Carrier Part 6 - Air Handling Equipment

el. al a al. al. wie: Bhs ahs he ut 6 (R HANDLING EQUIPMENT 4 CHAPTER 1. FANS ais chapter presents inidriation to guid he’ aeer in the practical application of fans used in anditioning systems, f fan is a device used to produce a fw of ai, Uie, te terma is limited, by, défnition to. devices pro. als of lesé than 28 in, wg.at, ig pressure differe evel. ns are identified by two general groups: ‘Centrifugal in which the alr lows radially thru the impeller. Centrifugal fans are, clasified: according whee! blading; fonvandsuree backward-curved ‘andadial (straight). ‘ ‘Asal las in which the ae ows axial the impeller. ‘Axial flow fans are classifies’ propeller (disc) tubeaxial and xancaxial.”: sures 1, 28,2 ani 2e show the various types of nonly applied fais. NICATION 5 t then a duct syitem is nese in an air condition pplication, a tubeaxial, vaneaxial or centrifugal aay be used. Where there is no duct systein and resistance to air How, a propeller fait can’ bé ied. However, éelf-cintained equipment often ces centrifugal -fane for applications without work. Fic, 1 — Centmirucat FAs “The centsifugeLfan is used in most comfart appli. cations because of its wide range ofquiet, ecient operation at comparatively high pressures. In tion, the éentrifagal fin inlet can be readily attached to an apparatut of lage crossection while dhe dis charge is easily connected to relatively small. ducts." ‘Air flow can be varied to match air distribition sy: tem requirements by siniple adjustments to the fant ‘Arive oF control devices. 5 Fontana Fan 2. Bat Duve ox Duct Gowscrior Prophiten Fan Baur Dive *~Daser Conncriog sat Fic, 2 — Axtat Frow FansPART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT ot i Joc rae . Bic - i 4 27 camara : ory 2 | [ial RB HS 8 Ss BS RS ee, craig anna evcies ren secon Fro: § — Soup Powen Levers -AxiaLflow fans aré excellent applications where. “They are, therefsre, often used for dustrial ‘air conditioning and ventilation,...These hhigh velocity fans require guide vanes to obtain the best efficiencies when operating against pressures considered normal for ceritrifugal fans. However, these fans may beapplied without guide vanes. Figure 3 ilhistrates the approximate sound power level of a typical. centrifugal fan and an axial flow fan, The-frequenies detectable by dhe hvinian ct (200 6 10,000 cycles per second) are the least favor- able for the’axial flow fan. Therefore, 16 obtain Zp [pnnao-cone 3 o2 [ame woe [of BE: cco xs og Lomo ee i "sears ex 2H romano Thee neeime spee0 10000 * ay 18 Kron Mag > x (dm > Yaad presareht NOTE; species ‘Fro, 4 ~ Spectetc Spzep RANGES aéceptable sound levels with the axial flow fan, sound attenuation may be required. ‘Tie concept of specific speed is useful in describ. ing the applications of various fan types. Specific speed is a fan performance index based on the fan speed, capacity and static pressure, Figure 4 shows the ranges of specific speed in which six types of cen- 4rifugal and axial flow fans operate at high static ‘flcienties. This figure indicates that forward-curvéd blade centrifugal fans attain their peak efficiencies at Tow speeds, low capacities and at high static pressures, However, propeller fans reach high eficiency at high speeds ‘and capacities and at low static pres sures. “The horsepower characteristics ofthe various fans are such that a type may.be overloading’or nonover- oading. The backward-curved blade centrifugal fan is a nomoverloading type. The forward.curved and radial ‘blade’ centrifugal fans may overload. Axial flow fans may.be either nonoverloading or over loading. ‘All fant types may be utilized for exhaust service. ‘Wall fans operaté against little or no resistance and therefore are ustally of the propeller type. Propeller ans are sometimes incorporated into factory built penthouses ér roof caps. Hooded exhaust fans and central station exhaust fans are typically of the centrifugal type. Axial fans'inay be suitable for exhaust applications, particularly in faciory installations: STANDARDS AND CODES ‘Fan application and installation should conform toall codes, laws and regulations applying atthe jot site, ‘The AMCA Standard Test Codé for Air Moving Devices, Bulletin 210, prescribes methods of testin fans, while AMCA rating standards prescribe meth ods of rating. CENTRIFUGAL FANS: Centrifugal fans are identified by the curvature ¢ the blade tip. The forward-curved blade curves-i the direction of rotation (Fig. 5a). The radial blac thas no curvature (Fig. 56). The ackward-curvt blade tip inclines backward, curving away from t direction of rotation (Figs 5c). The curvature of 0) blade, tip'defines'the shape’of the horsepower at static presure curves. ‘The characteristics ofthe three main eypes of trifugal fans are listed in Table I. ll) ~ \@o ela) 1887 at 1G) Se") ES ee ee em Je aols cle a ody ole aby oly obs al ok, ol ol el sts aly cha mle hes eck dbo HAPTER 1. FANS ‘ORWARD-CURVED BLADE FAN ‘A typical performance of a forward-curved blade uris shown in Fig. 6. The pressure rises from 100% -ee delivery toward no delivery with a characteristic ip at low capacities. Horsepower increases continu- usly with increasing air quantity. é ACKWARD-CURVED BLADE FAN A vypical performance ot abackvard-eurved blade anis shown in Fig, pressure rises constantly “om 100% free delivery to nearly no delivery. There no dip in the,curve. he horsepower curve peaks « high capicitles. Therefore, 2. motor selected. t0 udsfy the modiiuin power demaid at a given fan eed does not overload at any point on the curve; roviding this speed is maintained, “Two ‘modifications of the backward-curved blade 1m are the airfoil and backward-inclined blade fans. Jnron mere a! : e Fic, 5— Fan BLapes 70, 6 — Foawano-Corvan Bran FAN PERFORMANCE ‘TABLE 1—CHARACTERISTICS OF CENTRIFUGAL FANS Fan TE "AGVANTAGES Forword= 1, fans at a alata low speed compared ‘Curved "ether typat for the some cipacy.” 2, Smaller fon for @ glen duty, ecllen ot fecol ots. Redict 1, Selfcleenog, ~ 2 Gen be dndged for hgh sacral wh {e cshove high spends and prsuts. Dedararde 1 Mor ofint es ‘Curved 2 Horepainercrve:hes@ it peak otha he ‘molar may be sid to corer the comple ange of eperaion fom reo 4010096 fe fow for © ungle sped, Nonoreieding. erable parcanoges of free dally suits ‘A. Falat of tenam siclany lef te sgh of the prosure peak, allowing ofient fan sale sien wits bain premote reserve. 13. Quleter thn aur tye. inbton ‘These are illustrated in Fig. $d and 5e. Both-are:! nonoverloading types. ‘The airfoil blade fan is a high effidency fan’ be" cause its aerodynamically shaped blades periit smoother air flow thru the wheel. It is normally used : for high capacity, high pressure applications where? power savings may outweigh its higher first costal. Since the efficiency characteristic of an airfoil-blade* fan usually peaks more sharply than those of other types, greater care is required in its selection’ aiid application to particular duty. a8 +The backward-inclined blade fan must be sel loser to free delivery; therefore, it does not haye as Fic. 7 — Backwann-Cunvin BLane Fax ‘PERFORMANCEPART 6aiR HANDLING EQUIPMEN {Frc, 8 — RASIAL Bran FAN PERFORMANCE great a range of high efficiency operation as does the. Dackward-eurved blade fan, Manufacture of an isi- ‘dined blade'is understandably a simpler operation. RADIAL BLADE FAN ‘ypical, performance of a radial (étraight) blade fan is shown in Fig. & The pressure characteristic is cofitinuous at all capacities. Hordepower rises with increasing air quantity in an almost directly propor- ‘ional relation. ‘Thus, with this type of fan the motor may be overloaded as free air delivery is approached. ‘The radial blade fan has efficiency, speed aid. ca: pacity. characteristics that are midway between the forward-curved and backward-curvéd blade fans: It. is seldom ‘used in. air-conditioning applications be ‘cause it lacks an optimum characteristic. AXIAL FLOW. FANS Figure 9 shows a performance chatacteristic eypi- calofa propeller fan: pees ‘The tubeaxial fan is a common axial flow fan in ae Cae eo RES “Fie. 10 — Vaiveaxtat. Fan tubular housing but without inlet or outlet gui vanes.-The blade shape may be flat ér curved, single or double thickness ‘The axial flow fan has'become particularly as ciated with the vaneaxial type which has guide var before or after the fan wheel. To make more eff tive use ofthe’ guide vanes, the fan wheel usually curved blades of single or double thickness. Figt 10s x sectional view of the vaneaxial fan, ‘The ctrved stationary diffuser vanes are the ty most ‘frequently used when higher efficiency va axial fans are desired. ‘The purpose of these vanet to recover a portion of the energy of the tangentia accelerated air. “Typical performance of an axial low fan is sho in Fig. HL. iG, 9 — Proprtem Fan PrnronManci. Fic, 11 + Axtat Fiow.FAN PERroRMancs. 1a bgt a __1 1 1 Jel el) als el) ) ax ~ 1a aed 1a) 13ches ahs tha oh SHAPTER 1, FANS: 2AN DESIGNATION - CLASS, OF CONSTRUCTION “The AMCA has developed standards of centrifu- {al fan construction based on the pressure the fans ire required'to develop. The four clases of fans ap- pear in Table 2. Each of the various fan'manttfac- {uters has defined his own maxinium wheel tip speed for each class. “The required fan class can be determined from Gliart 1 if outlet velocity and static pressure are known, Calculation of velocity pressure and total pressure is thus eliminated, This ehart is based on Standard air 20.92 in. Hg barometric pressure and 10F temperature). TE nonstandard conditions of temperature and al- citude are encountered in an application, the caleu- lated static pressure should be corrected before en tering Chart 1. This procedure i described in the section entitled Fan Selection, See Example 3. ‘Minimum frst costs con often be achieved by using larger size fan of a given class than by’chioos ing a smaller fan size of « higher class Ifa selection lies on the border line, both alternatives should be, considered. {CHART 1—CONSTRUCTION CLASS PRESSURE LIMITS, TABLE 2—CLASSES OF CONSTRU Centifugal Fans Some manufacturers offer packaged faris and ‘motors which are not defined in terms of lates. “These packages are made of Class I or II parts, tiod- iffed slightly to hold the motor within the fast base. ‘The fan package is less expensive than the equiva: Tent Glass 1 or T-fan and-is satisfactory for most applications, Packaged fans are also offered in com struction lighter than Class 1. Manufacturers’. spect: fications usually distinguish between light and heavy construction. : ‘A pressure class standard pertaining to contrite. “gal fans mounted in_cabineis.has also been: pub: lished by AMGA. Cabinet fans are commonly used. ‘with central station fan-soil equipment. The three Classes of such fans are defined in Table 3.> TABLE 3—CLASSES. OF : CONSTRUCTION CCabitit Fans Then Lt gihiwe ere th Siw noe Fan, class nomenclature dogs -ndt apply to, fans ‘used in fan-coil terminal units where the manuifac-, turer limits such fans to a particular maxinisn speed and static pressure. FAN ARRANGEMENTS Centrifugal fan drive ‘atrangement, standardized, by MCA, refers to: the rélation of the fan wheel to the-bearings and the numberof far inlets. Figure 12 indicates the various arrangements. PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT ” The fan driye may be direct of by belt. With th exception of packaged fans and, motors, direct dri -s seldom zimployed in air conditioning applicatior because of thie greater Rexibility afforded by the be “ative, =. ~~ Aivatigeménts i, 2 and 8 are.commonly used fe air-conditioning. Thé remaining choices are mod $sfied versions of Arrangements 1 and 3, Double ink Ta for bel drive are available in Arrangement nd 7. Jn delecting a suitable fant arrangément nét co and space requirements‘are considered, Single int ins are usually less expensive in the-sinaller siz while double inlet fans are lower in cost in the larg: sizes. For thesame capacity asingle inlet fan is abo: 30% taller than the double inlet type, ‘but on about 70% as wide. .ET) oo ao) ol) ew) ee 1) & IIe eS eo) J 87) J eT) 87) = J4 fe ele ales a dha CHAPTER 1. FANS Arrangement $ 15 the most widely used because the bearing location eliminates the necessity for a bearing platform. ‘Cost and required space is therefore minimized. For single inlet applications Arrangements I anid are used where the fan wheel is les than 27 inches in diameter. Arrangement 8 is not used since: the bearing on the inlet side is large enough, relative to the inlet area, to affect’ fan performance. Fans of larger sizes and double inlet fans are not Timited in this way. : ‘Arrangement 1; is’ usually mote costly’ than Ar- rangement 2 because it has two bearings and a base. ‘Where Class HIT construction is required, Arrange- ment I is preferted over Arrafigement 2. If Arrangement 81s to be used at alr teriperatiires exceeding 200 F or Atrangentent 1 or 2 at tempera tures exceeding 800 F, the fan manufacturer should be consulted so that the proper bearing or heat. _ slinger can be specified, Table 4 compares the costs of fan and drivé for several single inlet. arrangerhents. Selections ‘are based on a'constant ai quantity and static pressure. TABLE 4—ARRANGEMENT COST COMPARISON “MATERIAL COSTS (0) a7 Figure 13 shows the motor positions possible for'a belictriven fan. Use of Positions W and Z results fp the simplest construction of fan base and belt gua¥d. Figure 14 shows the standard rotation and di. ‘charge coinbinations available, penton Sri tees te Begala enn nt a Ser reeerenets rom tos ‘oie or tenses fe ean de”, interact ‘Fic, 14 — Rotation ano Disénance.6s PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT Axdal flow fans are available for belt drive or di rect connections. Thetefore, two arrangements have been. standardized throughout the industry. Are Fangement 4 js driven directly. Since the motor isin the air stream, the application of this arrangement is limited to the handling of sir which will not dam age the motor, Arrangement 9.is beltdriven, with the motor located outside of the air stream and the drive protected.» FAN’ PERFORMANCE ‘Fan performance curiés show the relatioa of pres: sure):Power input and fan eficiency for a°desired Tange of air volumes. This elation is based on con stant speed and air density. Static ratheé than total pressure and efciency are lsualy inferred. Static pressure best represents the pressure wseful in overcoming resistance. However, Static preisure isles applicable where the fan outlet velocity is igh. Further, i the fan operates against fo resistance, stale pressure is meaningless. Yn tiese total mechanical efficiency is used. Fan performance may be expressed as percentages of fated quantities or in terms of absolute quanti. fies: The former method is illustrated in Fig. 6, 7, 6 Pand It, LAWS OF FAN PERFORMANCE Fan laws are used to predict fan performance under changing operating conditiohs oF fan st ‘They are applicable to all types of fans, ‘The fan laws are stated in Table 5. The symbsig lised the formulas represent the following quar, tities: Q =Volume raté of Row thru the fan. N = Rotational speed of the impeller. P —Pressure developed by. the fan, either static or total. : Hp—Horiepower input to the fan, D. —Fan wheel diameter. The fan size number may be used if it is proportional to the “wheel diameter. W * Air density, varying directly asthe baromet ric pressure and inversely’ as the absolute temperature. : In addition to the restrictions noted in Table 5, application of thest laws is limited to cases where fans are geometrically similar and wticre there is no : TABLE 5—FAN LAWS vanianis [constant =| No. Fw . te 107]. Capt varies nthe Speeds - E : a eas [2 areeem o & oe Spten : = E enapone veto he we of 3 | terol " TTP cope ond toneponer very or : jen A | aged eee od vs Ivy ote Faw fear = 27 Peewee mols ental : TAN SE 7] Sepeiy varias othe ebook “ Sin ‘ eis vos wrth eeare of . eee ve Non 2 | pometot the Si 4 Proms : E pee Cops and Bihitien” | 10 | Seah te eee, ‘ Binion oBBanig OS ‘an psy | —=20tm — ‘ely ‘one ond Hsopover Sry # Fens nf ene ‘ Praation Spee 7 gs) fod) ) €l) el a) a) Del) el) wl) > a -1 £2) wl) le 1 = J» Gee dle Bos chs ths els hy” ee chor hae os CHAPTER 1. FANS change in the point of rating on the performance carves, Because of the Iaiter qualification, fan eff- cencies are assumed constant. Geometrically similar fans are those in which all dimensions are proportional-to fan wheel diameter. ‘The same point of rating for two fans of different size means that for each fan the pressure and air vol- ‘ume at the point of rating are the same fraction of shutofl-pressure and volume at free delivery, pto- vided the rotational speed is the same in either case. For example, an operating point on Fig. 7 will not change with the application of laws 7 thru 9, even though specific values will change. 7 Example 1 ~ Uso of Laws 1 thru 3 ven: : ‘ic quantity 38320 im Saatiepreswire 15 ine : Fined 82pm * Brake horsepower —105 > © Fin Capac, sate pieaure and horsepower if the sped i increased 16 40 rp Sution: CCapacly = 58,120 x 440/80) = $8,150 lm ‘Statie pressure = 15 x (40/382) = 20 in. wg Horsepower = 105 % (440/862) = 161 Bhp, FAN CURVE CONSTRUCTION Fan performance is usually presented ii tabular form (Table 6). However, for.a graphic analysis performance curves are more. convenient to use- If no; curves are available, tabular values of pressure and horsepower may be plotted at constant speeds over the given range of capacities, The resulting curves ‘may then be used as described under Fan Perform- ance in @ System, FAN PERFORMANCE IN A SYSTEM SYSTEM BALANCE [Any air hailing syviem consits of a particnlar combination of ductwork, heaters, filters, dehumid fiers and other components, Each system therefore hhas an individual presure-volumie characteristic ‘which is independent of the fan applied to. thie sjs! tem, This relation may be expressed graphically ofi coordinate system identical to that of a fan pe formance curve. A typical. sytem characteristic is shown in Fig. 15, ‘System curves are based on the law which states, that the resistance to.air flow (static pressure).of system varies as the square of the air volume flowing’ thru the system. In practice a static presure is calcu; lated as carefully as posible for a given system at the required air quantity, This establishes one point of the systent curve, The remaining points are obtained, by ealculation from the above law, rather than t further sate presure calculations a her air ut 4 and speed is superimposed upon a system character istic as in Fig. 15, there is only one point of int section. This point is the only possible operating point under the conditions. If the fan speed is in: creased, the point of operation moves upwaid Yo-* ‘wand the right. Ifthe speed is decreate, the operat ing point moves down and to the left. Figure 15 illustrates thie effect on system pert ance of operation at other than design conditions. ‘Such a situation could be caused by dirty filters, coil versus dry coil operation of the dehumidifier, or the modulation of a damper. Lines of constant brake el TABLE, 6—TYPICAL FAN TABLE . Bator “sasf es Zarh a06410 PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT! zs i is Bout ae mt “9 e00 ie tees aits_Sbne SAIS aia ss Fic: 15 — Errect or Cxano 1s Deston Conbitions liéisepower have been..jnicuded for ease, of analysis. Example 2 describes the analysis, ‘Point O is the design point. Poinis A and B’are new operating points resulting respectively from an increase or decrease in system resistance, Points 4 and, 2 are single, points each of two. new. system, characteristics. : Example 2— Operation Above Desig Static Presiure oe ean ‘Airquanticy —” —s200 > FAN SELECTION ‘The system requirements which influenee the selection of a fan are air quantity, static pressure, air density if other than standard, prevailing sound level or the use of the space served, available space, ‘and the nature of the load, When these requirements are known, the selection of a fan for air conditioning ‘usually involves choosing the most inexpensive combination of size and class of construction with, an acceptable sound level and efficiency. 5 Outlet velocity cannot be’ used as a criterion Bf selection from the-stindpoint of sound generation. ‘The best sound characteristic are obtained at maxi- rium fan efficiency. Fans operating at higher static pressures have greater allowable outlet. velocities since maximum efficiency occurs at higher air Guan: tities. Thus, any limits imposed on outlet vel6city ii relation to sound level depend upon the static preisure in addition to ambient sound levels and, the use ofthe area served, In regard to sound generation 4 fan should be selected as near to maximum el ciency a1 is possible arid adjacent ductwork should be properly designed, as described in Part 2 ‘The best balance of first cost and fan efficiency usually results with a fan selection slightly smallér than that repreienting the maximum -effciency ram rresaume fore} enshacrdisn eu available. However, selection of a larger, mare’efi: cient fan may be justified in the case of long operat: ing hours. Also, a larger fan may be economically preferable ifa’smaller selection necessitates a lafge ‘motor, drive and starter, or heavier construction, ‘The selection of a fan and drive can affect psyc metric conditions in the arei served, If the combina tion produces an air quantity below that required ‘at design conditions, the resting room dry-bulb temperature is higtier. When the air quantity‘is greater than requied at design conti Foém ‘controls prevent a fall in temperature. ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTIONS —_ Fan sound level doesnot vaty suficienly with tude to watrant using sound ratings at conn ‘other than sea level. ae Fan tables and curves are based on air a'stafidard atmosphieric conditions of 70 F and 29.82 in, Hg barometric pressure..If a fan is to operate at nonstandard conditions, the selection procedure must include a correction. With a given capacity and static pressure at operating conditions the adjust- ‘ments are matte as follows: oa 1. Obsain the ait density ratio ftom Chart 2.* 2 Calculate the equivalent static pressure by di viding the given static pressure by the, air d sity ratio. i" 8. Enter the fan tables at the given capacity and the equivalent static pressure to obtain and brake horsepower, This speed is correct as determined. 4. Multiply the tabular brake horsepower by the air density ratio to find the brake horsepowerat the operating conditions. sore CHART 2—-ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTIONS hiv 8 SS aS Fic. 17 — Sysrent Instaminry NOTE A et ey tam conaig PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMEN- If atmospheric corrections are ignored in the fan sélection, fan speed and air capacity: may be;to00 small, and the brake somewhat high. ‘Example 3 illustrates a fan selection at high altitude. Example 3 ~ Fai Slaton Gt High Alitude 2. The cquivatent. atte, presmre-f, equal to vines ea 176 in. we. 8. Sete trom Tale 6a se? doe inf spe at 520 spin and requlring 1845 Bhp 4. The detiga sped at $000 ft is 520 rpm, 8 ‘he ke Hesponerer-h diie 'i 088 1545 0r 112 Dip.” 6. At the fan outlet Velciy of 1800 fpm and the ejulice stati pressure of 1.75 in. ng, enter Chart 1. The election fs well within the range of a'ClassT fan. Thi is the rope sletion, io ‘At altitudes above 3800 feet, fam métor techpera- ture-guarantees may not apply. High’ altitude applications should therefore be brought to the inanu- facturer's attention. ACCESSORIES, 068 parse tor pas Fan “accessories are available to fulfill “specific ‘needs. Where applicable, the following accessories ean aid in assuring’a satisfactory air-conditioning systein, » se ay Serres ‘Aécess doors on the fan seroll sheet should be provided whenever there i a possibility of dire collect: ing inside the fan. Drains A dain sould be “specifica wesc nd en Honor water carry-over may ose. Variable Inlet aos 3 Figure 18 shows a set of variable inlet vanes. These. vanes ate volume control device and may be automatically ‘or manually actuated. They. are.recoii- ‘mended for applications with long periods of re duced capacity operation and for-use with static ‘capacity required’ at 5000 fet Se Pare 2 cnt 3 for gh hitde load eletetions and duct design respecte. Fic, 18 — VaRIApLx INLET VANES pressure regulators. Use of variable inlet vanes further discussed under Control. Outlet Dampers Outlet datnpers are a volume control device 2 tnay be automatically or manually actuated. Th may be used for. applications requiting extre capacity reduction for short periods of time or small adjustments. These dampers are illustrated ig. 19. Their use is further discussed under Cont: ltolatore . In order of decreasing vibration isolation + ‘iency, steel spring isolators, double rubber-in-sh isolators, and single rubber-inshear isolators are used for fart installations. These isolators’ are r ‘mally used in conjunction with steel channel br ‘0 that the fan and the motor may be mounted Fic, 19 — Qurver Damesns Jel 6) a) ec) et) a) eo) eo) ee ec sllen) J ae) ye) Ty eealss Glos cls lew chop cles cles che 4 4 a 4 a a | CHAPTER 1. FANS an integral surface. For a more complete discussion of vibration gelation, refer to Chapter 2 of this part. Bearings ve oe ‘Ball bearings aré thé most common typeof béaring used on fans. The sleeve oil bearing can be provided at an extra cost and is initially a quieter bearing, However, its, quietness has been overemphasized since. the beating noise ea not materially add to the fan air ase, © Variation of he air vome delivered. by a fin aay be accoinplished by several methods:, 1: Variable speed motor control 2. Outlet damper control 3. Variable inlet.vane control”, 4, Scroll volume control 5, Fan drive chahge"® - Use of a vatltble spéed'motor to conwea f gaciy the most ices meaas of ntl best from the standpoint of sound level Howeic, i is the most expensive method. ‘Use of outlet dampers with a constant speed {s the least expensive method but thé'Teastelfcfent of the first three mentioned above. we Variable inlet vanes may be used to adjust the fan delivery efciently over a wide range. This miet coitrols che amount of air spin at the fan inlet, thus controlling the static pressure and horsepower te- quirement at a given fan speed. “ore bot Figure 20 compares variable inlet vane, control, outlet damper control and speed coritrol as éizh Af. fects fan performance. The horsepower curves, cate the power required at Yatious. vane. settings. damper positions and fan speeds respectively. «10 ‘The horsepower curve for variable inlet vane con tral (Fig. 20) is based on a fan designed with pple. mentary fixed air inlet vanes, such that thete, is no loss in efficiency when variable vanes are used jin- stead. A loss of static eficiency as great as 16% results from the use‘of variable inlet vanes on fan Er ane oa Fic, 20 ~ Comrranison oF Fan Contaot Merionsou PART 6, AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT ‘Tubeaxial and vaneaxial fans are often equipped. with adjustable blades for matching the fan to sy. tem requirements. , om sama, Pope a iy be steed de cr n/t adjustable ; Padre LOCATION. : wats inten : ‘Reler to Part 2 for the aspects of fan location: “The veneer totum effect of fan motor location on the:syste: cooling load and air votume is discused in Pat 1. 2h * MULTIPLE SNSTALLATIONS “Fans hay be’atraiiged”in'serles or in’ patallel's provide for operating eanditions not met yy the ise ofasingle fan. Possible sles applications include: 1, Reciveulatig fain 2. Bodster fan. | '3."Rewim ait fan ene ee inci se ep {Bi could be condliconed in this manner. ‘The purpose is to obtain greater air motion, usually ‘The most common series application is the returr in a relatively lightly loaded ares, or to deciease the air fan; usually used on extensive: duct systems t temperature difeence between supply aie and room failtate the controling of the mixture of retun air An industrial application prompted by the for. __ air and outdoor air and to avotd the excesiveroon ‘mer purpose is the recirculation of air in ait inspec” © static pressures required (Fig. 23). Use of a rewn tion room served, by.the Same system as neighbor... 2ir fan also pfovides a convenient miethod for ex {ng production area. | hasining aie from a tightly constructed building. ‘A booster fan is use to step up the’ sian pfeiine _-Inalr conditioning, fans are seldom directly stage inca disuibution system in order to servé a remote with the outlet of the fist being the-inlet ofthe ‘ond. The fan efficiency and the operating econom suffers if this method is used for merely obtaining higher static pressure. Fic, 22— Booster Fan ie requies a small'air quantity relative to the tte primary air (Fig. 22). A conference room (space A Tho maou commones teva aa) sures serum ale exiausr vie i Fic, 21 — Recrecutatine Fan Fic, 28 — Rerunw Aim EAN ) ed ans “) ) a) a) a) a3 1 @) 2) @) @ ol) wl) eo) eo) a> )€~) &ee ee ee ee ‘wale ls ~ els eds ‘oole cals CHAPTER 1. FANS ~ ant may be, applied in parallel if dictated ‘by space limitations or if provision is to be made for a future addition, Centrifugal fans are available fac- torymounted in eabinets for the former’ reason. Parallel fans provide greater capacity at a common 615 sratie Pressure, However, a parallel design is eeldom ‘chosen juit to increase capicity since no improve- ‘ment in fan efficiency occurs and economy is not warraniéd by the greater first cost of the parallel installation.(ES, SS TS TSC Te ES DE a SS ELCHAPTER - 2. AIR ‘CONDITIONING. APPARATUS ‘This chapter! coniains: practical information to gulde the engincer inthe application, eelection and Fhstallation of various types of ai conditiotiing apparatus, remote from the source of refrigeration. ‘Although the concept of air conditioning includes ‘tie moving, heating and cleaning of air, this chapter jg devoted primarily to cooling, dehumidifying and frumidifying equipment. Other types of air handling equipment are dicussed in Chapters and 3 of shis pare aba ‘TYPES OF APPARATUS ‘Air conditiosing apparatus may be classified into two major groups: =" : 1. oil equipment in which the conditioning me- ey _ These ewo groups may be subclassified inckan3. ee ‘Because of its specialized application, package ‘unitary air conditioning equipment, is descr (Chapter 3 of this part: Termninal equipment cessed in Parts 10 and 12. - STANDARDS: AND “CODES *” ‘The application and installation of air condition. « ing apparatus should conform; all codes, laws and ‘regulations applying at the job site: ag “Applicable’ provisions of the American Standard - Safety Code B9.1 aiid ARL, ASHRAE andl /AMCA Standaids gover the testing/-rating and ‘manu ture of ar conditioning apparatuse—""=~ 7) chs shy cba hs ale abe abe ole chy ae cbs le dium treats the air thru @ closed heat transfer " surface”, FAN-COiL EQUIPMENT!" ° ac ‘2. Washer equipment in which the conditioning “As the esa implies the rimary eonsticuen of & medium contacts the air direc. fancoll unit area fan to produce alow of air and, ‘ration eee sar peoues| caastoe] [mann | bey pha” hy” les abe hes aes6.38 PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT Fic, 25 —Muttr-Zone Fan-Coit Unit Fic. 26 ~Srrav Corn Section.” chilled water or direct expansion coil t6 cool and de- humidify the air, Accessories such as a heating coi, ‘a humilifer and a filter section are normally avail able to perform, if necessary, the remaining air eon- ditioning functions. ‘The required components may be assembled into a factory-fabricated, cabinet style ehage Figure 24 and 25 how epectively a singe zone and a multizone fan-eojl uni A spray col section is shown in Fig. 26;Since such equipment is intended for incorporation in a built: ‘up apparatus, itis not fan-oil equipment. However, because of the similarity of function, spray coil ‘equipment is discussed in this setion, Differences in Fis. 27 — Spray Fan-Con. Unit 47 ) a) a ee a} -} ae) al) eS) ea) co) 1S ete Ja" ) ee" sedor ee cs se a CHAPTER 2, AIR CONDITIONING APPARATUS 619 application and layout will be noted as they, ‘Figure 27 ilkustates a spray fan-coil unit. Single zone and multizone fan-coil units dllfer physieally in the location of the fan relative to the Fooling coil. In a single zone unit, the fan is located downstream of the cooling coil. Therefore, this type fof unit is often termed a “draw-thru” Gnit, A youltl Jone unit may be referred to 2s a “blow:thru”” wait ‘ince the fan is focated upstream of the coil. Figures 28 and 29 indicate the flow of air thru the two types of central station fan-coll apparatus, ‘Typical variations occurting in’ total pressure, siatie pressure and velocity presure, as-air pastes thru a fancoil unit, are illustrated in Fig. 30 and 31- "The use of a fan equipped with a diffuser helps to convert velocity pressure’ to static pressure with & sinimum energy loss. te Fanojl units are furnished with either forward: or backward-urved blades. Forwardcurved blade fans are well suited for such use, since they perform at slower speeds than other typet of fans: Fari wheel Construction is lighter in weight, suore compact and lew expensive than with backward-curved, blades. Longer fan shafts are permissible because of the slower speeds: ay Fio,29— Am Frow— MurtrZoe UNF ‘humidity control fequired. : ‘A-single zone unit most effectively serves an area characterized by a relatively constant or uniformly varying Ioad. Ideally, this area would be = large rooms. However, multizoom applications ‘practical, provided a given variation in Toad oes fn all rooms simultancously and in the simé portion, If required, zoning may be accomplished by reheat or air volume control in the branch, ducts. tn a multizoom application where load compe: ‘nents vary independently and as 4 function of time, a ynulti-zone apparatus ‘provides individual, space Control with a single fan unit. For this typeof load 42 multi-zone installation is less expensive than ‘asin tle zone inotallaion with a multiplicity of duct re heat coils. a hs ‘Since a multi-done unit permits outdoor alr. to bypass the cooling coil at partial loads, it se is Par Eeularly adapted to applications with high sensi hheat factors and a minimum of obtdoor air, 3¢ hy ity control is required with a mliizone wit, & ing coil may be installed in- the minigayet precoolin Sutdoor air duet. : of Brie ee cS ic rnsa ° “bar es io, 81 — Pressure Vantarions (Btow-Taaw Ux)6-20 + A standard fancoil unit affords'a close tempera ture control only." measure of humidity control may be obtained by providing a unit humidifier such as a city water spray package-Hlowever, if more certain humidity ‘control is required, a spray coil sector spray faizcoil unit is better sulted to the application, Spray cil eqifpment may be i cooling and dehumidification, winter humidification and evaporative cooling in intermediate seasqus. Its tue i prelesred for applications where humidity +. control is"required, such as in industrial, pedi, hospitals, braries andl museums. Spray coil equipment may abo’ be equipped with a. spray ywater heater to provide simultaneous cooling of heating, an humidification,“ * ita Standat fan-col equipieng, both shige’ ‘iultizone, may b¢,obtainéd “for aft deliveries aé high as 50,000 cfm. Muluiple spray coil secisis ate available for air quantities exceéding 60,000 cim, Where the sie of available factory fabricated équllp- ‘nents excedded, the apparatus must be constructed of individial cooting cols or spray coil sections: Static pressure limitations on fan-coil unit, fans vary widely wich thé manifaccurer considered. Avail able cabinet fan presioze classes are defined in Ghepter {of this part UNIT SELECTION ‘The selection of fan-coil equipment is a tiiattér of achieving the required performance atthe’ fix nun econdniy.. The écoriothie aspect includes ot only the particular unit arid coil chosen bist‘also the effect of that choice on other system componéans, Such as piping, ductwork ‘and refrigeration équip- ‘The seleition procedure involves: cidosi unit size’and the evil. A coil selectioni includes the- etermination of the coil depth in rows required, the optitmuim collin spacing and, in the ‘caje" of chilled water coils the appropriate circuiting?! Unt Size With the ‘dehumidified air quantity known, the choice of init size normally precedes the coil selection. In-most cases; the:sine is determined by the ‘cooling col face velocity... RE When selecting a coil face velocity, itis suggested that the highest allowable face velocity be weed. in the. inigrest-of economy.” Manufacturers rate the coil at maximum face velocities proven by tests to be sutisfuctory, with respect to both the entrainment of moisture clroplets and air resistance. However, if PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT. simultaneous reheat arid dehumidifcation is re. Quited of che unit, the maximum recommended cooling coil face velocity may be ess than that other. wise allowed, depending on the design of the partie. ular unit in question, Since @ unit reheat coil isnot as deep as the cool: ing coil and does, not, condense. moisture, limiting ° the unit size by limiting the heating coil face veloc. ity is not economically justifiable. Manufacturers of fancoil. equipment have designed their internal heating coils id provide optimum performance at recommended cooling coil face velocities. ‘As explained in Chapier 1 of this part, fan outlet velocity should not be-used asa ¢election criterion reflecting the intensity of sound generation. Sound characteristics improve’ with ising: fant efficiency, Father than with decreased ouilet velocities. tected A particular cooling coil is selected to produce esired effect om the air’ passed thru jt, in accord: ance with the sensible, latent and total cooling loads calculated for the space and with the condition of the air entering the coil. However, the fnat selection defines “also the required chilled water flow, the pres. ‘yure drop af that flow andthe requized enterisig ‘water temperature; or in the case of a direct expansion coll, the’ refrigerant temperature. ‘Therefore, the coilselegtion should be made with régard to re. + frigerant side or chilted ‘water side performancé as well as io airside performance. > “This, each coil selection has swo faceti which may be regarded, as independent for the purposes of se- Jection. ‘Ar side and refrigerant side’performaiées should be considered separately and then matched to produce the final economically’ optimiim ‘coil selection, The apparatus dewpoint method of coil se- * lection provides means for matching air side and relrigerant side performances. This method is described in Part 1. The two.step opncept of éoil selection is presented. as follows: A 1, Make'a tentative coil selection in terms of rows arid fin spacing, based on the bypass factor re- ‘quired by established air conditions. Coil by- Pass factor determines apparatus dewpoint. % Determine the refrigerant ‘side’ performance, ‘using the apparatus dewpoint found inthe first step. This involves finding the required refrigerant temperaturé for direct expansion coils ot the chilled water quantity, temperaturé and resulting pressure drop for water coils. > SSS ) <) J gird oJ) el) aco) i =} ~) mr) JS} ee ee) IES) ae8 el eG oi ols ef ols ob ok a tha” ‘a CHAPTER 2. AIR CONDITIONING APPARATUS ‘Thus, the coil can be tentatively selected without regard to the final refrigeration machine selection. If the fist coil selection does not provide satisfac tory refrigerant side performance, another coil with adequate air side performance may be tried. The ‘optimum selection assures proper performance at the ledst owning and operating gost. dewpoin's of the various areas difler. Rather than penalizing the cost of the entire system by selecting {he lowest room apparatus dewpoint as the coil ap- pparatus dewpoint, 2 higher, more representative Peparatus dewpoint may be chosen, and a compromise accepted in the design relative hurmidity.in the room with the lower apparatus dewpoint. ‘The in- ‘creased relative humidity is offset by a decrease in dry-bulb temperature. Such a.decision may be re- {quired in the case of a conference room with its rel atively high latent Joad, Ifa compromise is unaccept- table for this application, maximum economy may tbe achieved by furnishing the special area with & separate system. ‘The various types of coil Yatings .and selection’ techniques encountered either use ditecly, Or are derived from, one of two methods. They are the apparatus dewpoint (eflective surfaée, temperature) method and the modified basic data methodsThe latter involves calculating coil performance from basic heat transfer data and equations. It combines airside and refrigerant side performance determina tion into a single operation. Hlowever, the basic data’ fethod. requires assumptions ‘which are’ ssally modified later in the selection, and is’ therefore.a trial anderror procedure. Calculated coil depth inay be a decimal figuie which must be rounded t0,2 ‘whole ‘number, in turn necessitating a recalculation of performance. The apparatus dewpoint method is ‘Often in a rauitizone application, the apparitus derived from the two-step concept of coll selection « and implements its use. Coil rows aré dealt with in terms of standard whole numbers only. 7 Charts 4 and 5 are conversion charts used to evalu- ate the air side performance of any cooling tol, with, centering and leaving air conditions established, This performance is in terms of coil bypass factor and ap- ‘aratus dewipoint. A straight edge, fixed at the enter ing dry-bulb temperature and rotated to pass thru the various intersections of the coil bypass factor and the line connecting entering and leaving wet- ‘bulb temperatures, indicates the coil bypass factor which satisfies the leaving dry-bulb temperature: ‘The apparatus dewpoint can be read at the choven intersection, eat Where’ the bypass factor for a particular coil és ‘unknown, the coil performance may be plotted on the chart, and the bypass factor may be read at the Intersection of the enteting-leaving wetbulb and drybulb lines. The bypass factors of various’ coils ‘may thus be directly compared. __-When selecting a eoling collin conjunction with ‘in air conditioning load estimate form; the bypass factor of the coil selected stiould agree reasonably swith the bypass factor assumed in the estimate. If t Goes not, the estimate should be adjusted accord: ingly, as indicated in Part 1. ‘Relrigerant side coil ratings presume a tentative coil'selection when based on the apparatus dew: - point. Chart 6 and Table 7 illustrate apparatus dewpoint refrigerant side ratings for chilled water and ‘irect expansion coils respectively. Such charts are tused in the second step of the two-step approach described above. Table 8 shows the éntering wet-bulb type of rating for direct expansion coils. This method of presenta- ton is used frequently and may or may not be derived frotn the appafatus dewpoint method, For a direct expansion coil, optimum coil circuit ing is incorporated by the manufacturer into the ‘coil design, A direct expansion coil ‘experiences a decreased capacity: with an increased. refrigerant pressure drop caused by a greater coil circult length. ‘This is true even with a given coil surface: “Chilled water coils are usualy offered with two or ‘more circuiting arrangements, and the final coll se; ection prescribes the circuiting. The coil with the Jeast nuraber of circuits‘has the greatest number of passes back and forth across the col face and vice Nerea. The minimum circuited coil has a greater “Capacity and produces a higher chilled water temperature risé at a given water quantity, However, the greater number of pasies of 2 minimum cir exited coil zesults in a pressure drop higher than that thru a coil of the same size but with more cir cuits and less passes, Minimum clrguited coils are ‘Often used’ on lange extensive systems in which the greater pumping bead required is more than offéet economically by the reduced first cost of piping and insulation. cen aes “With the required air side cail performance given, the greater ihe difference between apparatus dew: point and entering’ chilled water temperature the Tmaller the required water quantity will be. There fore, the choice of a chilled Water temperature may fnvolve an economic analysis of the first costs and operating costs of the refrigeration plant versie thePART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT. freavins *:esfeonomions CHART A—CONVERSION CHART (48F TO .GOF-ADP) 1ES7 G27 SS ee ee oe) Oe) eo ee aeis fs eG ole ake oh of oh le od le os clos elk \CHAPTER:2, AIR, CONDITIONING. APPARATUS ‘s QHART 5—CONVERSION CHART (36F TO 48F. ADP)om PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMEN TABLE 7—DIRECT EXPANSION COIL RATINGS (APPARATUS DEWPOINT) UAPPARATUS DEWPOINT (F) J] “arraatus pewnoinr ae ue fu] afar «[“[*]s][2[s]%]=] 0] e]0]eTa a] 6 [ea] s0 [se [ee fs Tae ete teesiozeant Tear Rerhiezanr Tear @ 1 ROWS, 9 Finevinen 4 ROWS, (a FIns/iNcn = 7 ABBR ARR a aya/2/zyejz/a/elejel«]s]2]sla]s|s]s|s/elelele) aL myalsleie/eia/aialeyesspa/a sis 21S sree lalate ls Hale] 2]2/e[e/s/epe lapels ysis ais /ala/elefalasal al siatelatelalstela[e leis ia (ailsis (si etal aisles PRT T2/2 [2] 2/2 1s] t= 2 apes peepee eee zyzfsvejztele{aie/e)"|a]a]s[a|2)e/eta(ehepele fepr|apr alsa ls 1s slalelalala|afalale afalalals [o/s Jalal alata(s{e/s apal steps a B[a[ le latsy ote ele “8 a1S] els alatalals|s]s of lg ala /s/e alalalalels ‘ xs alalafals x 42}7| ele CHART &~CHILLED WATER COIL RATINGS (APPARATUS DEWPOINT) ee 2 © ae [oe e p E (thousonds) = SRAND TOTAL HEAT (OTU/HR) -SRAND TOTAL EAT (8TUAHR) Paty? ten ‘THRU MAX: CIRCUIT con. J ge ed SS ae) eo OSS ee ee JET? ) SSCdaw oe oG ee ce eG ch ob ae cs ce de cs oh oe GHAPTER 2 AIK CONDITIONING APPARATUS ams #ZoOuING con RATINGS (ENTERING. WeT-suL8 THANERATUREY x ‘ a: a ” 8 Oa & 5 : og a ae to ae i aa el a eg Hi gt sea an urnavne means (gx Sy wna Ms EA WHA ROR 3, “ ron EEN AE OY soe vd me tw ten Be Walocty ‘eat Foca Vestn °° TS q = as i z a we Nee aye Bed aa , x % BREUREEEES 4 ke a Beye eas “ u Z HWE EBLE Be 8 i HRBEG HE : 8 4 BERERERER HEE r 8 y EUHE EEE TS 8 Z BERR REDE ea. 6 Tee oh 7. Bese eas ee gas «eee BREECH S EEE ES BE EES eo He BEEPS SE GBR EEN fare ere, Oe ows gin per aqua foot oho costs of the piping system. The selection. of’ the Water temperature should not be arbitrary; how: ver, experience. has showin ‘that a-temperature ap- proxifiately 5 degiees below the apparatus dewpoint FE the maximum water temperature chat should be - Used to effect an economical system design. If the resulting water quantities seein to be too high,'a lower temperature can be’ assumed, and its influence on the refrigeration machine size; power input and piping ects should be studied, With a given coil, oad and apparatus dewpoint, wher, the chilled water temperature is reduced, the required water quantity decreases and the temperature fise increase. ‘By using a ‘coil which requires a smaller water quantity ata higher temperature rise, the following ‘advantaget may be realized: : . ‘A, smaller retrigéra Teeted, or ion maenine ‘ay. bb. The horsepower" rejuirement may Be duced for the samé’size machine by' 8p ing at an i ‘eased evaporator temperatue, fe. The condesser piping or’ heat’ re ‘equipment may be red J fon iced for the same size” machine by operating 2t 2 higher conden. ‘ing Yemperatire wi 2 Lower chilled water di itigs in_piping, pump an objainied. istribintion costs id insulation. may less condenser. wate eas 81 A imitation ial dnipooed om dh inn, the velocity required for! fled ater quan byPART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT efficient heat transfer. A minimiim Reynolds inume ber of 8500 is suggested to insure predictable and clicient performance of a coil. Therainimum chilled water flow required to maintain tKis Reynolds num: ber is approximately 0.9 gpm per circuit for a % in. OD coil tube diameter. For a in. OD tube diam- ter, the minimum flow suggested is 0.7 gpra per ‘Well water may be circulated thru chilled water ‘coils If ts of éuficient quantity and at a satisfactory temperasure and quality. However, well water tem- eratures are usually low enough to produce sensible ‘cooling only and little or no latent heat removal. In such a case, the well water may be utilized in'a pre! : Fiters ; Factory fabricated filter sections for both high ye locity or low velocity fiers are normally obtainable from the manufacturer of a fan‘coil unit. Either throwaway ot leanable filters can be weil? Fér built-up apparatus fekdassembled filter frames are available. ~ IC high velocity filters are to be used in a low we- locity filter section, the full area of air flow isi required. Rather than fill up the entire section with CHART .7—VIBRATION ISOLATOR DEFLECTION 0000 gg 58 DISTURGING FREGUENCY (CYCLES PER MINUTEY oot 005 a 05 7 “STATIC. DEREECTION (IN 20-30 PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT high velocity filters operating at a loy velocity, blank off pieces may be installed, thus lowering the effective area. Blank offs should. be located uniformly ‘across the face of the filter section instead ‘of concen- ‘ated in one place. Filters a¥e discussed in detail pare in Chapter 4 of this INSTALLATION location Br “The economic and sound level considerations pertaining to the location of air handling apparatig a1 ‘iscussed in Part 2, ate applicable to fan-cell equip. ‘Two of the most important factors in the Jocatior of air conditioning equipment are the availability of outdoor ait and the ease of air renir..Ourdoor™ air may be brought to a unit thru a wall, 00f ot central building chase. Itis preferable to lecate ue: door air intakes so'that they do not face walls of. spaces where noise would be objectionable, Air may be teamed thru a duct system or directly to the ‘equipment room. oe toyour : AA fancoil unit may be of the vertical or liorizon: tal type, depeniding upon the direcion’of ait flow entering the fan cabinet."It may be floor mouated of; in the case of a horizontal unit, suspended from above. The choice of unit stjle and mounting’ ust. all- depends upon spice'requirements and optimnim. duet layout. A support bate may be employed, if necessary as discussed under Vibration Isola A practical location recognizes the need for fe: tive servicing of the unit. A minimum of 30 inches is suggested to provide access between the unit and the nearest wall, This facilitates servicing of steam traps, fan bearings, damper motors and fan Jn addition, servicé space about the, unit must be provided for filer removal, coil removal, fan shiaft Temoval, and the cleaning of cleanable coils. Suspended units shoutd be accesible from above, if possible 1 frequent access Js required and space permits, a catwalk may be required. An access plenum and door should be provided between the filter section and coil section of a spray fancoll uni. This access perniits periodic inepection and cleaning of the sprays and drain pan. = A level unit is necessary to insure proper @ainage from coils and drain pan, Manufacturers of spring vibration isolators usually provide leveliag devices ee in the isolator to compensate fot deflection differ. Units located outdoors require suitable motors and the protection of fan dtive and shaft bearings, as well as insulation as noted below. For information pertaining to the design of air Aistribution system components and piping'at the ‘unit, refer to Parls2 and 3, “ Insulation In a fan-coil unie the casing housing the fan dew tion, cooling coil section and components down, stream of the cooking coil aré usually internally fn, sulated. ‘This insulation is adequate for normal interior applications. The ouedoor ait intake dart should be insulated and vapor sealed to prevent oon, densation‘on the duct during cold weather. If the intake is kept as short as possible, insulation costs are minimized. Insulation and vapor sealing of the mixing box'may Be required,.depending on the ‘quantity of outdoor air introduced and on the win. {er design temperature. Intakes for units circulating 100% outdoor sir should be insulated up to the pre. heater. Units located outdoors should be completely cov- ered and caulked with weatherproofing mater If the outdoor air temperature can fall, below the dev. point of the alr within the unit, the unit should be externally insulated vapor sealed and weather, roofed to, prévent interior condensation and tb ‘minimize heat loses. The insulation on the top su. faces of the unit should be slightly crowned 0 that water can run of. CONTROL fan air conditioning apparatus is to perform sit ‘sfactofily under partial load in the conditioned area) a means of effecing a capacity reduction in Proportion, to the instantaneous load is’ required. ‘The three methods most commonly employed for capacity control are air Bypass control, chilled water Jaa) J a, Oe) ae 1" Je J” 17 > es 187 1887 |SGHAPTER 2, AIR CONDITIONING APPARATUS quirement is illustrated in Fig, 4. The relation be- ren effective coil surface temperature and percent bf dexign room sensible heat depends on the volume of outdoor aif conditioned by the coil * “However, decreasing the low of chilled water thra the coil as & means of capacity control‘causes the ef fective coil surface temperature to rise as the load decreases. Therefore, room humidity also rises. For wl oe ae 3690 this reason it is preferable to maintain the design ‘Pence ALE ETLO flow of chilled water thru the coil at alleimes.. 7 ‘Figure 35a shows a typical cooling coll proces at full load for a given set of entering air and wat conditions. Figures 35b, 35c and 354 depict at b oad the three riethods of control cited and the influence in each case on effective coll surface teinper: tore. Air vollume control is similar in effet to, ait Fic, $4 — Require Cott PERroRMANCE = ¥ recune eftere stench Texreurone BY Tt core wean) aa ger 20> is Yo slue cra cee a sinus Lono, Cran WATER CONTROL, 2° Fic, 85 — Tvricat. Coouno Cort, PROCESSES neeog as ar 08 DESIRED SENSIBLE. Near. cron, a ic, 85 —Renzar Cowtnot Reqvinencents bypass control. However, the bypassing of air around the coil permits a relatively constant air delivery to be maintained. . a As dliscusted in Part 1, upplicaiions with high tae tent loads may require reheat control of room icin- perature. Figure 36 indicates the amount of reheat required, relative to room total heat; to maintain design relative humidity. at_various sensible heat rrtios. : ‘COIL FREEZE-UP PROTECTION ‘The ‘freexing of water” in. preheat; reheat “and ‘chilled water coils nay damiage the tails and lesd.to costly repairs, Freezing may occur-not only in coils of units operating during cold weather but also in the coils of units névin’operation. 8 Outdoor ‘air at sublréezing iemperatares often comes in contact with heat transfer surfaces asi te, sult of air temperature stratification. StratiReation ‘Scause. usually by incomplete mixing of retirn and outdoor air or by an uneven temperature rise thea the preheat coil. The corplete mixing of ‘air may be promoted by the proper arrangement and design of the ductwork, Uneven temperature tises thru preheat éoils and heating coil freeze-up may be Drevenced as outlined in Chapter # of this pare Coil freeze-up may also be caused by the direct in troduction of cold air thru an unprotected coil. Cir. culation of outdoor air thrw’an interies. farceoil unit not in operation ‘can be induced by a stack effec, particularly if the unit is on one of the lower floors of tall building, ~ PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT Jn addition to design precautions against stratif. cation, the following methods may be employed to protect a.water coil: 1, Remove the water from the coil during the winter. ° 2 Run the chilled water pump. 3. Decrease the freezing point of the coil water, Removal of the water from the coil should be ac. colmpanied by blowing out the coil with a portable blower to remove residual water, An alternate method of freeze protection is to circulate an inhity ited antifreete solution thru the coil before final drainage. . Operating the chilled water pump during the win. ers a costly solution to the problem of freeziig. In ation, fis not a ceriain method since a plugged tube could still freeze. ‘The practice of using a properly inhibited alcohol brine or antifreeze thruout the year for col freezexp protectin is-becoming more common. Brines have ‘been developed and are now available, particularly for this purpose. Refer to Part WASHER EQUIPMENT ‘The most commonly applied type of washer equipment isthe central station washer (Fig. 37) designed for incorporation into a Fele-built apparatus. Figure 38 is a cutaway view of the same type of ‘washer and indicates the direction Of air fow. ‘This washer consists of a rectangular steel chamber, closet at the top.and sides an! mounted on = Fic, 37 — CenraaL Station Waster J) 71 & 1) eS See) eo eee eee) & )oh the os oe es oe de te eG ay tho ce ae Ge da Ge who the whe” CHAPTER 2. AIR CONDITIONING APPARATUS. ets shallow watertight tank of steel or concrete, Inlet bales located at the air-eniering end of the washer promote uniform air velocities thru the washer and fninimize-the ‘praying back of water into:the en teance’chamber a6 4 resuli of air eddy. currents. At the airleaving end of the-washer, eliminators, are provided to remove entrained water droplets. Within the washer spray'chamber two banks of opposing spray nozzles provide finely divided drop- Jets of water uniformly distributed. After contacting, the air; the water is collected in the tank and is re turned tothe sprays by a recirculating pump: ‘A ceitral station washier may be designed for ie x or a3 a dehumidifier. The physical ange fier is normally shorter in airwity length ‘than’ 2, humidifier. | a ‘Washers ‘may also be obtained in a uniiary de: sign. A’unitary Spray washer, comparable in design and function to a central station washer, e'shown in ow fie mle J ee ro om a Fig. 39. Osher types of unitary washers involve the wetting of a fibrous fil or set of pads located in the air sifeam, : “The particular washer shown in Fig. 39 operates athigh spray chamber air velocities ind is; therefore, ‘Smaller than a central station washer fora given air volume. Figure 40 indicates the path of the air.thi the unit components. The watt inludes an inl sixing plenum, a vaneaxial fa ‘aspray section and a rotating el ‘Two to six banks of sprays conulition the air and clean Ié of dirt’and other airborne particles. After ‘contact with the ai, the water dains from the spray section toa central tank from which itis recirculated. -_ [APPLICATION po caget tae Air washers ate primarily émiployed in industtal air conditioning applications. The use of sprays per mits’ humidification, dehurnidification. or, evapors- tive cooling, as required. In addition, sprays enable Fic, 98 — CenTRAL Sramion Wasitén (SecTIONAL View)‘degree of huinidity control not possible with Sil, alone. ‘Washer equipment is effective in the removal of certain types of odors and dirt from the air. In applications where coils could become clogged with airborne solid particles, washefs require 2 minimum cof maintengnce. a ‘This flekibility of function is obtained at a zela- tively low installed cost of equipment per unit of air delivery. A large ait capacity is realized fxomn equipment of low weight. “This eype of equipment i, however, open hydrau- lically and thus presents problems in piping design and’ system balancing. Refer to Part 3 for a discussion of washer piping. Since the low of air and water thru the apparatus is parallel and since a gravity feturn of water is usually employed in a dehumidifier ‘application, pipe sizes tend to be larger in an open system and the piping system arid insulation more expensive. z ams ri we; Fh ime oaurens sen ourrosen -ceemow PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT *. ‘The spraying of water at high pressures such as aré required in washer equipment produces 2 noise level high enough to be objectionable under some ireumstances. Sound treatment is not usually re. should be investigated. : “The unitary.spray. washer shown in Fig. 39 re quires considerably less space’ than a central station type and requires no special apparatus room. Tt is ‘ofe flexible in meeting the necessities o plant lay. ‘out change and is more adaptable to zoning. The salvage value is high and the operating weight low. ‘The central station washer installation results in lower fan noise levels and lower fan operating costs, Since central station washers are“usually fewer in riumber and more centrally Iocated than unitary ‘washers, they requite less piping when used as de- ‘humidifiers for a giveh installation, Central station washers may. be obtained for ai deliveries of 2000 to 886,000 cfm. Unitary spray ‘washers are available in the delivery range of 7800 0 47,000 cfm. Humidifor ‘A spray humidifier provides evaporative cooling thruout the year, as required, and heating during the swinter season, if necessary. It is particularly suitable to applications where large quantitie: of sensible hheat are to be removed, and where comparatively high relative humidities are to be uniformly maintained without the need for controlling dry-bulb crane ied oat a > Les ‘CouMEETION exmacaton ‘see an ‘connection fone WATER comneerion Fic. 40 — Hiest Vetocery Wasiter (SECTIONAL VIEW) el! el) a Td Jeet el) el) en) oI ~ 3 1 ~ eT) J oJ ) 7) ) 1a"CHAPTER 2 AIR CONDITIONING APPARATUS i ii SS ed temperature above a prescribed minimum, This type of washer equipment has been used extensively Gn the conditioning of industrial facilities exigaged in the niandfacture or processing of hygroscopic materials, Such industries include textiles, paper inanu- facturing, printing and tobacco processing. 2 ‘A system’ of supplementary room atomizéri is often used in conjunction with a spray humidifier in order to lower the frst cost of the system. The psy- chrometrics of a combination system are,outlined in Part 1. - ° ‘Spray humidifeis’ require’ the ‘recirculition ‘of ‘water with no refrigeration. Recirculation veciry at the apparatus'in ‘the case of the ‘central station* washer. With the unitary washer, the recirculation ‘of the water ig produced centrally. Dehumidifier . = ‘A spray dehumidifier pravides sensible cooling and dehumidifcation “during the summer season, evaporative coofing.during the rest of the year,'and heating, if necessary, during the winter. It is used where lower relative humidities are'to be uniformly ‘maintained and where dry-bulb temperatures ate be controlled at a\ comfortable level. A. source. of chilled water is required for this applica In a multiple central station system installation, the recirculated water quantity remains constant for cach washer, and the chilled water fs introduced jn varying quantities at she suction of the recirculating puitip during the dehumidifying season. Se¢ Patt 3. ‘The excess water retuining to, the washer tank“is cither pumped baék to a central collection tank’or, more commonly, drained from the washer to the central tank by gravity. If-a gravity return is Gin ployed, a weir is. required in the washer, tank to faaineain the water level inthe tank. Rate of reign ina pump-back appli trol valve actiated by the washer-tank water’ 1 ‘Areuurn pump should be sized to provide froma 10% to 20% more capacity than ig requifed. In elther ‘may be varied by'a case, the amount of chilled water admiteed to:the, apparatus should be limited to 2 maximum of 90% of the recirculated water quantity. # Various ‘central station tank arrangements are shown in Fig. 41. Figures 4a and 418. apply'to gravity return dehumidifiers. Figures 4c and 4d ire typical of pumped feturn dehumidifiers or evaporative cooling applications. . ‘Although wnitary spray washers may be arrdnged ‘in the same manner as central station washers, they ate usually supplied directly with chilled water with no xécirculation at the unit. Spray density, therefore, varies with load. Water return is by gravity to a central eollection tank, ‘During the months that retrigeration is not required, the chilled water pump serving the’entral station spray dehunjidifierisidle. = ‘Although efficient heat transfer is promoted by the direct contact of air and spray water in a washer, the parallel flow of air and water is less conducive to heat transfer than the counterflow procéss,possible =a asin. ae thee : ve lO ae sawn n i . roca gem ad ‘Fue. 41 — Wastin Tank ARRANGEMENTS =i: (Pian View)PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT with a coi. Figure #2 illustrates a method ing a céunterflow process with a twostage spray de- humidifer.:Flow is parallel thru each individual stage, Such an arrangement may permit a higher chilled water temperature: or a smaller water flow: UNIT SELECTION : “The selection of a washer includes the'deterinina- tion of optimum washer size and dimerisions and the cstablishment of the recirculated spray water quantity and pressure Jn the ‘cqse of a dehumidifier, a study of the eco: nomic effecsof a washer selection on othercompo nents such as piping or refrigeration equipment may be required. Increasing the recirculated water quam tity oF decreasing'the washer face velocitj by selece ing a larger washer can permit operation at higher chilled. water temperatures or at lower chilled water quantities. - ca Unit Siew “The face area of & Washér is deterinined by thie design air quantity.and the recommended maximum face velocity. Delvamidifiers are normally designed to operate at velocities af 800 e 650 fpm. Flumidi- ‘ier are usually selected in the $00 to 750 fpin velocity-range. Velocities above r-below these limits are ‘not conducive to efficient eliminator performance. ‘Therefore, if a washer must be oversized to provide {or future capacity and if the resuiting face velocity is less than 800 fpm, a partial blankoff of the face area is suggested to increase the velocity until that time when ull eapacity is required. Similarly, if vol- time controt is used to maintain space conditions, the air velocity should not be allowed to drop below 300 fpm. For maximum economy and flexibility of contro, it fs suggested that, washers be selected at a face velocity as near as possible to the recommended ‘maximum. With an approximate face area determined, sey eral washers of various heights and widths may be selected, First cost of the washer js usually mini mized if itis selected as square as possible, with the height approximately equal to the width. However, at washer heights above x specified maximum the manufacturer may stack eliminators, thus in eect creating two washers, It is preferable economically to select the washer with 2 height below this maxi mum, even if the washer width then exceeds the height. ‘Washer saturation efficiency or contuct factor de- ‘creases as fice velocity increases. Thus, for a required air temperature rise, slightly more air is required at higher washer face velocities. However, the effect it not economically significant enough to justify lower ‘washer face velocities. ‘The ianitary spray washer (Fig. 39) operates at velocities up to 2600 fpm with effcient elimination of ‘entrained moisture, This type of washer is rated to hhandle a nominal air quantity, and selections are ‘made in the rdnge of 75%, to 105% of fiominal. Spray Water ‘Washer saturation efficiency and:contact factor axe determined by various spray characteristics in addi tion to face velocity. These characteristics incltde the number of spray banks and the spray water pres sure, At a given spray pressure, spray water quantity may be varied over'a relatively wide range with licle change in contact factor or saturation efficiency This can be accomplished with different combine: tions of ‘spray nozzle orifice size and number of inozales. Spray pressures usually lie in the range of 20 to 4¢ psig, with the higher pressures producing higher sat uration efficiencies. Dehumidifiers normally requitt lower spray pressures than humidifiers ‘Aca given recirculated water quantity the fewe: the number of spray banks; the greater the satura tion effciency since the-spray pressure is greater However, in the design and rating of central statior ‘washers,the number of spray banks available is use ally standardized and limited. Optimum dehumidifier efficiency is usually ob tained at a spray water quantity of approximately Go) a) er) er ec) 1 :el aC st. a. ah el “ety ats al, ads as wl ek ol ab sakes als criaeTER 2, AIR CONDITIONING APPARATUS gpm per square foot and a pressure of 25 psig. The spray density may vary from 3 to 11 gpm per square foot without an appreciable effect.on the performance, providing the 25 psig nozzle pressure is maintained. Humidifier spray deristies vary from 2.25 to 8.0 ‘gpm per equare foot depending on the nuiiber and size of nowle’ used. : Evaporative’ cooling applications réquireynly a knowledge of washer size and saturation efficiency to complete the selection, Héwever, for a debumnidi- fier selection: the relatjon’ between leaving air: wet Stent rend wae perature after aif\contact should be known. ‘This information is necessary in order to calculate: the quantity of chilled water required at givert tem” perature.,Chart & illustrates such a rating. “The unitary spray washer may be selected at-vari- ‘ous water-quantities. A greater selection of spray banks is therefore available so that 2 range of contact factors may be obtained. Dehumidifier ratings are based on the apparatus dewpoint concept, a8 may be fan-coil unit ratings. A typical dehamidify- ing performance for a given unit size is shown in Chart. . Recirculating water pump heads for central station washers usually range from 50 to 85. ft.we, provided the purap is close to’ the washer. ‘The, ump head is primarily determined by spray nozzle pressure, os ee Fouling tactors used for selection of refrigeration, equipment wied with washer equipment shouldbe, 4 minumum of 001. See Part §, ae CHART 9—SPRAY DEHUMIDIFIER RATINGS (UNITARY TYPE) <2 2::>- ‘emcgo WATER (OPM) rr "TOs oF REFRIGERATION CHART 8—SPRAY: DEHUMIDIFIER RATINGS “* (CENTRAL STATION) 2 HES HE Et 30 88 80, as. BOS6-38 PART 6. AIR: HANDLING EQUIPMENT “Atinospherie Corrections No correction to-washer ratings is hécessary for applications at altitudes above'sea level. However, the design air quantity should be determined'as described in Part-J, and the air side pressure drop of the washet:adjuited as-outlined in Part 2. The fan selection should be in accordance with-the suggested Ptocedure found in, Chapter I of this part. Motor selection at high altitudes is described in Part ACCESSORIES - Flooding Nozzles Yor applications where: solid airborne may accumulate on eliminator blades, flooding noz- les may.be provided to continually ftush the blades with recirculated water: Flooding nozzles may alga serve the baffles at the entering face.of a central six: * tion washer. Baffle sprays, however, are tusually:nec- of essary only in applications with large quanti airbome lint, such as textile mills, Eliminator ‘figoding nozzles usually operate ‘at spray pressures of 8 to 10 psig for central station ‘washers and 5'to 20 psig'for wnitary’viashers. With the céfitral station type of washer a spray water quantity of 4 gpm per row per foot of washer width ‘is suggested. One row is generally required for each eliminator section. The flooding of eliminator blades shouldbe limited to.those blades of a least ‘hx bends, : Baffle spray ‘norales may be: designed for.ipray ressites, of 5 to, 15 pilg, and should be spaced to, provide ‘elfective, bale coverage at 2 spray. water, ‘quantity of 8 to 6 gpin per fdét of washer Width per ‘pipe header: Headers should bé spaced 2 to 3 feet Apart atthe entering face. wes ‘Flooding nozzle water requirements may be fur- siished by a‘separate recirculating purap oF may be _ delivered, by the main recirculating:puinp.If Jauer, meant is chosen, the Mooding, nozle_water. quantity should be added ¢o chat of che main Sprays and the total hen used w select the piamip, eter Cleaning Devices In ordér to insure propet spray nozzle operation and ‘a minimiini‘of manual: cleaning'‘and’-maintenance, foreign matter fromthe air steam and from climinators and bafles should be femmoved: fromthe. spray water,” ' Two types of cleaning devices aré commonly employed for this purpose: stationary screens and auio- ‘atic selfcleaning strainers. Sefcleanin are usually the rotating drum or ‘codien a tp Fie, 48 Beur Tyre WATER STRAINER Stationary screens are Jocated in the washer.tank so that spray water milst pass thru them before being recirculated. Cleaning the screens is 2 manual ‘operation andican be facilitated by using two'screens in series, supported. by-independent‘sereen guides. ‘The’ screen’ openings should be smaller than. the spray nozzle orifice size. The washer tanks shown in Fig. fa, and 1c should. be equipped with statién- ary screens. °An eidless belt selécledning strainer may be used with or in plate of the stationary screeas-and is sul able mainly for applications where foreign matter particles are of a relatively large size. It operates continuously, collecting the particles on a belt and then flushing them with recirculated or city water from the belt into a’ basket. If recirculated water is ‘used, the requirement should be added to that of the main spray and flooding mozzles in order to, de !tetmine the tequired pump eapacity. A belt strainer ‘can be located within the washer tank (Fig. 41 and 414). A belt strainer isshownin Fig. 3. > ‘The rotating drum stiainer.is-insialled in a com ‘tral storage and collection tank, It is a more efficient ‘deaning device than’ thé’ stationary screen or belt ‘type-strainers..For’ this eason it'is particularly suited for use with a unitary, spray washer system ‘where all water is returned to a central location and where the tubes of a water cooler and various-con trol valves must be protected from foreign particle J me co Veet, Vg oem teat Jaa Jem 1g JESS SS a Jeet esal... a. aby che ek chy ha abe che obs ale Gla obs CHAPTER 2. AIR CONDIFIONING APPARATUS 6-39 fetter van, Fic. 44 — Rorarine Daun Wartoe STRAINER, (Warax Enrexine Sim) cumulations. Figure #4 illustrated a rotating drum With this method of cleaning, water is filtered continuously thra a perforated drum. Accumula- tions of residue on the drum surface cause the water level to rise in order to seek more perforations. The jons in water level control the periodig drum rotation and flushing required to clean the drum and to remove the waste matter to a collecting basket. ae Sproy Water Heaters ‘Spray watei’ heaters may be required in Winter when the mixing of outdoor and return air upstipam of the washer cannot be controlled to producé the vrasher entering: wet-bulb, temperature required to maintain rGom design conditions with an evaporative cooling’ proéess. This condition ina, occur on very cold days or whefe ininimim outdoor air re: quirements’ afe-xelatively high, particularly "wich high room relative humidities ‘and/or high ‘fom sensible heat ratios, tee After a shutdown, 25ovétla winter wee tmay take some time to brag the room Huan &p to design conditfons when operating on ‘an evapora: tive cooling cycle, even when the outdoor air qui tity is reduced to damper leakage. Therefore, the spray water heater is used to add moisture tothe ait 3 approxiinately the tame dry-bulb temperature. ‘The heater thus provides a deviation from an adia- Sati saturation process (Fig. 45) ‘Both steam ejector heaters and closed water heat- xs are available for heating spray water in central station washers. The Steam ejecior heater is fozated steel pipe, closed at one eid and sul in the washer tank. Low pressure team is admitted directly to the washer tank water at controlled rate. The closell water heater is located on, cheats. charge side of the recirculating ‘pump and is ‘installed’in parallel with the main reéirculating’ sip: ply line. It is selected to heat > minimum quantity of bpray Water and requires suitabie sery ¢ and balancing valves. The closed water heater proiluces les noise than the steam efector heater and enabies re- covery of stéam condensate. However, ‘the ‘closed ‘water heater is more costly to purchase and: inst A spray water heater may be sized on the basis requirements calculated at the particular condi ecountered. Tis capacity may also be calculatéd 6 Aeterniining the steam quantity required ‘éo' Heat and humidify the minimum outdoor air, or outd6sr: air damper leakage, trom outdoor to room dela ‘conditions. The latter method provides sulicient ca pacity to maintain room design conditions dur the period following equipment startup.” ‘The high velocity unitary washer utilizes’a steam grid humidifer for humidity control under the ditions described above. Since steam is released’ rectly to the air, relatively lie sensible heating is accomplished. Woirs A weir is employed in a central station spray de-, hhurnidifier tank to insufe a minimum submergence of the recirculating pimp suction pipe and to main- ‘ain a water seal under the eliminators. Duting the FS Sg incaneo wasn gi /aBamme eonomons Ci et tt ‘Fic. 45 — Ervect o Spray Water HEATER40 . evaporative cooling season there is né flow over the ‘weir, During the “dchumidifying season, however, the flow is equal to the chilled water admitted to the recireulating system plus the moisture femoyed from ‘he conditioned air. : + Weir tanks’ may usually be obtained froin -the ‘waslier- manufacturer. If 3 concrete tank is tobe ued, the length of th: weir may be calculated from the Francs formula for sharpcrested rectangular < Q=388x Ex HM ‘The low'Q is expressed ini cubic feet per éecond. ‘phe length Land the head Hf ate in feet. Ifthe weir is to have end contractions, the length should be reduced by 0.1 »¢ H for each end contraction, Yor formula se, re ‘Aihiarpirested conirete weir may be obiained by bolting a steel angle tothe fat crest.” , | Reflow rate of 5 gpm per foot of weir length is ‘common for dehumidifier canks, talation Fi ‘Accential station washer requires nio"vibration iso- Jation. "The supply air fan isolation requirements ‘should be investigated, however, with regard to the’ PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT. dmbient'sound levels thruout the building, Unitary ‘vashers seldom require vibration isolation for industrial applications but. vibration analysis may be necessary. for ctitical installations. Ysolation rec ‘ommendations may be found under Fan-Coil Equip. ‘ment ig this chaptef. INSTALLATION Lecotion “The economic and sound level considerations per taining to the location of air handling apparatus, a discussed i Part 2, are applicable to-washer equip ment. F : : Both central station and unitary spray apparaes may be locate indoors or outdoors, although cer tral station washers are most Commonly located jc doors, in an apparatus room or in the conditions space, If exposed to the weather, 2 central statio srasher should operate with no water Heel mai tained ‘in the tank; and the fan motor, driven bedrings should be suitably chosen and protecte: ‘Central station equipmen is floor-mounted whi the unitary washer may be either foor-mounted suspended fom above (Fig. 46) 'As with fan-coll equipment the availability of dot air ahd the ease of air return to the apparat Fic. 46 — Unrrasy Waster INSTALLATION | ) )& ) a" | ae = _ ~ . 1 jem ME) GT ES eee) es) eo) es) eeels fa: oly whe che ahs obs CHAPTER 2. AIR CONDITIONING APPARATUS is of primary concern in selecting a washer location, Outdoor air intakes should, if possible, be located and oriented so. that they do not face nearby resi- dential areas or walls of spaces where nofie would be objectionable. Air may be returned thru a duct. - system but, if it is returned directly to the apparatus, the apparatus should be located so as to receive \ return air from the atéa itserves. on ‘Another important lotation considération is the availability of space. Particularly in indusirial pro: duction areas space may be difficult to acquire. Lim’ ited head room and interferences such as electrical equipment, conveyors or belt drives may also present» problems. In addition, thé location and orientaiba &f the ‘washer should be guided by the following considerations: “iiee 1. A spray debumidiffer should be located so that. the gravity return of water-to the centfal tak is possible, If this condition cannot be met, a pumped return should beemployed. > 2. Adequate ‘building openings and passages should be available for the admittance of large equipment. If this consideration is overlooked, special openings in the building may later be required. 2 Locating a spray dehumidifier below the,refrigeration equipment or pumping return ‘water to a lower elevation may lead to piob- Jems of siphoiting or overfiow at shutdoivi such a arrangernent is necessary, coniideration nto the checking of water flow tendéncies and the breaking of a si 4, The ability of 2 roof, floor oF combiniat structural members to withstand the operating weight of a washer should be investigated. 5. A washer should be located and orientéd'so «that the simplest possible duct layout ‘results. 6. Appearance should be consiteréd, ‘For exin- ple, a washer mounted on a flat roof may’ be Jes noticeble if Toated some distance from the building perimeter: Be yout ‘ Figure 46 ilustrates several layout alternatives for ‘high velocity unitary washer, Actypical central sta- jon washer apparatus room layout reserables that hown for coilequipsnent in Part 2. ‘ Ceneral station washers should be provided with nlet plerums of adequate airway depth to profste sutdoor and return air mixing’and to minimize air eddy currents ft the inlet face of the washer. The plenum chamber on the leaving air side of the ‘washer should be large-enough to” provide unre- stricted air floy'to the fan at uniform eliminator velocities, Plenums dowastréam of the washer should also permit easy cleaning and removal of the elimi. nator blades for both central station atid! unitary apparatus, Suficiont space should be provided around the ‘washer for maintenance access, particularly on the side where acéess doors and pipisig connections are located. Minimum cléarance should be provided on the far side for cleaning, painting and for the appli- ‘cation of insulation if required. IE suspended well above the floor, unitary washers may reuire cat walks, Agcéss doors should be installed between central station apparatus components as required for proper ‘mainteriance and sérvice. : ‘A mounting base atleast two inches high should bbe provided for-central station equipment. A Base provides a level andl uniform bearing suiface for the tank, prevents damage to the tank or to the insulation under the tank from water seepage, and increases the tank water level available for’ priming the recirculating pump. : Af a concrete tank is designed for a central station ‘washer, it should be of reinforced construction and provided with. pipe sleeves, ball and eliminator supports and anchor bolts, as required. In addi the plenum’ atthe leaving’ air side of the ‘washer should be provicled with a curb at least four inches high. ea The recirculating water pump may be located in the air stream entering the washer or, outside of the washer casing, ‘Marine “lights should, be. provided, within Washer and between components of a central station washer. In addition to the washer piping details shown'in Port 3, the followig suggestfons apply: 2. Floor drains should be provided in the ent ing and leaving air plenums, near the reciréu- lating pump; near the outdoor air intake and, as required for the cleaning of filters or other components. Usually the drain in the Teaving air plenum requires a deep seal trap. . If a pumped return is used for a spray debii- midifier, 2 contiriuously running ¥% inch bleed lind from the return pump discharge to'the tank prevents overheating of the water'in the pump when the return controt valve is closed.* sadou ago PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMEN; aay 7 : —_ pee = Sewromr eet a Tp mucins rer ne, oe sas, Forage ain { hinone io: 47 = Cewrit Sranon Dexiuneprrien CokTROL ‘Because the water ih a washer tank is relatively shallow, a well designed vortex breaker on the pump suction pipe is required. Jisulation ‘The top and sides of a spray deumidifer should be insulated as fequired to prevent condensation on. the apparatus arid to rainimize heat transfer. A cen- teal station humidiGer should be similarly insulated f the devipoint for the return air is higher than the spray water temperature, such as occurs when sup. pleinental atomizér systems are employed. hight Velocity unitary washer described pre- sly should be completely insulated, regardless of, the application. ‘A thickness of cork insulation may be required beneath the ‘washer tank, If ised, the cork. layer should be coated on both sides with sealing com- pound and positioned on the tank pad before the ‘unitis installed. Washers located outdoors should be insulated, vapor sealed and weatherproofed. The insulation on thé top surfaces should be slightly crowned so that water will ran off ‘Water and stéam’risér iniutation in industria applications is somietimes subject to damage fro: ‘ticks and matetial handling equipment. If such i the case, a sheet metal shield around the insulatio. is suggested, frotn the floor toa height of several fee! ‘CONTROL ‘The function of controls is to produce a Balanc between the air conditioning load and the apparatv capacity in order to.maintain Yoom design cond tions. Apparatus control say bg accomplished in on ‘ora combination of two ways: 1, Varying the supply ait volime at & given a: gondition. 2, Vaiying the air condition with ao change i volume, ‘The. condition ot the air may be altered by suc methods as spray water temperature variation, 2 reheating, spray water heating, washer bypast, sp + throttling, variation of the outdoor, and return a mixture proportions, and air humidification, as wit a steam grid humidifier or an atomizer system. a Ser) ce) Bier! ss) lege | ge! oleae} NOE Ve) aa ex ek ees et eo Jey! JCHAPTER 2, AIR CONDITIONING APPARATUS A central station air washer operating on a de- humiditying cycle normally utilizes spray water tem- ture variation, air volume reduction and air feheating. See Fig. 47 for the simplified.control dis. gram. A dry-bulb thermostat, located on the leaving tivside of the washer and set to maintain the Teay- ing dry-bulb conditior: necessary to achleve the required leaving, air dewpoint, controls the, chilled water valve’ supplying the recirculating water: sys tem. The spray water teraperatire is thus controlled. Dewpoint control is.practical because the difference between dewpoirit and leaving air dry-bulb temperature is sal as a result of the high contact factor of the dehumidifier. ‘Air volume and reheat control is obtained by @ thermostat and humidistat together controlling a reheat coil bypass volume damper and a rebeater steam valve in sequence. Closing the volume damper reduces the supply air volame to 2 predeterniined fraction’ of full load air delivery, usually from 60% ~ 10859, depending on the fan characteristic andthe allowable maximum air pressure drop thru the heat ing coil. A further reduction in room load ca the reheater valve to begin opening, a Figure 48a ilustrates a typical spray dehumiity- ing process at full load. Figure 48 shows the tem ‘perature relations at half load. The entering spray ‘water temperature has been increased to maintain 2 relatively constant apparatus dewpoint. se Chilled water supply to the central station dehumidifier recirculating system, can be controlled bya twoway throtiling valve or a three-way diverting valve: Use of a two-way valve on 2 multiple washer system may necessitate 2 pressure bypass line and z. 6-43, valve at the central collection tank in order to mini- mig line pressure fluctuations. Dewpoint control of a centéal station. air washer ‘operating on ani evaporative cooling cycle is achieved by controlling the outdoor and return air mixture ‘condition and by operating the spray water heater, ‘if necessary, Zone control may be identical with that ‘control employed when on the dehumidifying cycle, ‘A measure of humidity control may be obtained during a period of refrigeration shutilown by cycling the recirculating pump and/or the baffle or eliminator spray pump, if any. In a high ‘velocity unitary washer application, rooin conditions are controlled directly by a com- ination of spray throttling, air reheating and, if necessary, humidification. Figure 49 is control dia- ‘gram for units operating with dehumidification eon: tol for an all air system. During the dehumidifying season the outdoor air’dampers are in a minimum position; the reheat valve is controlled by the room thermostat alone; the spray throitling valve is éon- trolled thru the pressure selector, and the huraidiier is controlled by the humidistat, providing the ther- ostat is satisfied, Whert operating-on the evapors- tive cooling cycle, the outdoor and return air damp- ‘ersarecontrolled by the Foom thermostat; the reheat valve is controlled thru: the pressure selector; the spray throttling is controlled by the huitiidistat, aid the humidifier ig controlied asin the dehumidifying cele. 2a Since spray throteling is alsrays.uillized with this system, a presure bypiss line and valve are usually required at the central water collection tank to\suini- {mize fluctuation in Tine water pressures a 3 Saar ery awe Lany: | > Fic. 48 — TyPicat Srray Dewusrorrien ProcessesPART 6, AIR- HANDLING EQUIPMENT 2° Bie. 49 Usrtane Wasien Connon (Deainamirten AttAss) Genoa Control Considerations For, indistrial applications, particularly’in the ase of process air conditioning, room controls are ‘often’ mouinted within a cabinet, provided with, a sinall. Jai. The circulation of room air thru the cal net provides a constant and positive sampling by: control sensing devices. * Tf large: open spaces are tobe, conditioned, the area served by each set of room controls should be imited in order to maintain aft adequate control r spoiise: Maximum areas of 10,000 square feet for temperature zone and 8000 square feet for a humic ity tone are suggested. ‘Control accuracy aiid response are’ also affecte by the air circul: in the conditioned space. iaximum of ten minutes for a, complete change « air is suggested, and four to.cight minutes is pr ferred, ecay Ieee lesa} J geo J a) esc Nemes Vases - Je Jee Jee lea lea) JEL JB degC ee JCe ee ee ee ed = ot CHAPTER 3.-UNITARY EQUIPMENT ‘A unitary sir conditioning unit, sometimes re, ferred to as packaged equipment, consists of ose imote factory fabricated assemblies designed, ‘ide the fundion of air moving, air eaning cook ing and-dehumidification: The functions of heating roe humiiying are also ‘isually possible with guch squipment. Heat pump versions are available for ‘adit types of apparatus, Unitary equipivient includes a direct expansi or chilled water cooling coil and a compressor-condenser combination’ at water chiller in addition to ‘ans;auailiaties and internal wiring and piping. If more than one assembly is required, the separate asseinblies are designed for use with each other, and combined equipment ratings are based on siatched assemblies of equal or differing nominal capacities. ‘The design of unitary equipment is-ofte ‘or installation within thé conditioned space. tis the purpose of this chapter to guide the engi. seer in: the practical application and sélection, aol ‘unitary equipment. TYPES OF EQUIPMENT Unitary equipment may,be:casifed as either a ‘ltecontained or a split system. A self-contained unit houses all components ina single assembly, Split "ystem equipment incorporates the following assem- cane rpora ing: 1. A coll and compresor ‘combined iia a remote condenser. : 2A coil combined with areniote’ condsnsing init, 5. A coil combined’ with a remote watei thiller. A self-contained unit is illustrated io Fig. 56!"The ielégontained concept is further described in Fiz 51 Figure $2 shows an air-cooled condensing unit ofe component ofa two-component split system’ai de- ‘ctibed in Item 2 above:Fic, 52 ~ Aim Coon Connensino, Unt ‘The ise of matched: components differeit ‘unitary equipment from the fanoil equipment dis- ensied in Chapter 2 ofthis part. Unitary equipineat ‘hus affords less flexibility of arrangement and less ‘choice of cooling coil surface, Also, face and bypass control is usually unavailable in packaged equip: ment, Sea ‘Splitsystem apparatus provides in packaged forni 8 measure of flexibility not usually obtainable’ Wit self-contained equipment. ‘ APPLICATION Ey ‘The use of unitary equipment should be consid ered for applications’ where the following advan. ‘ages are of primary importance: ee 2. Low fist cost of equipment ar instaliaion’ 2 Immediateairconditioning benefits ani prompt delivery. : 3. Ease. of installation or removal, if necessarj, _ With a minimum of disturbance, 4. The ability to provide ait conditioning in in ‘crements without cost penalty. 5. Economtical operation during periods of noti- uniform loading. igh salvage value and longer warrantee pe- ods. Bia 7. Simplified field engineering, - 8. Factory assembly of balanced and tested coni- ponents, Packaged equipiment is particularly well suited to applications requiring summer cooling only, and i readily used in conjunction with existing’ oF sepa. rate heating facilities of suffcient capacity. Suck equipment may effectively augment éentral statibn: apparatus by serving'relatively small areas with special design reqilirements. Typical applica: tions ofghis nature are laboratories and dining areas, 6. PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT Applications complétely conditioned with uni equipment include existing office buildings ant hotels, motels, shopping center tenant areas, par ‘ment stores, industrial facilities and residences, Equipment componeris are usually matched to Provide 800 to 500 cfm per ton of air conditioning at sensible heat ratios of 0.85 to 0385, in the cae of self-contained equipment. Therefore, packaged equipment is most economically applied where these values are specifically required. As mentioned prev ously some additional application flexibility may be ‘obtained by employing spit system equipment. Sen. sible heat ratios as high as 0.95 are attainable. Such equipment also affords greater choice of location and motinting method. - wend Selfcontained equipment is commonly available {n-capacities up to 60 tons, while up to 75 tons xij bbe obtained with a split system. ‘The trend has 3! cently been towart larger packaged equipment. "= Watercooled, air-cooled or evaporative conden’: ing may be utilized with unitary apparatus. y STANDARDS AND CODES Applicable provisions of the American Standar Safety Code B9.1, ART Standard 210 and Underwrit ers' Laboratories Standards govern the testing, rating and consiruction of unitary ait conditioning equipment. ‘The application and installation of such equip: ment should conform to pertinent government gency regilations aiid to all codes and laws pre wailing atthe job sie: UNIT SELECTION . SELECTION RATINGS oa Unit sie is visually etermined by the required cooling capacity and afr quantity, adjusted to suit the sensible heat ratio, Cooling ratings present total and sensible heat capacities, based on air quantity, evaporator entering ait wetbulb temperature and, in the case of waiercooled equipment, condensing temperature, A typical cooling rating table i ilar trated in Fig. 53. Although tabular cooling ratings are most commion, some manufacturers present graphical data in plice of, or in addition to, tabular ratings. 5 Cooling ratings (Fig. 53) may be expanded to apply to more than one evaporator entering ai dry, bull temperature: If they ‘are not expanded, devit: tion corrections are usually suggested. Cooling 13%: Bol! gl) ym eee 1 I) se eI ao) :&" ) & eo)seks sala ~ cols ~ cos ~ ae 4 eal as Soe a a ea ls ele ° pals acs CHAPTER 8. UNITARY EQUIPMENT EVAPORATOR . AR % 100) ne Sy | sat | Foal | Sens | Compr | oral | Sens “Gomapr | Tord | Sear | Oompe, 7 | wet. | cap. | Heat | motor | cap. | Heat Motor | Cap. |’ Heat | Motor ” Bulb Cap | Power cps Power |<. | Cape | “Power, ' Input input |. Input ‘4.000 | (2000 (4000 |: (1000 * | oon |” 1008 teeny |__| Bruty’ | Beaty | oy | Beaty | Buty | (ew | Beaty |] ey |" Gin "a [aon [orf ize | ie | =85 re a asm [67 [106 | no. | aed | ten. | 7.” ua} os.f nef 49 ee '| 19. |- uae | ee | 368 | 380 is | use| se |e we | ais | 108 | a9, [207 | t08 vas | aos [108 | 152, oto |. :67..] 198 | as8,-] a7” | 190 | 184 wea.) ge | ast | - 15 | am | aot | tee | aes | t0e vio "| 167 | ua | 140 7m, | mo | us | 50 [8 ,[. ne rr a ‘woo | or [ao | oasn | ia7 | tor [ago | tan |. age | ae | tae] “ase. nns8 | asa oe aw [ae [ua | too [ian | as7 [os | ae. ] tee |e | as |e “Sanaa heat capacity ie bayed on 80 F entering alz dbl eemperature. . 7 is 8. Twnteat Ramses (Witten Cootso Seze-Cowraisnn Uns) ings also may indicte’ grand sensible heat factor __quantiy’per ton of capacity is also high, relative’te - rather than-total sensible heat capacity. that available from standard packaged equipment, Yor air-cooled condensing or éraporaiive condchs- _ With self 2. The dust spot method, -with ‘procedures 2s standardized by the Aiz Filter Institute and the National Bureau of Standards.CHAPTER 4. ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT 4. The D.OP.* test, particle count method util: izing chemical smoke aerosol ‘These three methods differ in application and the results are difficult to convert to common terms: In ‘comparing the performance of various filters “it, is therefore imperative that the test used to obtair phe published data be noted in ach case. 22 ‘The weight method expresies filter eficiency,in terms ofthe particle weight removed, rélative tothe weight introduced to-the air'stream: It is parti ct al cringe peomaney of chanical filters of average ficiency. However test overstates filter effectiveness in removing’ small particles of light weight. writ “The dust spot tit rates filters in terms ofthe rela-, tive opacity of statis on:flter paper thru which the air. is pasted. The optical density of the spots‘are ‘measured photometrically. This type of tes is useful primarily in evaluating air cleaning devices of high ficiency, such as electronic air cleaners. In addition it provides a measure of filter efficiency in removing the sort of dust most likely to cause discoloration of walls and ceilings. Test results are, however, some, times inconsistent and are dificult to interpret.» The D.OP. test relates filter performance t0'the lightscittering tendency of smoke particles approximately 03 mierons in diameter. Measurements “are sade photocletrcaly. The testis used primatily to determine the ability of filters of very high efficiency to remove specific particles, such as pollen. It te quires carefully controlled Iaboratory conditions and expersive equipment. Ie cannot be used to determine filter capacity. TYPES OF AIR CLEANERS Viscous impingement Filters of the viscous impingeineit type utlife a Sering medium relatively coarse in texture and constructed of fiber scréen, wire mesh, metal staap- ings or plates, The medium is coated with a viscous subrtance suchas oil or grease Au the many sail ait streams’ abruptly change direction thru the: filter, contaminating particles are thrown ‘against the'ine- ‘um where they adhere. Bficiencies of 65% t0 80%, >ased on the weight method of testing, are achisved xn the case of cleanable media. ae This type of filter is available in a-throwaway syle or may be obtained with a replaceable mediam, \ manually cleanable medium, or an automatically ‘enewed medium, "DiOayt Phthalate Media designed for filtering velocities of app ‘ately 800 feet per minote usually increase i sity inthe direction of the ar Bow. Thus, eh I particles are the first removed, prolonging filter life. ‘This progressive density is illustrated in Fig"35. High velocity filters operating at approximately 500 feet per minute are normally nondiectional and of uniform density. Figure 56 shows a cleanable viscous- drapingement panel ter ant Automatic viscous impingement filters may be of the replaceable media or renewable media type, The former consists of a moving filter rol. The latter. constructed of overlapping filter panels attached to & moving chain and moving thru an oil bath. The; felt-cleaning filer is shown in Fig. 57. In either case the filter curtain may be actuated by a timing mech- uy of Ae Nit ic, 56 — CuzaNantr Viscous IMpmceMenT FILTER: om ~ e e ee Je Je Je eee de 2" S27 Ss a Je eaae ds da ie de i oe che de le de ol la ds le le ole oe os fed ao Fic, 57 ~ Auromaric Viscous Inpincemen F anism or a pressure sensing device. Automatic filters present a relatively constant resistance to air‘flow, While panel filter resistance varies considerably the dust load increases. Automatic filter effi vary from 80% to 90%, based on the weight PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT como nae Fer or. ‘Fic, 89 ~ Hion Errictency Day FILTER Dry Media Diy filters consist usually of a permanent frame and a dry replaceable medium of cellulose, asbestos or glass fibers, pecially treated paper, cotton bat: ting, woo! felt or synthetic material, The air passages thru the medium are smallet than those of the vis- impingement type filter, and therefore lower are necessary to avoid excessive resis- oun fest Fic, 58 — Dav Funrer Ceut Wirn Frame Ric, 60 ~ Day Firmen Cuts, Pocus Tree SE SC AERCHAPTER 4, ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT ances, tn order to obtain a large surface area relative fo crosscctional area, the medium is usoaly pleted fn accordion form. Ee Figure $8 show a medium eficiency dither vith'an area rato of 7:1. Such a teri cdpable St wider eficeney range varying from 84% 10, 9 ‘aed on the AFI weight test, depending on the Gore. ee Figures 99 and 60 illustrate very high eliclency ftiem with area ratios of from 25:1 to 50:1 This type of filter may be obtained with an re Gs 99979 DOD. est method, D.O ciencies above 90% sre usual. esaubh. Dry filters are available in automauc tion, normally utilizing a moving roll of disposable by medium (Fig. 61): Movement may be controll a differential pressure sensing device. Thus, ing air resistance is maintained relatively const The eficiency of a dry filter depends on the si land spacing of the fibers in the medium wied, Media with che smiallest, most densely distributed bers provide the highest efficiencies. Hi however, are usually associated with short life and low dust holding capacity” Fic, 62 — Exzcronic Air CuEantr, Tow Electronic.“ Tlectronie air cleaner, often refered to a8ttages may be specified. vet Furnaces Gas-fired furnaces are biilt for installation i acts anil! in some packaged air conditioning nits. ory aa Erin Ei ¥1@'69— Oven Execraic Con. Heater: ‘amed in 2 metal casing and exposed diréétly to. Coe et tt Eig rn Fic, 70 ~ Fivaeo Tuvan Excraig Haren 7'= Figure 71 shows a duct furnace, and Figire’sY ih trates the use of a gasired furoace in 2 packagda unit Such equipment consist of a burner assembi ‘heat exchanger, 4 plenum and control. Natival, manufactured or liquibed petroleum gas may- be sed i “APPLICATION a Heating devices are used as preficaters and reheaters. A preheater i locaed upstream of the dehurmil ifer ia an air conditioning apparatus, and is, used either to raise the temperature of the entering air-t0° a temperature above freezing or to supply the eat necessary for control of the temperature of the ait Teaving the dehumidifier. Both functions are often performed by a single hester. A reheater leeated Fie. 71 — Ducr Furwace oc Veco! Ce ae ae eo ee ee) a) 1) ae)al el a aCe. eG all ea oS a ahs 4 Aswnstream of the dehumidifier is used to control the temperature of the conditioned space when itis subjected to varying cooling loads. Figure 36,indt- ‘ates the approximate reheat requirement dictated -by-a particular design relative humidity and sensi ‘Ble vheat ratio. Av reheater may also be used as 2 vbooéter heater, compensating for wide diferetces in cooling load ‘characteristics between a parti tone anil the res of the space conditioned by ah ap: paratus, If bGth functions are required, a central e- Treaterinay be used to false the supply air temperature to approximately room temperature or slightly higher. Booster heavers may then be installed in the branch ducts ¢6 the various spaces in, ore to pro- ville control of room temperature. Steam andl hot water heating coils are most com- ‘monly employed for the applications cited. Steam. toils are normally available for steam prestures up {0200 psigalthough special cols may be obtained for “higher pressures, Hot water heating coils are used on Jow, medium and high temperature hot water sys tems: However, applications involving water ‘tem peratures exceeting 800 F should be brought to the attention ofthe manufacturer. ‘Steam coils of the distributing tube type are pre- ferred over’single' tube steam coils and hot’ water coils for service where freezing air temperatures are encountered or where uniform. heaéer leaving air temperatures are mandatory. Single tube steam coils atid hot water heaters may, however, be used for pe: heat service if controlled as described under Coil” Freeze-up Protection: A minimum entering" water temperature of 150 F is suggested for hot water pre heat service. : ‘Plate fin steam and hot water coils are pieferred to spiral fin coils for applications involving heavy concentrations of lint since they are more easily tions, the ‘widest appropriate tube spacing should be, chosen. ‘Where corrosive substances are present in the air, steam or hot'water, special coil materials are available. Most steam side corrosion problems may be avoided by the proper trapping and venting of non- conidensables, - ‘The advantages of electric héating are low initial ‘equipment and installation’ cost, a saving of floor space, compactness, simplicity of operation and con- tol, a fast control response:and cléanliness. Electri- al facilities used inthe summier for refrigeration equipment may be used in the winter for the heat- system. At the same time electric heating has often proven costly to operate. For this réason it hat “PART 6 AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT been employed laigely in mild climates or wher electrical costs are particulaity love, ‘Since the use’ of electric heaters eliminates th need for a central heating plant and piping systen electric heating can be-applied. to tenant areas « shopping centers, department stores, schools, indu tial facilities, banks, motels, railroad cars and'ma ‘kets. Electric hedters may’ be used ‘for. church: ‘because of the short duration of usage, the low in tal cost’ and the quick response. Electric, heatin may also be used in areas such as board rooms ¢ ‘executive offices where occupancy at night ‘or ¢ ‘weekends may be common. It has been used succes fally in conjunction with self-contained air cond tioning units and as a source of auxiliary heat fe hheat.pump systems, ‘The open type of electric heater’ operates. at temperature lower than that of the finned tubul: heater, and therefore exhibits a longer life. It lighter in weight, more rapid in response, offers Ie air-resistance arid tends to, cycle less. The Snne tubular heater is particularly suited to application wher the heater may be subject to mechanical i jury or where an explosion liazard exists. Stainke ‘steel fins and sheaths are available for high humic tes or corrosive atmospheres. Gasfired duct furnaces may be used for prebe anc reheat service. The advantages of such equi ment are similar to those of electric heaters. Hen’ duct furnaces may be used for similar applicatio in areas of relatively high power cost. As with el tric heating the problem of coil freeze-up is not ¢ ‘countered. Gasfired equipment should never ‘operated in corrosive atmospheres or in rooms whe ‘explosive vapors are preseit as in paint rooms. T equipment should also be sufficiently removed fre acid baths or degreasing tanks. SELECTION “The selection of a heating ffevice involves 2 ¢ sideration ofthe heating capacity required, the he ig medium available or required and its charact istics, the Allowable resistance to the flow of and/or heating fuid, the entering air temperate the air quantity to be heated and the air veloc thru the device, dimensional limitations, insta tion requirements such asthe type oF control, spe design requirements, and economy. Stoom and Hot Water Cols “hie capacity of a.steam or hot water coil ¢ given type may be increased not only by increas the coil surface but also by increasing the coil fCHAPTER 4. ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT velocity thru reducing the face area. Since ‘higher coil face velocities result in higher air side pressure drops, the selection of a coil surface may be more }imited than at lower face velocities. Therefore, the sive and capacity of heating coil are interdepend- nt, and each mutt be determined in relation to the ~ Minimm coilfacé area is usually determined by the. design air quantity and a maximum allowable face velocity, The dimensions of the coil may’ then be chosen from among those ditnensions available ‘with the required face area. For a given face area, coils of greater tube length and smaller tube face are usally the least expensive. However, space require: ‘ments may limit both size and dimensions of a coil. Coils are rated at face velocities of 800 to 1500 feet per minute, The maximum face velocity should bbe determined by the allowable air side pressure drop and the ambient sound leve} of the spaceserved by the- coil. Air préssure drops of 0.10 to 0.20 ‘in, ware suggested for preheat applications, while reheat coil friction may range from 0.15 to 0.88 in. we. Since heating coils do not condense moisture, and since no entrainment’of moistureis possible, the face ‘velocity of a heating coil mountéd within a factory- built air conditioning unit should not be limited to the cooling coil face velocity. 3 “The calculated heating load required of a coll is usually the primary determinant of the surface, selected. Various. combinations of fin spacingy’tube spacing and coil depth result in a wide variety’ of available surfaces. The heat transfer,capacity. of a ssiven surface ‘varies directly -with. face ‘velocity, steam presfure, entering water temperature or water tube velocity. It varies iaversly with entering air temperature. Reheat coils ate usually oversized, A. 15% t0 25% safety factor.added to the calculated heating:load Provides for a rapid morning pick-up and compen- Sates for duct heat loses. Steam preheat coils chosen to operate, at subfreezing air temperatures. with throttling control of steam should, be undersized rather than oversized, if the required load caninot be met exactly. This practice reduces valve throttling at air temperatures of 25 F to 82 F, the range where excessive throttling most usually results in the Sreez- ing of condensate in the tubes. ‘When using duct reheat coils for large air'quanti ties, it may be more economical to select, a smaller cojl to handle only a portion of the air, with the re- ‘mainder being handled thru a fixed bypass around the coil. The air thru the coil is then heated to a hhigher tempetature so that the mixture air is at the proper temperature. This may require a coil with more heating surface per square-foot of face arta, but in a smaller casing size, Assuming a coil face velocity, fin spacing and rows of coil, the coil ait quantity is determined by dividing the required overall temperature rise by the coil temperature rise, and multiplying by the total air quantity. The required coil face area can be found from the coil air quantity and the assumed coil velocity. The coil size is then seletted to match closely the calculated face area. The coil bypass is sized as described in Pert 2, and the dimensions are chosen to coincide ‘with the col casing length. Figure 72 illustrates a steam coil selection table. Coil capauty may be expressed in terms of steam quantity condensed, heat transferred ot final ‘air temperatures alone. Hot water coil ratings may be similarly tabulated, except that, at each entering ait temperature, capacities are listed for each surface at various entering water temperatures. Another ~ method of presenting hot water heating coil ratings is Mustrated in Fig. 73. Hleating coil performance ratings assume a rapid limination of air and other noncondensables and a ‘uniform distribution of air thr the coil surface. ‘When steam cols are selected at face velocitie'exceeding those considered standard by the manufac turer, the atfount of condensate per tube should be checked against che maximom recommended by the manufacturer. If the maximum allowable coinden! sate per tube is exceeded, excessive steam presoure drops, water hammer and poor venting may result. Hlctre Hooters In addition to size and capacity an electric heater selection should specify electrical characteristics and the number of circuits required. Electric heaters ar aval chosen to fa ranch duct of given dimensions without requiring entering and leaving transformations, Therefore, face velocity is not the usual determinant of coil size, althoggh for Underwriters’ Laboratories approval a minimum face velocity must be maintained and flow provided. This minimum velocity is a function of entering air temperature and the total watts per square foot of duct area. Velocities may range'up to 1800 feet per minute, Air side pressure drops are smaall compared to steam and water coll pressure drops, seldom exceeding 0.10 in. wg for, én open type coil. All of the electrical energy used in an_clectric heater is converted to heat. ‘Thus, heater capacities Elis lel) eo) eo) a) Ok kr eee =eJ UW ee lee oh PART, 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT 5 Lp STEAN— 227 F ‘COM, FACE VELOCITY (FFM) wan | CoH 7 400 300 0 705) teme| SUR. [Firat Final Fina Final Final @ | TAC. | remp | cona+} Temp | Cond* | Temp | Conds | Temp | Cond> | Temp © # ® © © a | ss | as | ana | is | 360 | m2 | m8 | mr | sis Bw | 62s | 210 | sor | 255.) 324 | 24 | 497 | 395 | 473 o | c | 160 | 26} sao | 306 |"'ox0 | 350 | 575 | 389°] 40 p_ | 1089 | 362 | 1008 | “454 |" 982 | 526 | sar |. sor’ | ate ze {reso | 23 | nao | sea | 07a | cos | ia'| os | os a | ma | azo [ma [104 | 09 | 166 |" oro | tee | cos mB | sis | i4 | 957 |. 0 | see] 42 | so | m6 |. 700 ao] c | 106 | 2x0 | -960 | 252.Jicma | zea | sre | 520 | os Dp | ise7 | 302 | amz9 | 374 | use | ae | ints] ses | ions Esso | see | ats | 2, | 125s | wo | tesa | ser | 1103 TGondensate in pounds per hour per square fot face area. Fic, 72 ~ Tvtoat. Sreane Cou. Ratinos in Beuh are determined by multiplying the Bilowat ting of the heater by $412, “The numberof cenit chosen depen on the de- agree and period of heating load fluctuations. “The ‘amount of control hunting permitted should -be ‘weighed against the economics of purchasing and in- stalling the multiple circuit heater. ‘ ‘Duct Furnaces Gasired duet furnaces are chosen according (0 the output satisfying the heating load. The required Bee Fie. 78 —Typicat Hot Water-Con. Ravine CURVES air temperature rise thru the furnace determines the air quantity to be handled by the device and the resulting air friction. If a greater branch duct air «quantity is required, a fixed bypass may be provided as described under Steam and Hot Water Coils. Atmospherie Corrections Heating coil ratings are based on the standard at mospheric conditions’ of 29.92 in: Hg barometric pressure and 70. For significantly different air con- Aitions sich as at altitudes exceeding 2000 feet or at average air temperatures above 125, a correction should be applied to the required air temperature roe and the alr quantity upon which the selection is Dased. In determining the éoil-air temperature rise required or the heating load imposed by the admit- ‘ance of air at temperatures below the design temperature, such as thru ventilation or infiltration, the factor 1.08 should be adjusted in proportion to the ratio of air densities as found from Chart 2. ‘The design air quantity should be multiplied by the density ratio in order'to determine the equivalent air flow at sea level. The adjusted air quantity and heating load (or air temperature rise) are then used to Selecta coil surtace. ‘The coll size andl face velocity are determined by the design air flow with no correction applied. How- ever, the coil air side pressure drdp should be corrected as described in Part 2. ‘Since the capacity of an electric heater does not depend on air quantity, no éorrection to the ratings(CHAPTER 4. ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT 665 is required. However, the heating load and air friction should be corrected as nécessary. Gasfired duct furnaces employed at elevations exceeding 200 feet should be derated in output by 4% for each 1900 feet above sea level. COW FREEZE.UP PROTECTION 2 ‘The exposure of hot water or steam pretiedi'arid reheat coils to subfreezing temperatures, eithé accident &r intent, makes'possible’ the: fréezing’of water accumulated within the tubes and thus Costly damage. The preventioa of sich, occurrenced: ie quires consideration of the problem in the appara: tus design and layout, it the selection of equipmeit, and in the choice of control methods, cea ‘The primary requirement for positive freeze to: tection js the assurance of uniform cofl leaving air temperatures, Air temperature stratification maj-be ‘caused by incdimplete mixing of outdoor and fetira air or by an tmeveri température tise thi the éoil. ‘Where the mixing of outdéor and return air takes place upstream of a heating coil, mixing should be promoted by introducing the denser cold air at the top of the plenum and by providing as mauch airway length as possible. If a steam coil is employed, the steam should be supplied from the naturally colder side of the plenum, Uf the mixing of outdoor ani retuim air isto ocetir downstream. of a preheat coll, it is suggested that nly the minimum outdoor’ air be heated and the maximiim outdoor air dampers be closed at subfreezing temperatuted. If eficient stream mixing has been provided, the preheat coil ‘may be used instead to heat thé return “ait 't a temperature predetermine fo yel@ the desired inix- ture air temperature. ‘Whire a steam preheat coil sérved by'a modi ing valye teinpérs'outdoot air, freezing of ‘ate in the tubes’ occurs most often at entering’ ait temperatures in the range of 25 F to 82 F.'Within this range’ the coil is usually ‘operating under 'se- vere partial load. The relatively small-amount. of steam admitted to the coil condenses completely before the end of the tube is reached, resulting in sra- tification. For ghis reason, if modulating control of Steam is required at subtreezing entering air temper- ‘tures, the use of the steam distributing tube type of coil is suggested, Single tube steam and hot water coils may be used for the tempering of subtreezing air, but the heating medium should not be modulated at entering air temperatures below 85 F. However, in cold clisnates such a design may produce overheating. To provide a degree of control while avoiding stratification, two prehéat coils in series, each furnishing a part of the required capacity and controlled in sequence, may ‘be employed. An alternative method consists of the use of face and bypass dampers controlled by a plenum thermostat. The bulb of such, an instrument should be located well downstream of the heating coll if space permits. Otherwise, an averaging. type bulb should be used. sit. ‘These same itethodls of obtaining control with stratification should be considered where steam, tributing type coils of large capacity are used preheat service.. However, rather than emplojing two coils in series, it may prove economically pret able to utilize one coll with two control valves piped in parallel, The first valve to open may be sized ‘pass the minimum steam quantity necessary for even Aliscribution of steam thru the tubes at a signal irl 1 two-position outdoor air thermostat. ‘As mentioned previously, 2 minimum enter water temperature of 160 F is suggested for tempering subtreezing air with hot water. Uniform leaving air temperatures should be insured as described above. In addition, a safety control closing the outdoor air damper at entering water temperatures * below 150 Fis suggested ‘Another inethod of freeze protection is the.gircu- of an inhibited glycol solution thru.2 water coil. A tworow coil with a single circuit is the best protection against stratification. The system should be designed to supply the glyco! solution to th ‘ata temperature of about 150 F at peak conditions with a high temperature drop of about 50 degtéts, ‘The steam valve'to the glycol heat exchanger ren, trolled. by the air teinperature leaving thé coil. Another requirement for adequate freezep piss. tection ‘of steatn coils is the positive and: Arainage of condensate fror the tubes. Any type"6t steam Coil may be daimaged if condensate is allowe to accumulate. and freeze thrii poor design’ of ‘thie system or coil. For this reason an ideal position for ., steam preheat coil is with the tubes vertical and with, the condensate header at the bottom. For'either horizontal or vertical air flov, steam preheat coils : installed with tubes ‘horizontal should be pitched downward toward the condensate: header to fatil- tate draifage. Many steam distributing tube Feature tubes internally pitched for either horieanal for vertical air low. Ik this case installation is dim: plified, and the only precaution necessary is t6 make sure that the condensate header is lower thani thé steam header if air flow is vertical. Vga) er) el) el al cd Jel o ele Je) ao) =")ae eG ats oh oh el ee oh ol es Geo eh ee ea a ee Positive ‘condensate drainage is also insured: by the proper desig.of the conideniate-return system. Adequately sized steata traps and vacuum breakers fare among the most important design considers tions. Refer tothe discussion in thi chapter under Layout and ip Part 3. z Larger heater tbe diameters provide mote posi- tie condensate drainage and more uniform leaving air temperatures. ‘The outdoor air dampers of an apparatus should be closed whenever the fan‘is not running. Int this way the inition of cod alr by tack effect unan, inoperative coil is minimized. ‘Stéam-preheat coil control valves, if uéed,‘éhObla bie of the “riormally open” type. Such valves should be sized to provide the maximum required capacity at a large pressure drop. Since valve capacity vaties as the square root of the pressure drop, the’ valve tends to be undersized if steam pressure falls; freezing isles likely o occur within the coil." Although occurring less frequently, th feeding ‘of reheat coils may be a problem, particularly if pre- heaters are not employed, If such is the cate, the same provisions as described for prefcat coils should, be considered if complete mixing of outdoor and return air cannot first be guaranteed. Where face aiid bypass control of a dehumidifier is ‘employed, the preheat coil should be locaied so that the air‘bypassed to thé reheat col is tempered as well at the Gchumidified air. INSTALLATION hecation : : In ‘tn air conditioning apparatus the preheater is usually located between the outdoor air intake and -the filters, Reheaters are mounted downstream of the dehumidifier coil, either within the apparatus ‘or in the ducts. The latter location is often chosen where more. than one control zone is served by. a single air conditioning uni. oe Duct-mounted heating devices may be Joceted outdoors as well a8 indoors. Heater end duct should be externally insulated and weatherproofed. As much ‘of the steam condensate’ return system as possible ‘should Tie within the heated space. Terminal boxes for electric heaters should be weatherproof. Layout e ‘Hot water coils and single-pass steam coils of both the single tube and steam distributing types ay be installed with tubes horizontal or vertical and wied for vertical or horizontal air flow. Multi-pass steam PART 6, AIR HANDLING EQUIPMit coils designed for use also with hot watervare Km. * ited to horizontal tube applications. Regardless of the orientatién; steain coils should’ be mounted sq that-the condensate connection is below the steam ‘connection, Steam and water coils may be assembled in banks, Coils so mounted should be supported individually in angle iron frames, thus protecting the lower coils from damage and facilitating coil removal, Sulficient access space should be provided around’ heater to permit maintenance and removal. Conneé: tions to ductwork should be so constructed to allow coil reinoval without disturbing the duct. Duct 26. ess doors on either side of the coll permit cleaning of the.equipment in place. Refer to Part 2 for a de- scription of the design of ductwork surrounding a heater. ‘A fixed eater bypass inay be located arouind of below-the Heating surface. A singleacting bypass dazaper with blades inclined toward the leaving air side of the heater promotes the mixing of heated and bypassed air. ‘The désign of hot water and steam coil piping is described in Part 3, Hot water coils should be piped so that.the watet enters at the bottom connection, and -coil vents shouild be provided as required. In a steam coil insjallation where the conlensate return main is higher than the coil steam trap, a condensate puinp, lift wap or boiler return trap should be used to move the condensate to the main. A mini- ‘mum of 18 inches should be maintained between 2 steam coil condensate outlet and the floor to provide space for traps and piping. In the design of heater installations considerations shoitld be given to the prevention of air temperature stratification. Unéven air temperature rises thr 2 heating coil may result not only in coil freezeup problems but also in the supplying of air of non- uniforin temperature to branch ducts splitting off doimstream of the heating surface. Stratification may be minimized by the proper design of duct splits by the use of two coils mounted in parallel and supplied from opposite sides of the apparatus and, if necessary, by the use of individual duct heaters. A horizontal supply air split is suggested with siigle fan air handling units, while a vertical split fs niore reduce stratification such as the use of steam di tributing tube coils are outlined in the section deat ‘nig with coil freezeup protection. ‘The location and layout of electric heaters and gasired duct fumaces relative to surrounding eosCHAPTER 4. ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT ‘BRT j wearer eaten Dustible surfaces is Ii and codes. ‘When locating electric heaters in. equipment in front of fan motors, overheating of.the motors miy result because of the high temperatures that can, be obtained. , ‘Duct furnaces may be grouped in series or parallel. Outdoor air of approximately 14 cubic feet of air per cubic foot of gas should be provided. Flue design should be:in agéordance_with Aierican Gas Association standards, ited by applicible standards CONTROL: “Phe eapacity of 2 pening coil may be Varied in ‘accordance with the load by control of the flow of the heating mediurs, by air volume control, or by ir bypass control. The conitrol of steam’ or hot ‘water flow is’ most coinmonly eniployed. ‘A multi- zene air conditioning apparatus may utilize air by” ‘pas control. If steam is ised in this case, “on-off” ‘control of the coil is pieferred to minimize stratification, han suprey over Ieuan HEATER OW seen - Fac. 74; Bizorac Hanes Conrpot Where a reheat coll has been selected with excess capacity as suggested above, the use of two Zontrol valves mounted in parallel and furnishing respec tively one-third vind two-thirds of the steam required ‘may improye the aécuracy of ‘control at relatively Jow heating loads. Figure 74 illustrates the wiring and control of electric heaters. The controlling instrument shown isa pressureélectric owitch actuated by a pneumatic ‘zone thermostat, ‘Electric’ thermostats may aio Be utilized. ‘The supply dictsail switch insures that the heaters operate only when’ the fan is'runnifig. On a singlehheater fan system, a thermal switch, may also, bbe used for this purpose.. Where’ multiple’ dzeuit heaters are ‘employed, individual ‘pressure-electric switches and contactors are ‘used for each citedit. A step thermostat may be used in place ofthe presire switches. Gasfired duct furnaces require’ safety ‘controls such as gas valve low Voltage control, 2 normally ‘closed gas valve; a high bonnet temperature cutout, 4 pilot safety control, and a gas pressure regulator. ‘for other than LP gas. J 1 eso) co) er) eo) <) ee) aoe ele) TJ 1S el eee)

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