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acceptanwing the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution, Russia annexed Crimea, and Russian-backed
paramilitaries seized part of the Donbas region of south-eastern Ukraine, which consists
of Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts, sparking a regional war.[19][20] In March 2021, Russia began a large
military build-up along its border with Ukraine, amassing up to 190,000 troops and their equipment.
Despite the build-up, denials of plans to invade or attack Ukraine were issued by various Russian
government officials up to the day before the invasion. [24] On 21 February 2022, Russia
recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, two self-proclaimed
breakaway quasi-states in the Donbas.[25] The next day, the Federation Council of Russia authorised
the use of military force and Russian troops entered both territories. [26]
The invasion began on the morning of 24 February,[27] when Russian president Vladimir
Putin announced a "special military operation" for the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine.
[28][29]
 In his address, Putin espoused irredentist views,[30] challenged Ukraine's right to statehood,[31]
[32]
 and falsely[33] claimed Ukraine was governed by neo-Nazis who persecuted the ethnic Russian
minority.[34] Minutes later, missiles, rockets and airstrikes hit across Ukraine, including the
capital Kyiv, followed by a large ground invasion from multiple directions. [35][36] Ukrainian
president Volodymyr Zelenskyy enacted martial law and a general mobilisation.[37][38] Russian attacks
were initially launched on a northern front from Belarus towards Kyiv, a north-eastern
front towards Kharkiv, a southern front from Crimea, and a south-eastern
front from Luhansk and Donetsk.[39][40] Russia's advance towards Kyiv stalled in March, with Russian
troops retreating from the northern front by April. On the southern and south-eastern fronts, Russia
captured Kherson in March and then Mariupol in May after a siege. On 19 April, Russia
launched a renewed attack on the Donbas region, with Luhansk Oblast fully captured by 3 July.
  Russian forces continued to bomb both military and civilian targets far from the frontline. [42]
[41]

 Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives in the south in August, and in the northeast in

[43]

September. Soon after, Russia announced the illegal annexation of four partially occupied Ukrainian
oblasts.
The invasion has received widespread international condemnation. The United Nations General
Assembly passed a resolution condemning the invasion and demanding a full withdrawal of Russian
forces.[44] The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to suspend military operations and
the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia, as well as on
its ally Belarus, which have affected the economies of Russia and the world,[45] and
provided humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine.[46] Protests occurred around the world; those in
Russia were met with mass arrests and increased media censorship,[47][48] including a ban on the
words "war" and "invasion". [36][49] Over 1,000 companies have pulled out of Russia and Belarus in
response to the invasion.[50] The International Criminal Court has opened an investigation into crimes
against humanity in Ukraine since 2013, including war crimes in the 2022 invasion.[51]

Contents

 1Background

 2Prelude and declaration of military operations

 3Invasion and resistance

o 3.1First phase: Invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April)

o 3.2Second phase: South-Eastern front (8 April – 5 September)

o 3.3Third phase: Counteroffensives and annexations (6 September  – present)

o 3.4Events in Crimea

o 3.5Missile attacks and air war

o 3.6Naval blockade and engagements

o 3.7Nuclear threats

o 3.8Ukrainian resistance

 4Foreign involvement

o 4.1Foreign military sales and aid

o 4.2Foreign military involvement

o 4.3Foreign sanctions and ramifications

o 4.4Foreign condemnation and protest

 5Casualties and refugee crisis

 o 5.1Field casualties and injuries

o 5.2Prisoners of war

o 5.3Refugee crisis

 6Humanitarian impact

 7Reactions

 8See also

 9Notes

 10References

 11Further reading

 12External links

Background
Main articles: Russia–Ukraine relations, Russia–NATO relations, Ukraine–NATO relations,
and Russo-Ukrainian War
Further information: Orange Revolution, Euromaidan, Revolution of Dignity, and 2014 pro-Russian
unrest in Ukraine
See also: Historical background of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, Russian imperialism,
and Enlargement of NATO

Protesters in Independence Square in Kyiv during the Orange Revolution, November 2004

After the Soviet Union (USSR) dissolved in 1991, the newly independent republics of Ukraine and
Russia maintained ties. Ukraine agreed in 1994 to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and
dismantle the nuclear weapons in Ukraine left by the USSR.[52] In return, Russia, the United Kingdom
(UK), and the United States (US) agreed in the Budapest Memorandum to uphold the territorial
integrity of Ukraine.[53][54] In 1999, Russia signed the Charter for European Security, which "reaffirmed
the inherent right of each and every participating state to be free to choose or change its security
arrangements, including treaties of alliance".[55] After the Soviet Union collapsed, several
former Eastern Bloc countries joined NATO, partly due to regional security threats such as the 1993
Russian constitutional crisis, the War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) and the First Chechen War (1994–
1996). Russian leaders claimed Western powers pledged that NATO would not expand eastward,
although this is disputed.[56][57][58]

Ukraine, with the annexed Crimea in the south and two self-proclaimed separatist republics in Donbas in the
east
Following the Euromaidan protests and the Revolution of Dignity which resulted in the removal of
pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych in February 2014, pro-Russian unrest erupted in eastern
and southern parts of Ukraine. Russian soldiers without insignia took control of strategic positions
and infrastructure in the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, and seized the Crimean Parliament. Russia
organised a controversial referendum, whose outcome was for Crimea to join Russia. Russia's
annexation of Crimea followed in March 2014, then the war in Donbas, which began in April 2014
with the formation of two Russia-backed separatist quasi-states: the Donetsk People's Republic and
the Luhansk People's Republic.[59][60] Russian troops were involved in the conflict.[61][62][63] The Minsk
agreements signed in September 2014 and February 2015 were a bid to stop the fighting, but
ceasefires repeatedly failed.[64]
A dispute emerged over the role of Russia: Normandy Format members France, Germany, and
Ukraine saw Minsk as an agreement between Russia and Ukraine, whereas Russia insisted Ukraine
should negotiate directly with the two separatist republics.[65][66] In 2021, Putin refused offers from
Zelenskyy to hold high-level talks, and the Russian government subsequently endorsed an article by
former president Dmitry Medvedev arguing it was pointless to deal with Ukraine while it remained a
"vassal" of the US.[67] The annexation of Crimea led to a new wave of Russian nationalism, with much
of the Russian neo-imperial movement aspiring to annex more Ukrainian land, including the
unrecognised Novorossiya.[68] Analyst Vladimir Socor argued that Putin's 2014 speech after the
annexation of Crimea was a de facto "manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism".[69] In July 2021, Putin
published an essay titled "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians", reaffirming that
Russians and Ukrainians were "one people".[70] American historian Timothy Snyder described Putin's
ideas as imperialism.[71] British journalist Edward Lucas described it as historical revisionism.[72] Other
observers have noted that the Russian leadership has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and its
history.[73][74][75]

Prelude and declaration of military operations

Main articles: Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and On conducting a special military
operation
Further information: Disinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis, NATO open door
policy, and Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022)
See also: Russian opposition to Ukrainian NATO membership, War in Donbas, and Humanitarian
situation during the war in Donbas
US paratroopers of 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment depart Italy's Aviano Air Base for Latvia, 23
February 2022. Thousands of US troops were deployed to Eastern Europe amid Russia's military build-up. [76]

In March and Ape village was formed in 1905 (as the memorial plaque on the building of
the Vorzelsky railway station says) on the 37th kilometer of the section of the Kovel
railway, thanks to the collaboration of local landowners Krasovsky, Chaika, von Derviz,
Saratovsky, Pekhovsky and Kicheeva.
During World War II the village was occupied by German troops on 22 September 1941.
Two years later, in November 1943, Soviet troops took it back for the USSR without a
fight.[3]
Until 18 July 2020, Vorzel belonged to Irpin Municipality. In July 2020, as part of the
administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kyiv Oblast to
seven, Irpin Municipality was merged into Bucha Raion. [4][5]
During the Russian-Ukrainian war the village was shelled and then occupied by Russian
troops in late February 2022.[6] Until March 9, Vorzel was blocked by the Russian
occupiers, leaving most houses without electricity, heat and water. [7] It was only on
March 9 that the evacuation of local residents began. [8] Among the evacuees was the
Ukrainian composer Ihor Poklad.[9]

People from Vorzel[edit]

 Serhiy Shapoval (born 1990), Ukrainian footballer

Gallery[edit]

 
 


 References[edit]

1. ^ "Бучанская городская громада" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.

2. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2021 [Number of Present
Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2021]  (PDF)  (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv:  State
Statistics Service of Ukraine.
3. ^ uvarovsky (2013-11-12).  "У Ворзелі вперше відсвяткували День визволення селища
від німецько-фашистських окупантів".  Ворзельський музей історії та культури
«Уваровський дім» (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-03-12.
4. ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-
ІХ".  Голос України  (in Ukrainian). 2020-07-18. Retrieved  2020-10-03.
5. ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та
територій України.
6. ^ "Russia shelled Vorzel, the orphanage with 50 children bombed". Ukrayinska Pravda.
Retrieved 2022-03-12.
7. ^ "Більшість районів Ворзеля через постійні ворожі обстріли – без світла, тепла й
води".  www.ukrinform.ua  (in Ukrainian). Retrieved  2022-03-12.
8. ^ ""Знесилені, налякані й голодні": евакуйовані з Ворзеля та Ірпеня поділилися
жахіттями російської окупації (фото)".  ТСН.ua  (in Ukrainian). 2022-03-09.
Retrieved 2022-03-12.
9. ^ Алла (2022-03-12). "Були без їжі, води та зв'язку: композитора Ігоря Поклада з
дружиною врятовано з підвалу будинку у Ворзелі". Про Львів (in Ukrainian).
Retrieved 2022-03-12.

External link[edit]
 Media related to Vorzel at Wikimedia Commons

hide

 Administrative divisions of Kyiv Oblast

Administrative center: Kyiv

 Bila Tserkva

 Boryspil

 Brovary

 Bucha

 Chernobyl (special administration)

 Fastiv

 Obukhiv

 Vyshhorod

 Baryshivka

 Berezan
 Bila Tserkva

 Bilohorodka

 Borodianka

 Borshchahivka

 Boryspil

 Brovary

 Bucha

 Divychky

 Dmytrivka

 Fursy

 Hora

 Hostomel

 Hrebinky

 Irpin

 Kalynivka (Brovary)

 Kalyta

 Kotsiubynske

 Kovalivka

 Makariv

 Mala Vilshanka

 Medvyn

 Nemishaieve

 Pereiaslav

 Piskivka
 Prystolychna

 Rokytne

 Skvyra

 Stavyshche

 Studenyky

 Tarashcha

 Tashan

 Tetiiv

 Tsybli

 Uzyn

 Velyka Dymerka
 Volodarka

 Voronkiv

 Vyshneve

 Yahotyn

 Zzaymia

 Zghurivka

 Zolochiv

 Berezan

 Bila Tserkva

 Bohuslav

 Boiarka

 Boryspil

 Brovary

 Bucha

 Chernobyl

 Fastiv

 Irpin

 Kaharlyk

 Myronivka

 Obukhiv

 Pereiaslav

 Pripyat

 Rzhyshchiv
 Skvyra

 Slavutych

 Tarashcha

 Tetiiv

 Ukrainka

 Uzyn

 Vasylkiv

 Vyshhorod

 Vyshneve

 Yahotyn

 Babyntsi
 Baryshivka

 Borodianka

 Borova

 Chabany

 Doslidnytske

 Dymer

 Hlevakha

 Hostomel

 Hrebinky

 Ivankiv

 Kalynivka, Brovary Raion

 Kalynivka, Fastiv Raiont

 Kalyta

 Klavdiievo-Tarasove

 Kodra

 Kotsiubynske

 Kozhanka

 Kozyn

 Krasiatychi

 Makariv

 Nemishaieve

 Piskivka

 Rokytne

 Stavyshche
 Terezyne

 Velyka Dymerka

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 Zghurivka
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This article is about the country. For other uses, see Jordan (disambiguation).

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

‫المملكة األردنية الهاشمية‬ (Arabic)
Al-Mamlakah al-’Urdunniyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah

Flag
 Coat of arms

Motto: ‫ الملك‬،‫ الوطن‬،‫هللا‬

Allāh, Al-Waṭan, Al-Malik
"God, Country, King"[1]

Anthem: ‫السالم الملكي األردني‬

As-Salām Al-Malakī Al-ʾUrdunī
"The Royal Anthem of Jordan"

0:37

Capital Amman

and largest city 31°57′N 35°56′E

 Official language Arabic[2]
s

 95% Arab
Ethnic groups
 3% Circassian, Chechen
 2% Armenian, Asians and others

Religion  97% Islam (official)
 2% Christianity
 1% Druze, Baháʼí

Demonym(s) Jordanian

Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional
monarchy

• Monarch Abdullah II
• Prime Minister Bisher Al-Khasawneh

Legislature Parliament

• Upper house Senate

• Lower house House of Representatives

Independence 
from the United Kingdom
• Emirate 11 April 1921
• Independence 25 May 1946
• Constitution 11 January 1952

Area
• Total 89,342 km2 (34,495 sq mi) (110th)
• Water (%) 0.6

Population
• 2021 estimate 11,042,719[3] (84th)
• 2015 census 9,531,712[4]
• Density 114/km2 (295.3/sq mi) (70th)

GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
• Total  $122.180 billion[5] (93rd)

• Per capita $11,861 [5] (117th)

GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
• Total $47.745 billion[5] (93rd)
 • Per capita  $4,635[5] (103rd)

Gini (2011) 35.4[6]
medium · 79th

HDI (2021)  0.720[7]
high · 102nd

Currency Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Time zone UTC+3

Driving side right

Calling code +962

ISO 3166 code JO

Internet TLD .jo

.‫االردن‬

Website
jordan.gov.jo

Jordan (Arabic: ‫;األردن‬ tr. Al-ʾUrdunn [al.ʔur.dunː]), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,[a] is

a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Eurdanian dish made
of lamb cooked in a sauce of fermented dried yogurt and served with rice or bulgur.[1]
It is a popular dish eaten throughout the Levant. It is considered the national dish of Jordan, and can
also be found in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Syria.[2] The name of the dish comes from the term "large
tray" or "large dish".[3]The dish evolved greatly between the 1940's and late 1980's, undergoing
changes in the recipe as well as in the preparation process.

Contents

 1History

 2Preparation

o 2.1Jameed

o 2.2Cooking

 3Culture and tradition

o 3.1Jordan's national dish

 4Regions and variants

 5Evolution
 o 5.1Evolution in the Dish

o 5.2Evolution in the Preparation Process

 6See also

 7References

 8Further reading

History[edit]
The original pastoralist Bedouin mansaf underwent significant changes in the 20th century. The dish
is said to originally have been made with simply meat (camel or lamb), meat broth or ghee (clarified
butter) and bread.[4] Following the popularization of rice in northern Transjordan in the 1920s, rice
gradually was introduced into the dish, at first mixed with bulgur, and later on its own, until the dish
reached its modern incarnation of being based on white rice. Similarly, the jameed sauce is a recent
development, as the Bedouins did not historically feature jameed in their cooked dishes until their
modern sedentarization.[5]

Preparation[edit]
Jameed[edit]

Al-Karak in Jordan is known to produce the highest quality of jameed.

See also: Jameed
Jameed is a hard dry yogurt that is prepared by the boiling of sheep or goat's milk, which is then left
to dry and ferment.[6] The mixture is later kept in a fine woven cheesecloth to make a
thick yogurt. Salt is added daily to thicken the yogurt even more for a few days, which then becomes
very dense and is shaped into round balls. The city of Al-Karak in Jordan has a reputation for
producing the highest quality of jameed. [7]

Cooking[edit]
A jameed broth is prepared and the pieces of lamb are cooked in it. The dish is served on a large
platter with a layer of flatbread (markook or shrak) topped with rice and then meat, garnished
with almonds and pine nuts, and then the creamy jameed sauce is poured on top of the dish. [8]
Culture and tradition[edit]

Woman in Petra preparing mansaf with lamb and chicken

Mansaf is associated with a traditional Jordanian culture based on an agro-pastoral lifestyle in which
meat and yogurt are readily available. Mansaf is served on special occasions such as weddings,
births and graduations, or to honor a guest, and on major holidays such as Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-
Adha, Christmas, Easter and Jordan's Independence Day. It is traditionally eaten collectively from a
large platter in the Bedouin and rural style, standing around the platter with the left hand behind the
back and using the right hand instead of utensils. [9] Mansaf plays an active role in settling tribal
disputes in Jordan in what is known as an Atwa (truce) and a Ja'ha (peacemaking process).[10] It is
thought to signal the end of a conflict when the heads of conflicting tribes visit each other and the
host sacrifices a sheep or a goat for a shared mansaf, taken to be a sign of reconciliation. [11]
Since mansaf was originally popular among Bedouins, much of the traditions that they used with the
dish still exist today. The tray containing mansaf is placed on a table where people gather around it
while standing. Mansaf should be eaten with the use of a person's right hand only while the left is
behind the person's back. The hand is used to create balls of rice and then the ball is placed in the
mouth through the use of three fingers. It is frowned upon to blow on the ball of rice, no matter how
hot. Many of these traditions are still used; however, it can also be eaten with spoons and plates. [12]

Jordan's national dish[edit]

Though mansaf is frequently referred to as Jordan's "national dish", Palestinian Professor of Modern
Arab Politics and Intellectual History at Columbia University Joseph Massad states that mansaf is
not a truly "traditional" dish, but is rather a more recent dish which was developed during
the Hashemite-Mandatory era of the early 20th century, and then promulgated as a national dish
following independence. Massad notes that the current form of mansaf differs from the
independence-era and Mandate-era recipes but is portrayed by the state as a dish that is both
national and a Bedouin tradition, [5] despite it also historically being a dish of the peasants and
Bedouins of the neighboring regions of southern Palestine and Syria. [13][14]
Regions and variants[edit]

A variant of mansaf topped with parsley

The inhabitants of Al-Salt and Al-Karak are reputed to make the best mansaf in Jordan. [15] Other
variants of the dish also exist and are adapted to the regional tastes and circumstances. These
include fish mansaf, found in the south around the port city of Aqaba. An urban, less ceremonial
adaptation of mansaf using non-dried yogurt is called shakreyyeh. It is sometimes cooked with
poultry instead of lamb and is common in the northern part of Jordan. [16] In the 2020s, a restaurateur
in Amman, Jordon began selling single serve mansaf in a cup. While some customers find it
convenient, others find that it demeans the prestige and honor associated with it. [17][18]

Evolution[edit]
Evolution in the Dish[edit]
Prior to 1945, Mansaf was made up of three main components: the bread, the meat and the clarified
butter. The bread that was used is called khobz al-shrak. It is a whole wheat bread that is described
as “thick”, “flat” , “paper-thin” and “crumb-less”.[19] Mansaf was made using whole wheat flour
because wheat was an easily accessible crop at the time. The specific type of bread varied based on
local regions.[20] The next main component of Mansaf was the meat. It was boiled in water in order to
clean it from dirt and film that developed on its surface. After the meat was fully cooked, it was
added on top of the bread, and the meat broth was poured over the bread. The final step was
pouring the clarified butter, called samin beladee, on top. [21]
The first evolutions to change this initial recipe were a decrease in the amount of broth added to the
base, and adding bulgur wheat to the meal. This is because bulgur became a widely grown crop
around 1945. T
ope,[8] within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi
Arabia to the south and east, Iraq to the northeast, Syria to the north, and the Palestinian West
Bank, Israel, and the Dead Sea to the west. It has a 26 km (16 mi) coastline on the Gulf of Aqaba in
the Red Sea to the southwest. The Gulf of Aqaba separates Jordan from Egypt.[9] Amman is Jordan's
capital and largest city, as well as its economic, political, and cultural centre. [10]
Modern-day Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. Three stable
kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. Later rulers
include the Assyrian Empire, Babylonian Empire, Nabataean Kingdom, the Persian Empire,
the Roman Empire, including the latter Byzantine Empire, the Rashidun, Umayyad,
and Abassid caliphates, and the Ottoman Empire. After the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans
in 1916 during World War I, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by Britain and France. The Emirate
of Transjordan was established in 1921 by the Hashemite, then Emir, Abdullah I, and the emirate
became a British protectorate. In 1946, Jordan became an independent state officially known as
the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan, but it was renamed in 1949 to the Hashemite Kingdom of
Jordan after the country captured the West Bank during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and annexed it
until it was lost to Israel in 1967. Jordan renounced its claim to the territory in 1988, and became the
second Arab state to sign a peace treaty with Israel in 1994.[11] Jordan is a founding member of
the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation. The sovereign state is
a constitutional monarchy, but the king holds wide executive and legislative powers.
Jordan is a semi-arid country, covering an area of 89,342 km2 (34,495 sq mi), with a population of
10 million, making it the eleventh-most populous Arab country. The dominant majority, or around
95% of the country's population, is Sunni Muslim, with a mostly Arab Christian minority. Jordan has
been repeatedly referred to as an "oasis of stability" in the turbulent region of the Middle East. It has
been mostly unscathed by the violence that swept the region following the Arab Spring in 2010.
[12]
 From as early as 1948, Jordan has accepted refugees from multiple neighboring countries in
conflict. An estimated 2.1 million Palestinian and 1.4 million Syrian refugees are present in Jordan as
of a 2015 census.[4] The kingdom is also a refuge to thousands of Christian Iraqis fleeing persecution
by the Islamic State.[13][14] While Jordan continues to accept refugees, the recent large influx from
Syria placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure. [15]
Jordan has a high Human Development Index, ranking 102nd, and is considered an upper middle
income economy. The Jordanian economy, one of the smallest economies in the region, is attractive
to foreign investors based upon a skilled workforce. [16] The country is a major tourist destination, also
attracting medical tourism due to its well developed health sector.[17] Nonetheless, a lack of natural
resources, large flow of refugees, and regional turmoil have hampered economic growth. [18]

Contents

 1Etymology
 2History
o 2.1Ancient period
o 2.2Classical period
o 2.3Islamic era
o 2.4Modern era
o 2.5Post-independence
 3Geography
o 3.1Climate
o 3.2Biodiversity
 4Politics and government
o 4.1Largest cities
o 4.2Administrative divisions
o 4.3Foreign relations
o 4.4Military
o 4.5Law enforcement
 5Economy
o 5.1Transportation
o 5.2Tourism
o 5.3Natural resources
o 5.4Industry
o 5.5Science and technology
  6Demographics
o 6.1Refugees, immigrants and expatriates
o 6.2Religion
o 6.3Languages
o 6.4Health and education
 7Culture
o 7.1Art and museums
o 7.2Sports
o 7.3Cuisine
 8See also
 9Notes
 10References
o 10.1Sources
 11Further reading
 12External links

Etymology[edit]
See also: Jordan River §  Etymology
Jordan takes its name from the Jordan River, which forms much of the country's northwestern
border.[19] While several theories for the origin of the river's name have been proposed, it is most
plausible that it derives from the Hebrew word Yarad (Hebrew:  ‫)ירד‬, meaning "the descender",
reflecting the river's declivity.[20] Much of the area that makes up modern Jordan was historically
called Transjordan, meaning "across the Jordan", used to denote the lands east of the river. [20] The
Hebrew Bible (the founding holy text of Judaism, also referred to by Christians as the Old
Testament) refers to the area as Hebrew: ‫עבר הירדן‬, romanized: Ever ha'Yarden, lit. 'The other side of
the Jordan'.[20] Early Arab chronicles referred to the river as Al-Urdunn, corresponding to the
Hebrew Yarden.[21] Jund Al-Urdunn was a milit

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ril 2021, Russia began a major military build-up near the Russo-Ukrainian border. A second build-up
followed from October 2021 to February 2022, in both Russia and Belarus. [77] Members of the
Russian government repeatedly denied having plans to invade or attack Ukraine; [22][78] including
government spokesman Dmitry Peskov on 28 November 2021, Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei
Ryabkov on 19 January 2022,[21] Russian ambassador to the US Anatoly Antonov on 20 February
2022,[22] and Russian ambassador to the Czech R
ce.

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