelines for management
of dementia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(7), S312–S328. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.224472

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[10] The Alzheimer’s Society. (2021). What is dementia? Alzheimer Society United Againts Dementia, 34(6),
463–464. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813109261_0004
[11] Savica, R. (2015). Prevention of Dementia. In Evidence based Dementia Practice (pp. 654–668).
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470752340.ch39
[12] Silva, M. V. F., Loures, C. D. M. G., Alves, L. C. V., De Souza, L. C., Borges, K. B. G., & Carvalho, M.
D. G. (2019). Alzheimer’s disease: Risk factors and potentially protective measures. In Journal of
Biomedical Science (Vol. 26, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-019-0524-y
[13] Alzheimer Association. (2019). 2019 ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE FACTS AND FIGURES Includes a
Special Report on Alzheimer’s Detection in the Primary Care Setting: Connecting Patients and Physicians.
In Alzheimer’s & Dementia Volume 15, Issue 3 (pp. 321–387).
https://www.alz.org/media/Documents/alzheimers-facts-and-figures-2019-
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[14] Shuman, S. B., Hughes, S., Wiener, J. M., & Gould, E. (2017). Research On Care Needs And Supportive
Approaches For Persons With Dementia. In Dementia Care (Issue March, p. 10).
https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/migrated_legacy_files//174551/Session 1 Background.pdf
[15] Alzheimer Association. (2019). 2019 ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE FACTS AND FIGURES Includes a
Special Report on Alzheimer’s Detection in the Primary Care Setting: Connecting Patients and Physicians.
In Alzheimer’s & Dementia Volume 15, Issue 3 (pp. 321–387).
https://www.alz.org/media/Documents/alzheimers-facts-and-figures-2019-
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https://www.dementia.org.au/files/helpsheets/Helpsheet-DementiaQandA10-
TestsUsedInDiagnosingDementia_english.pdf
[17] Roth, H. L. (2012). Dementia and Sleep. Neurologic Clinics, 30(4), 1213–1248.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2012.08.013
[18] Livingston, G., Sommerlad, A., Orgeta, V., Costafreda, S. G., Huntley, J., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee,
S., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., Fox, N., Gitlin, L. N., Howard, R., Kales, H. C., Larson, E.
B., Ritchie, K., Rockwood, K., Sampson, E. L., … Gitlin, N. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention,
and care: 2020 report of the Lancet commission. In The Lancet (Vol. 390, Issue 17, pp. 2673–2734).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
[19] Scotland, A. (2015). Smoking and Dementia. Alzheimer Scotland, May, 1–15.
[20] Alzheimer’s Society. (2018). The psychological and emotional impact of dementia | Alzheimer’s Society.
https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/get-support/help-dementia-care/understanding-supporting-person-dementia-
psychological-emotional-impact#content-start%0Ahttps://www.alzheimers.org.uk/get-support/help-
dementia-care/understanding-supporting-person-dementia-psyc
[21] Better Health. (2014). Dementia - emotional changes - Better Health Channel.
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/dementia-emotional-changes
[22] Family Caregiver Alliance. (2020). Caregiver’s Guide to Understanding Dementia Behaviors - Family
Caregiver Alliance. https://www.caregiver.org/resource/caregivers-guide-understanding-dementia-
behaviors/
[23] Frontiers in psychology. (2018). Frontiers | Association of Lower Spiritual Well-Being, Social Support,
Self-Esteem, Subjective Well-.
[24] C-Care Health Service. (2017). Why Family Support Is Important When Caring For The Elderly | C-Care.
https://www.c-care.ca/blog/elder-care/family-support-important-caring-elderly/

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 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

Forecasting Indonesia Stock Price Using Time Series

Analysis and Machine Learning in R
1*
Fajar Dwi Wibowo, 1Thanh-Tuan Dang, 1Chia-Nan Wang.
1
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and
Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
*
Correspondence: fajardwiwibowo@gmail.com

Abstract— This study investigated the appropriate model to predict 30 days ahead of Unilever
Indonesia stock price and Telekomunikasi Indonesia stock price using time series analysis and
machine learning in R, time series forecasting is a fun and interesting way to learn data science.
The data is format Close Price. The goal of this project is to predict the future stock price of
unilever indonesia and telekomunikasi indonesia using various predictive forecasting models and
then analyze the various models. The dataset for unilever stocks is obtained from yahoo finance
using Quantmod package in R. The final results that have been compared show that using the arima
and neural network methods produces good accuracy values. Research and analysis of stock prices
will help investors carry out investment is more accurate, investors can determine what steps will
be taken, either buying a share or selling acquired shares the right step in taking an action. The
data model used to predict close stock prices in this study unilever Indonesia using arima has an
accuracy of 98.87%. and using neural network model has an of 98.92%. Telekomunikasi Indonesia
using arima has an accuracy of 98.74%. and using neural network Model has an accuracy of
98.77% there are suggestions that can be given for further research and development. Trying to
add to the existing historical data to be more complete so as to improve the accuracy of forecasting.

Keywords— Forecasting; Time Series; Arima; Neural Network.

I. INTRODUCTION
The prediction shows what will happen in a certain situation and is an input for the planning
and decision-making process. Analysis and the right prediction can provide management and
retrieval of reliable decisions for departments and investors. Research and analysis of stock prices
will help investors carry out investment is more accurate, investors can determine what steps will
be taken, either buying a share or selling acquired shares the right step in taking an action[1]. The
stock market has proven to be an attractive target for investing unused money, much better than a
bank account[2], [3]. In the stock market, investors show an interest in profit by investing a certain
amount of money in the stock market. The stock market has shown the interest of investors due to
the sophisticated applications by which predictions can lead to prosperous market forecasting.[4]
A forecasting algorithm is an information process that seeks to predict future values based on past
and present data. These historical data points are extracted and prepared trying to predict future
values for a selected variety of the dataset[5]. In this project approach, we will focus on quantitative
forecasting involving our variable to forecast (close price), statistical principles analysis and

103
advanced concepts applied to a given historical data [6]. The first is a weak stock market where
historical market prices cannot be used for forecasting future behavior. The second is a semi-strong
market where neither historical data nor public info is useful for forecasting. A strong stock market
is one for which there is no historical, public or private data that can be used for the forecasting
process. Subsequent studies refuted this claim and demonstrated that a powerful new artificial
intelligence model can accurately predict market behavior and thus profits [7]. The prediction does
not have to provide an answer surely events will happen, but rather try to find answers as close as
possible will happen[8]. The capital market is a market for a variety of long-term tradable financial
instruments, a means of funding for companies and other institutions, and as a vehicle for
investment activities. The capital market has a very important role for the economy of a country[9].
The form of investment in the capital market is in the form of shares. Shares are a sign of an
individual or party (business entity) capital participation in a company or limited liability
company[10]. Investments in shares are considered to be very profitable in the future. However,
before becoming an investor in the capital market there are many things to consider because being
an investor will have its own advantages and risks[11].

II. METHODS
A. Database
In the first stage, literature study is a research activity in gathering information needed during
the research work process and to propose solutions related to existing problems. Information
gathering can be obtained through resource persons, books, and previous studies. The goal is that
the author can know and understand the problems and become a theoretical basis in conducting
studies and also become the basis for forecasting stock prices at Unilever Indonesia and
Telekomunikasi Indonesia. In doing this research required data that supports and can be used in
carrying out the research process of the. research. In this stage the data search will be carried out
for this research. The data required is secondary data from the Yahoo Finance website[12]. This
data is the share price data Unilever Indonesia and Telekomunikasi Indonesia, where the data is
close price data for the period October 1, 2015 – October 1 2020. In this stage, the reliability and
validity tests are carried out on the data used to determine whether the data obtained is suitable for
use in forecasting.
TABEL 1. Data source information.

Stock Name Stock Code Stock Date

Unilever Indonesia Co., Ltd. UNVR.JK 10/01/2015-10/01/2020
Telekomunikasi Indonesia Co., Ltd. TLKM.JK 10/01/2015-10/01/2020

B. ARIMA Model Analysis Process.

Introducing ARIMA models comes from the assumption that we are not working with a non-
stationary dataset series[9], [13]. That time-series datasets are stationary when their means,
variance and autocovariance don't change during time. The majority of economic time series is not
stationary, but differencing them determined number times makes them stationary[14]. With this
previous operation we can apply arima models to any stock price. In general that a temporal set
Y_t admits an integrated autoregressive representation with p, q and d moving average orders
respectively[15]. Denote this forecasting model by ARIMA ( p, d, q).

104
Based on AR (1) and MA (1), the following general forms will be obtained
ARMA(1,1)
𝑦 = 𝛿 + {𝜙 𝑦 + 𝜙 𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝜙 𝑦 } + {𝜃 𝜀 + 𝜃 𝜀 + ⋯+ 𝜃 𝜀 }+𝜀
y =𝛿+∑ 𝜙 𝑦 +∑ 𝜃𝜀 +𝜀 (1)

If non-stationarity is added to the ARMA process mixture, then the general ARIMA
AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average model (p, d, q) is fulfilled. Simple equation for AR
(1) MA (1) and differencing ARIMA are as follows:
𝑦′ = 𝑐 + 𝜙 𝑦′ + ⋯ + 𝜙 𝑦′ +𝜃 𝜀 +⋯+ 𝜃 𝜀 +𝜀 (2)

If non-stationarity is added to the ARMA process mixture, then the general ARIMA
AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average model (p, d, q) is fulfilled. Simple equation for AR
(1) MA (1) and differencing ARIMA are as follows:
𝑦′ = 𝑐 + 𝜙 𝑦′ + ⋯ + 𝜙 𝑦′ +𝜃 𝜀 +⋯+ 𝜃 𝜀 +𝜀 (3)

C. Research Model with ANN.

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an intelligent system used to process information which is
the development of a generalized mathematical model. ANN's working principles are inspired by
the working principles of the human neural network. Scientists create mathematical algorithms
that work in these neurons, so the name Artificial Neural Network(ANN)[16][17][18].

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Plot Identification
The data plot appears to contain a trend element, which means that the data is not stationary
invariance. Then it can be revealed that the variant of Time series data is not constant and changes
from one period to another and there is a possibility that it contains elements of heteroscedasticity.
Therefore a stationary test can be done first.

FIGURE 1. TIME SERIES PLOT OF UNILEVER AND TELEKOMUNIKASI INDONESIA FROM

105
B. Analyse ACF and PACF

FIGURE 2. ACF AND PACF

C. Forcasting arima
Fitting our forecasting function integrated in the forecast package, we can now plot our
forecast for the next 30 days.

FIGURE 3. PREDICTION USING ARIMA

The blue portion of the graph represents the values generated by the forecast() function
using the ARIMA(2,1,1) model for Unilever Indonesia and using the ARIMA(2,1,2) model for
Telekomunikasi Indonesia

D. Artificial Neural Network

The first step is to determine the number of hidden layers for our neural network. Although,
there is no specific method for calculating the number of hidden layers, the most common approach
followed for timeseries forecasting is by calculating is using the formula.

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 FIGURE 4. PREDICTION USING NEURAL NETWORK

After developing arima and neural network show in this section the main models result. For
this approach we will start with the auto.arima accuracy values:

TABLE 2. Result Comparison arima and neural network

Stock Name Model RMSE MAE MAPE Accuracy

arima 140.07 97.74 1.13 98.87%
Unilever Indonesia Co., Ltd.
neural network 129.63 93.78 1.08 98.92%
arima 64.72 46.54 1.26 98.74%
Telekomunikasi Indonesia Co., Ltd.
neural network 63.18 45.77 1.23 98.77%

From the above summary of model performance parameters, we see unilever indonesia using
arima has an accuracy of 98.87%. and using Neural Network Model has an of 98.92%.
telekomunikasi indonesia using arima has an accuracy of 98.74%. and using neural network model
has an accuracy of 98.77%.

IV. CONCLUSION

This study investigated the appropriate model to predict 30 days ahead of unilever Indonesia
stock price and telekomunikasi indonesia stock price using arima and neural network given same
good result. This model was then used to make future predictions and produce its 80% and 95%
prediction interval under the assumptions that errors are independently and normally distributed.
There are so many factors that are at work in the makeup of the value of a stock that it is highly
variable and this method is for learning and should be taken in a directional, not measurable
manner. However, time series forecasting is a fun and interesting way to learn data science. This
is not financial advice and it is recommended that a licensed financial advisor or similar be
obtained for proper financial advice. The sole purpose here is for learning time series analysis and
forecasting.

REFERENCES
[1] W. Jiang, “Applications of deep learning in stock market prediction: Recent progress,” Expert Systems with
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[2] K. Arias-Calluari, F. Alonso-Marroquin, M. N. Najafi, and M. Harré, “Methods for forecasting the effect of
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 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

Developing Internet of Things (IoT) Trainer as a

Learning Media for Remote Control Subject
1
Mahfud Jiono, 2Fauzy Satrio Wibowo
1,2
College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan
t110a89404@ntut.edu.tw, t109a89402@ntut.edu.tw
3
Muladi Muladi, 4Siti Sendari, 5Heru Wahyu Herwanto, 6Mokh. Sholihul Hadi
3,,4,5,6
Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia
muladi@um.ac.id, siti.sendari.ft@um.ac.id, heru_wh@um.ac.id, mokh.sholihul.ft@um.ac.id

Abstract— This paper describes the proposed system, which could help the user to understand the basic knowledge
of the Internet of Things (IoT) for education purposes. The proposed method has been developed using an all-in-one
package trainer of IoT, consisting of several parts, i.e., node sensor, web-based application, node master, and output
module. Therefore, three main functions could help the user understand the basic knowledge of IoT: monitoring, data
logging, and control functions. Moreover, this proposed system has been developed using System Development Life
Cycle (SDLC) method, and it has been validated by material experts and media experts of media kit development.
The result shows that the proposed system got a validation score of as much as 95.83% & 97.12% by the experts.
Furthermore, the feasibility score from the small group implementation is 91%, while the large group implementation
is 93%. Based on the validation and implementation data, it can be concluded that the developed product is feasible
to be applied.

Keywords— Digital Media, Education, Internet of Things (IoT), Trainer

I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the internet facility is often used for daily life purposes, such as health, transportation, economic,
education, etc. In 2010 - 2018, 7 billion users connected to the internet [1]. Hence, to maximize the enormous potential
of internet network connectivity, IoT systems were designed and proposed to be applied in daily life [2] [3]. The
massive IoT ecosystems were predicted to be connected with 50 million devices from all sectors of human life by
2020 [4]. Currently, there is two fundamental parts of IoT research, namely IoT protocol and IoT application. The IoT
protocol research theme mainly discusses memory consumption, request message size, response message size, and
response latency [5]. This theme of IoT research has more focused on the detail and advanced communication between
sensor, device, and protocol. Thus, these parameters are essential to measuring the interoperability of the IoT system.
Recently, several standard protocols have been used for IoT communication, such as OGC Puck over Bluetooth,
TinySOS, SOS over CoAP, OGC SensorThings API, and others [5].

The IoT systems were often implemented in various human activities, including health, education, transportation,
and safety [6] [7]. Those IoT applications need a web service platform to understand users' input tasks or devices into
particular objects [8][9]. Yet, many people did not become fully aware and prepared about the availability and
maximize the potential intelligent services that IoT could provide to daily human life [10].

This paper describes the developed system, which could help the user understand the basics of IoT applications,
such as monitoring, data logging, controlling. The proposed approach was created using an all-in-one package trainer,
and it has been implemented on a Remote Control Subject in the State University of Malang. A Remote Control
System Subject (NTEL 679) is a compulsory subject for bachelor degree students of Electrical Engineering Program,
State University of Malang [11]. Students have to study the implementation of the Internet of Things application in
this subject.

According to the interview with Electronics Competency Group Leader of Control System and the Head of
Electrical Engineering Laboratory, this department's learning media for this subject is yet to be developed. Based on

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the problem, another goal of this research is to prepare the learning module for Remote Control Subject (NTEL 679)
as a trainer kit. The IoT trainer was designed using node communication, which is developed using node master, web-
based application, node sensor, and output module.

II. METHODS
The proposed system was developed using System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) method, which has several
steps, such as planning, analyzing, designing, implementing, and maintaining processes [12].

Fig. 1. The Proposed System

The proposed system has four main parts: node sensor, web-based application, node master, and output module,
as described in Figure 1. Here, the node sensor has developed with two types of sensors, i.e., temperature-humidity
and CO gas sensor. Meanwhile, the web-based application and the node master are categorized as a server in this
proposed system. They process the input data from the node sensor as command control for the output module.
Furthermore, the output module in this proposed system was developed using a fan sensor, a motor dc, and a LED.
The block diagram of the proposed method is shown in Figure 2. Thus, this proposed system can help the user
understand IoT basics, such as monitoring, data logging, and controlling. The complex proposed method is described
as follows.

Fig. 2. Block Diagram of Proposed System

A. Node Sensor
The node sensor is a device module used to send the data to the server. The node sensor has been developed
using an integrated WiFi module to read the input sensors. The node sensor has developed using several parts, i.e.,
(1) Wemos D1 to deliver data sensor through the server; (2) a TGS2600 is used to detect CO value on the

110
surrounding area; and (3) a DHT 11 is used to detect temperature and relative humidity on the surrounding area. The
design of the node sensor is shown in Figure 3.

Fig. 3. Design of Node Sensor

B. Web-based Application
The web-based application is a server used to receive and process the data from the node sensor. It displays the
data for monitoring and data logging purposes. Here, the flowchart of the web-based application is described in Figure
4.

Fig. 4. Flowchart of Web Application

As mentioned in Figure 4, the data from the node sensor will be stored on a web-based application database.
Therefore, the web-based application has three primary functions: reporting the data, monitoring the data, and sending
the last data to node master. These functions help the user to understand the concept of data logging and monitoring
application.
C. Node Master and Output Module
The node master is a device module used to process the node sensor and web application data. This process occurs
to control the condition of the output module. Moreover, the node master can monitor the data using a hardware
display. The node master has developed using an integrated WiFi module to process the input data. The node master
has been designed using Wemos D1 and LCD 16x2 as a monitoring device. Meanwhile, the output module has
integrated with node master in the same module to give the user knowledge of controlling the application. The design
of the node master is shown in Figure 5.

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 Fig. 5. Design of Node Master
D. Monitoring and Data Logging Function
As explained before, the proposed system has monitoring, data logging and controlling function to help the user
understand the basic of IoT application. The monitoring and data logging function required node sensor and web
application to complete the process. Here, the flowchart of process is described in Figure 6.

Fig. 6. Flowchart of Monitoring and Data Log Function

The monitoring function could be done either in the web-based application or hardware display; meanwhile, the
data logging function was executed in the web-based application.
E. Controlling Function
The proposed system has a controlling function, which requires the whole system of the trainer (node sensor, web
application, node master, and output module). Here, the type of control system is an open loop. The output of an open-
loop system has either logic condition or PWM voltage. The node master determines these conditions to control the
output module. Thus, the flowchart design of the controlling function is shown in Figure 7.

Fig. 7. Flowchart of Controlling Function

F. Implementation Evaluation
To validate each function of the development product, it must be measured by the expert. Material experts and
media experts conducted the validation result of this research. Here, the validation measurement of this research used
Sa'dun Akbar equation and classification [13], while for feasibility used Sanjaya classification [14].

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 𝑉 = ∗ 100 % [13] (1)

Where, Vx is the validation result (%), Tse is the empiric number, and Tsh is the maximum measurement score.
Thus, the validation and feasibility grades are described in Tables 1 and 2. With this feasibility we can measure that
our propose system perform.

TABLE I. VALIDATION GRADE

No Validity Grade Status

1 81.26% - 100.00 % Very Valid

2 62.51% - 81.25% Valid (Minor revision required)

3 43.76% - 62.50% Not valid (Major revision required)
4 25.00% - 43.75% Not Applicable

TABLE II. FEASIBILITY GRADE

Percentage Feasibility Grade

82% - 100 Very Feasible
63% - 81% Feasible
44% - 62% Less Feasible
25% - 43% Not Feasible

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section describes the result performance for the development product. The development product is shown in
Figure 10.

Fig. 10. Remote Control Trainer Based on IoT Kit and Node Sensor Modul Kit
The product has passed the validation test by the material and design expert. The product has obtained a 95.83%
validation score from a material expert. Furthermore, the product has acquired a 97.12% validation score from a media
expert. The detailed measurement of material and media experts is shown in Table 3 and Table 4. The measurement
parameter from material experts were consists of several aspects, i.e., suitability of material, the language of material,
and additional material of presentation. Meanwhile, the media expert's measurement parameter consisted of several
aspects, i.e., suitability of media, completeness of media, and communicative and interactive.
Based on the validation grade from Table 1, the product was categorized as very valid, and the functions were
operated normally. The next stage is to analyse the data from small and large group implementation. The trial has been
conducted with 9 and 32 bachelor electrical engineering students in each corresponding performance. The data were
acquired from questionnaire instruments regarding the suitability of media, completeness of media, language aspect,
communicative & interactive aspect, and additional aspect of the presentation. The number of evaluated by media kit
development material specialists with the score 95.83% and media experts was 97.12% respectively. The result of

113
small group implementation could be seen in Table 5, while the result for large group implementation could be seen
in Table 6.

TABLE III. DETAIL MEASUREMENT SCORE FROM A MATERIAL EXPERT

No Measurement Aspect Tse Tsh V (%)

1 Suitability of Material 34 36 94.44%

2 Language of Material 23 24 95.83%

Additional Material of
3 12 12 100%
Presentation
Total 69 72

Average 95.83%

TABLE IV. DETAIL MEASUREMENT SCORE FROM A DESIGN EXPERT

No Measurement Aspect Tse Tsh V (%)

1 Suitability of Media 41 44 93%

2 Completeness of Media 40 40 100%

3 Communicative and Interactive 20 20 100%

Total 101 104

Average 97.12%

TABLE V. DETAIL MEASUREMENT SCORE FROM SMALL-GROUP IMPLEMENTATION

No Measurement Aspect Tse Tsh V (%)

1 Suitability of Media 198 220 90%

2 Completeness of Media 194 220 88%
3 Language 49 60 82%

4 Communicative and Interactive 73 80 91%

5 Additional Aspect of Presentation 53 60 88%

Total 567 640

Average 89%

TABLE VI. DETAIL MEASUREMENT SCORE FROM LARGE-GROUP IMPLEMENTATION

No Measurement Aspect Tse Tsh V (%)

1 Suitability of Media 814 880 93%

2 Completeness of Media 822 880 93%

3 Language 219 240 91%

4 Communicative and Interactive 305 320 95%
5 Additional Aspect of Presentation 227 240 95%

Total 2387 2560

Average 93%

IV. CONCLUSION
The proposed system was developed using the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) method and evaluated by
media kit development material specialists and media experts. The proposed system obtained validation scores tend

114
to range from 95.83% to 97.12% from both material and media experts. Furthermore, the feasibility score for small
group implementation is 91%, while the feasibility value for large group implementation is 93%.
Based on the findings of the validation and testing, we conclude that internet of things (IoT) trainer as a learning
media can improve the student understanding the basics of IoT applications, such as monitoring, data logging,
controlling specially in the Remote-Control subject. On the other hand, based on the result finding from small and
large group implementation, we can make sure that our proposal is acceptable to use real-life classroom situation.
For the future work, one of the aspects that should be addressed and improved in the study and development of
this instructional material was the supplied material or content. As technology evolves, the content must evolve to
match these advancements. It is also expected to be able to include IoT trainer into other areas of instructional
materials, such as adding more sensors, as suggested by media experts, and as produced in practice questions such as
pre-test and post-test to evaluate student understanding.

REFERENCES
[1] Internet Usage Statistic. 2018. World Internet Users and Population Statistics. (online). https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm.
Accessed: 10/10/2018
[2] Madakam, S. Ramaswamy, R. Tripathi, S. 2015. Internet of Things (1oT): A Literature Review. In Journal of Computer and
Communications, 3-164-173. DOI=10.4236/jcc.2015.35021
[3] Jalali, M. Kaiser, J. Siegel, M. Madnick, S. 2017. The Internet of Things (IoT) Promises New Benefits – and Risks: A Systematic Analysis
of Adoption Dynamic Products of IoT Products. Working Article – MIT Sloan School of Management.
[4] Evans, D. 2011, The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of The Internet is Changing Everything. Cisco.
[5] Jayazeri, M. 2015. Implementation and Evaluation of Four Interoperable Open Standards for The Internet of Things. Journal Sensor, Vol 15,
page: 24343-24373. DOI: 10.3390/s150924343
[6] Wibowo, F. 2017. Developing Portable Instrument Based on Internet of Things for Air Quality Information System. International Conference
on Signal and System (ICSIGSYS), Vol 1 Page: 312-317. DOI: 10.1109/ICSIGSYS.2017.7967063
[7] Sendari, S. 2016. Developing Control and Monitor System with Recording of Operational Expense of Electrical Devices. 31st International
Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Application Workshop (WAINA) Pages 315-320. DOI:
10.1109/WAINA.2017.44.
[8] Rizkya, M. 2016. Pengembangan Sistem Monitoring dan Pengendali Menggunakan Jaringan Komputer Berbasis Ethernet Pada Sarana
Pembelajaran di Jurusan Teknik Elektro Universitas Negeri Malang. Universitas Negeri Malang (UM), Malang.
[9] Ahmad, S. Hang, L. Kim, D. 2018. Design and Implementation of Cloud Centric Configuration Repository for DIY IoT Applications. MDPI.
Sensors. DOI : 10.3390/s18020474
[10] Perera, C. Liu, C. Jayawardena, S. Chen, M. 2015. Context- Aware Computing in the Internet of Things: A Survey on Internet of Things
From Industrial Market Perspective. IEEE Access.arXiv:1502.00164v1 [cs.CY]
[11] Katalog Teknik Elektro. 2014. Katalog Perkuliahan Teknik Elektro 2014. Malang : Fakultas Teknik Universitas Negeri Malang
[12] Blanchard, B. Fabrycky, W. 2006, Systems engineering and analysis (4th ed.), New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
[13] Akbar, S. 2013. Instrumen Perangkat Pembelajaran. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
[14] Sanjaya, W. 2013. Penelitian Pendidikan (Jenis, Metode dan Prosedur). Jakarta : Kencana Prenada Media Group

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 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

Limitations in Daily Activities as the Strongest

Predictor of Pharmacotherapy Usage
for Pain in Indonesia
1
Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu
1
Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia
2,*
Yoseph Leonardo Samodra
2
School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
*Corresponding author: yosephsamodra@gmail.com
3,4
Le Duc Huy
3
Faculty Health Personnel Training Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue
University, Hue, Vietnam
4
School of Health Care Administration, College of Management, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Taiwan

Abstract — Background: Many factors have been reported to contribute to a decrease in the
use of pharmacotherapy to control pain, including the complexity of the medication regime, lack
of efficacy, side effects, and cost considerations. Objective: The purpose of this study was to
identify the significant factors associated with the use of pharmacotherapy in pain relief among
Indonesian population. Methods: The data was obtained from the fifth wave of the Indonesian
Family Life Survey (IFLS-5). The sample size was 11,516 persons aged 21-60 years with recent
pain. Logistic regressions were utilized to explore the associations between independent
characteristics and the outcome of medication use for pain complaints. Results: The majority of
the participants were females between the ages of 31 and 40, had a high school diploma or less,
were working, practiced Islam, and had no restrictions on their daily activities. The proportions of
pharmacotherapy users and non- pharmacotherapy users were 51.44% and 48.56%, respectively.
Female gender, older age, poor education level, and limitations in daily activities were all linked
with a higher usage of medication. Conclusion: In the Indonesian population, having limitations
in daily activities was the strongest predictor of pharmacotherapy usage for recent pain.
Implication: People who are older, female, or have a poorer level of education should be the
primary focus of education to enhance the pharmacological management of their pain .

Keywords — daily activities, pain, pharmacist, pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacotherapy.

116
I. INTRODUCTION
Acute pain is nociceptive pain that is caused by particular somatosensory stimuli, generally
mechanical or inflammatory, as well as visible peripheral damage or lesion. Acute pain has
adaptive utility in that it alerts us to possible danger.[1] Pain and its awareness are heightened by
proinflammatory systems. While some acute pain may be persistent or recurring due to the
continuing presence of a noxious stimulus, the shift to chronic pain is commonly characterized as
taking place at 12 weeks, assuming the offending injury or lesion has healed.[2] The change from
acute to chronic pain involves a shift from peripheral tissue damage and inflammation to more
predominant central sensitization and central nervous system processes.[3]
Many factors may contribute to a decrease in the use of pharmacotherapy to manage pain,
including the complexity of the treatment regimen, lack of effectiveness, side effects, and the
accompanying economic implications.[4] Substantial strides in the understanding of the
descending pain modulatory system were made. Information about patients' bodies having an
advanced pain defense network that can be employed to alleviate pain should be promoted. These
will assist patients in realizing that there are various ways to engage the pain defense system,
including non-pharmacotherapeutic techniques and medications. Non-pharmacotherapy
approaches include healthy living, therapeutic exercise, psychological procedures, and
complementary therapies.[5]
Although the use of different type of therapy for pain have been studied for decades, there are few
published articles identifying the predictors using large sample in Indonesia, especially in the past
ten years. The purpose of this study was to identify the significant factors associated with the use
of pharmacotherapy in pain relief among Indonesian population.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data were analyzed from the household survey component of the fifth wave of Indonesia Family
Life Survey (IFLS-5) in 2014-2015. The database is already available on the Research and
Development (RAND) Corporation's website. The survey employed a combination of multistage
stratified sampling and simple random sampling methodology. The initial sampling frame included
families from 13 provinces, representing 83 percent of the Indonesian population, while the follow-
up survey included both the original samples and split-off families. The survey's methodology was
discussed in more details elsewhere.[6]
IFLS-5 comprising a total of 50,148 individuals. Individuals aged 21-60 years with recent pain
(one day before until the time of survey) were assessed, and the sample size was 11,516. After
further excluding those with missing values for other covariates, the final sample in this study was
11,381 individuals.
The Research Ethics Committee of UGM (Universitas Gadjah Mada) in Yogyakarta-Indonesia, as
well as the RAND Human Subjects Protection Committee as part of Institutional Review Boards
of the RAND Corporation, examined and approved the deployment of IFLS-5 (No. s0064-06-01-
CR01). The subjects provided informed consent.[6] Because this was a secondary data analysis, it
did not need additional ethical approval.
Measures
The dependent variable was type of therapy used for recent pain, assessed by the question “What
kind of therapy you did for your recent pain?” Respondents could choose multiple answers with
the following response options: modern drugs, painkiller injection, topical medication,
physiotherapy, traditional therapy (including traditional drinks, acupuncture, etc.), and no therapy.
For those who answered any single or combination including modern drugs, painkiller injection,

117
or topical medication were further categorized as pharmacotherapy, and for those who answered
only physiotherapy, traditional therapy, or no therapy either in single or in combination were
further categorized as non-pharmacotherapy.
The independent variable was the limitation of daily activities in recent pain, assessed by the
question “Does the pain limit your daily activities?”. Respondents could only choose one answers
with the following response options: Yes, very much so; Yes, to some degree; No, not much; No,
not at all. This variable recategorized as a dichotomous variable (yes or no). Sociodemographic
variables included biological age (rounded in years), gender (dichotomous), educational
attainment (no school-high school, university level), employment status in the last year (yes, no),
and religion (Islam, Protestant, Catholic, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism).
Statistical Analysis
To summarize the characteristics of the samples, descriptive analyses were done using STATA
v14. The data presented on tables. Chi-square tests were used to analyze differences in variable
distribution across the type of therapy used for recent pain. Logistic regression with fixed effects
approach was used to control the covariates. Statistical significance was set on p<0.05 for all tests
used.

III. RESULTS
The distribution of individual characteristics of the respondents by the type of therapy used for
recent pain was shown in Table 1. The proportions of pharmacotherapy users and non-
pharmacotherapy users were 51.44% and 48.56%, respectively. Most of the participants were
female, aged 31-40 years, had low educational attainment (only attained high school level of
education or below), had no work in the last year, practicing Islam, and not having activities
limitations. Males and younger people were more likely to utilize non-pharmacotherapy, as with
individuals had university level, employed, non-Islam, and those who were not having activities
limitations. The differences in the distribution by the type of therapy used were all statistically
significant in this research.
The link between independent variables is analyzed using logistic regression to the type of therapy
used for recent pain (Model 1), controlling with all covariates (Model 2), and the best-fitted model
(Model 3) was shown in Table 2. Being male (aOR = 0.67, 95%CI: 0.62-0.72) was shown to less
likely use pharmacotherapy for their pain. Older age was showing dose-response effect that the
use of pharmacotherapy was increasing over older age groups. Other characteristics associated
with higher use of pharmacotherapy including low education level (aOR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.18-
1.48) and having limitation in daily activities (aOR = 2.01, 95%CI: 1.85-2.19). The associations
between employment or religion to pharmacotherapy use for recent pain were not significant in
our study.

Table 1. Subject characteristics by the type of therapy used for recent pain
Variables Total samples Pharmacotherapy Non- p-value
(N=11381) (N=5854, pharmacotherapy
51.44% of total) (N=5527,
48.56% of total)
Sex (n,%) <0.001
Male 5172 (45.44%) 2373 (40.54%) 2799 (50.64%)
Female 6209 (54.56%) 3481 (59.46%) 2728 (49.36%)
Age (n,%) <0.001
21-30 3091 (27.16%) 1364 (23.30%) 1727 (31.25%)

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 31-40 3756 (33.00%) 1846 (31.53%) 1910 (34.56%)
41-50 2603 (22.87%) 1477 (25.23%) 1126 (20.37%)
51-60 1931 (16.97%) 1167 (19.94%) 764 (13.82%)
Education level (n,%) <0.001
High school or below 9881 (86.82%) 5206 (88.93%) 4675 (84.58%)
University level 1500 (13.18%) 648 (11.07%) 852 (15.42%)
Employment (n,%) <0.001
Yes 8834 (77.62%) 4457 (76.14%) 4377 (79.19%)
No 2547 (22.38%) 1397 (23.86%) 1150 (20.81%)
Religions (n,%) <0.001
Islam 10330 (90.77%) 5372 (91.77%) 4958 (89.71%)
Protestant 397 (3.49%) 157 (2.68%) 240 (4.34%)
Catholic 115 (1.01%) 43 (0.73%) 72 (1.30%)
Hinduism 525 (4.61%) 275 (4.70%) 250 (4.52%)
Buddhism 10 (0.09%) 6 (0.10%) 4 (0.07%)
Confucianism 4 (0.04%) 1 (0.02%) 3 (0.05%)
Activities limitation (n,%) <0.001
Yes 3530 (31.02%) 2252 (38.47%) 1278 (23.12%)
No 7851 (68.98%) 3602 (61.53%) 4249 (76.88%)
Note: Differences in the distribution of variables across the type of therapy used for recent pain
were statistically analyzed by Chi-Square tests.

Table 2. Subject characteristics associated with the pharmacotherapy used for recent pain
Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
(OR, 95% CI) (OR, 95% CI) (OR, 95% CI)
Sex
Male 0.66 (0.61-0.72) 0.67 (0.62-0.72)
Female Reference Reference
Age
21-30 Reference Reference
31-40 1.22 (1.11-1.35) 1.22 (1.11-1.35)
41-50 1.63 (1.45-1.81) 1.62 (1.46-1.81)
51-60 1.81 (1.60-2.03) 1.79 (1.59-2.02)
Education level
High school level or below 1.30 (1.16-1.46) 1.32 (1.18-1.48)
University level Reference Reference
Employment
Yes 1.01 (0.92-1.12)
No Reference
Religions
Islam Reference
Protestant 0.56 (0.46-0.70)
Catholic 0.61 (0.41-0.90)
Hinduism 0.92 (0.76-1.10)
Buddhism 1.69 (0.46-6.27)
Confucianism 0.42 (0.04-4.19)
Daily activities limitation
Yes 2.08 (1.92-2.26) 2.02 (1.86-2.20) 2.01 (1.85-2.19)

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 No Reference Reference Reference
Note: Results were based on logistic regression analyses, with non-pharmacotherapy as a reference
group. Model 1 was fitted without covariates. Model 2 was adjusted with all covariates. Model 3
was adjusted with all significant predictors as the best fitted model.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

IV. DISCUSSION
Having limitation in daily activities was the strongest predictor of pharmacotherapy use for recent
pain in Indonesian population. Pain can cause a reduction in the frequency of social activities,
making it more difficult to create or maintain strong peer connections, a greater reliance on family
support, and limits in conducting daily tasks and physical exercise.[7] Chronic pain that is not
appropriately controlled has a multifaceted negative influence on individuals' health and activities.
Patients with increasing intensity chronic pain have reported progressively severe impacts on
overall health, interference with daily activities, and employment.[8]
Female respondents were showing higher use of pharmacotherapy for their pain problems. There
is accepted that male and female behave differently in pain and its management The previous
study's treatment specificity between female and male SBP was consistent with the literature about
MCL being sexually dimorphic, which was reinforced by their female participants generally have
lower resting-state NAc-mPFC functional connectivity strength at study enrollment.[9]
As age getting older, the use of pharmacotherapy to treat pain is increasing. Psychological
treatments offer a minor but statistically significant advantage for lowering pain and
catastrophizing attitudes and enhancing self-efficacy for pain management in older persons with
chronic pain.[10] The care of aged people is an appealing mission for pharmacists in clinical
setting, since the key to elderly care typically rests in the treatment of chronic illnesses and
polypharmacy usage, as well as the prevention of adverse effects from both.[11]
Pharmacotherapy use were more prevalent in population with education level less than university
level. Pharmacists' traditional roles of drug delivery and basic teaching have developed into active
participation in direct patient care and collaborative team-based treatment. Pharmacists can play a
significant role in improving medicine usage and management in populations, either directly or
jointly. To maximize pharmacotherapy, health-care teams should include pharmacists.[11]
A realistic biopsychosocial strategy to pain treatment that includes a variety of pharmacologic and
non-pharmacologic medications, self-management education, and psychological/rehabilitative
support may be developed with the goal of lowering pain and improving daily functioning. The
type of chronic pain present, as well as the patient's psychological profile, frequently influenced
pain therapy.[12] Motivating chronic pain patients to comply with or engage in pharmacotherapy
can be challenging, especially if they have previously had inadequate pain treatment. Sessions of
motivational interviewing concentrating on the patient's specific pain history and profile, as well
as recommendations for pharmacologic and other available therapies that may enhance pain,
coping abilities, and pain outcomes, may be beneficial.[8]

V. CONCLUSION
In the Indonesian population, having limitations in daily activities was the strongest predictor of
pharmacotherapy usage for recent pain. Other factors related with increased medication usage
include being female, being older, and having a poor education level. People who are older, female,
or have a poorer level of education should be the primary focus of education to enhance the
pharmacological management of their pain. Because most chronic illnesses including pain are

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treated with pharmaceuticals, pharmacists have a unique and crucial role in their care due to their
substantial knowledge in pharmacotherapy and pharmacokinetics.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors thanked Research and Development (RAND) Corporation, USA for data access and supporting documents
provided.

REFERENCES
[1] D. L. Ellison, “Physiology of Pain,” Crit. Care Nurs. Clin. NA, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 397–406, 2017, doi:
10.1016/j.cnc.2017.08.001.
[2] P. Glare, S. Overton, and K. Aubrey, “Transition from acute to chronic pain: where cells , systems and society
meet,” Pain Manag., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 421–436, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.2217/pmt-
2019-0039
[3] J. Schneiderhan, D. Clauw, and T. L. Schwenk, “Primary Care of Patients With Chronic Pain,” J. Am. Med.
Assoc., vol. 317, no. 23, pp. 2367–2368, 2017, doi: 10.17226/23694.tured.
[4] R. Sampaio, L. F. Azevedo, C. C. Dias, and J. M. C. Lopes, “Non-Adherence to Pharmacotherapy : A
Prospective Multicentre Study About Its Incidence and Its Causes Perceived by Chronic Pain Patients,”
Patient Prefer. Adherence, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 321–332, 2020, [Online]. Available:
https://doi.org/10.2147%2FPPA.S232577
[5] M. E. Lynch, “What Is the Latest in Pain Mechanisms and Management?,” Can. J. Psychiatry, vol. 60, no. 4,
pp. 157–159, 2015, doi: 10.1177/070674371506000401.
[6] C. M. A. Santoso, T. Bramantoro, M. C. Nguyen, Z. Bagoly, and A. Nagy, “Factors Affecting Dental Service
Utilisation in Indonesia: A Population-Based Multilevel Analysis,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol.
17, no. 5282, pp. 1–11, 2020, doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155282.
[7] A. Andreucci, C. B. Groenewald, M. S. Rathleff, and T. M. Palermo, “The Role of Sleep in the Transition
from Acute to Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Youth — A Narrative Review,” pp. 1–12, 2021, [Online].
Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/children8030241
[8] D. J. Clauw, M. N. Essex, V. Pitman, and K. D. Jones, “Reframing chronic pain as a disease, not a symptom:
rationale and implications for pain management,” Postgrad. Med., vol. 131, no. 3, pp. 185–198, 2019, doi:
10.1080/00325481.2019.1574403.
[9] D. Reckziegel et al., “Sex-Specific Pharmacotherapy for Back Pain: A Proof- of-Concept Randomized Trial,”
Pain Ther., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1375–1400, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s40122-021-00297-2.
[10] B. Niknejad et al., “Association between psychological interventions and chronic pain outcomes in older
adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” JAMA Intern. Med., vol. 178, no. 6, pp. 830–839, 2018, doi:
10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.0756.
[11] J. Lee, S. Alshehri, H. Kutbi, and J. Martin, “Optimizing pharmacotherapy in elderly patients: the role of
pharmacists,” Integr. Pharm. Res. Pract., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 101–111, 2015, doi: 10.2147/iprp.s70404.
[12] L. R. M. Matero and A. Cano, “Encouraging Couples to Change: A Motivational Assessment to Promote
Well-Being in People with Chronic Pain and Their Partners,” Pain Med. (United States), vol. 16, no. 2, pp.
348–355, 2015, doi: 10.1111/pme.12600.

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 4th Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Proceeding Taiwan, June 25th, 2022
e-ISSN: 2797-2437

TERAPAN (Solar Technology on Fishing

Boats) as an Innovation to Reduce the
Operational Costs of Fishing Activities
1Resti
Nurmala Dewi
Marine Product Processing, Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic of Jembrana
e-mail: restinurmaladewi@gmail.com

Abstract—The operating costs of fishing vessels are dominated by the use of fuel. In most cases,
a Jukung boat operated for ca 8 hours in a day requires 20 - 30 liters of diesel fuel or is
equivalent to 60% of the total expenditure. TERAPAN, the solar technology installed on the
roof of fishing boats, is one of the technological breakthroughs that can be employed as an
alternative of replacing electricity sources from oil-fuelled generators. The outcome of
TERAPAN is the reduction in ship operating costs and the risk of air pollution from the
exposure of gas coming from the generator itself. The application of TERAPAN also supports
the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) encompassing Affordable and Clean Energy, Life
Below Water and Climate Action. This scientific paper aims to examine the installation and
economic feasibility of solar panels to meet the lighting and navigation needs of fishing boats
with a power between 450 and 900 watts. From the results, one fishing boat requires two 12
volt 50 Wp solar panel, a solar charger, a 12-volt 50 Ah battery (dry or wet), a DC to AC
inverter, an MCB or switch, a control panel, sockets and two-colour power cable 6 meters long.
By implementing TERAPAN, fishermen no longer have to disassemble batteries to charge at
a cost of IDR 25,000.00 per battery or is equivalent to an operational cost savings of 26.04%.
Further study is recommended to conduct research in terms of installing the solar panel on the
ships
Keyword—fishing boat, fishing capture, renewable energy, solar panel

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