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dx n 1
dy 1 dx
y ln x
dx x x
ln | x | C
dy ax
y ax a x ln a a dx C
x
dx ln a
dy
ex e dx e C
x x
y ex
dx
dy
y sin x
dx
cos x cos x dx sin x C
dy
y cos x
dx
sin x sin x dx cos x C
dy
y tan x sec2 x sec x dx tan x C
2
dx
dy
y cot x csc2 x c sc x dx cot x C
2
dx
dy
y sec x
dx
sec x tan x sec x tan x dx sec x C
dy
y csc x
dx
csc x cot x csc x cot x dx csc x C
dy 1 dx
y sin 1 x
dx
1 x2
1 x2
sin 1 x C
dy 1 dx
y cos 1 x
dx
1 x2
1 x 2
cos1 x C
dy 1 dx
1 x2 tan x C
1
y tan 1 x
dx 1 x 2
dy 1 dx
1 x2 cot x C
1
y cot 1 x
dx 1 x 2
dy 1 dx
x x 2 1 sec x C
1
y sec 1 x
dx x x 2 1
dy 1 dx
x x2 1 csc x C
1
y csc 1 x
dx x x 2 1
dy
y sinh x
dx
cosh x cosh x dx sinh x C
dy
y cosh x
dx
sin hx sinh x dx cosh x C
dy
y tanh x sec h2 x sech x dx tanh x C
2
dx
dy
y cot h x csc h2 x csc h x dx cot hx C
2
dx
dy
y sec hx
dx
sec hx tan hx sec hx tanh x dx sec hx C
dy
y csc hx
dx
csc hx cot hx csc hx cot hx dx csc hx C
y sinh 1 x dy 1 dx
sinh 1 x C
y ln x 1 x 2
dx 1 x2 1 x 2
y cosh 1 x dy 1 dx
cosh 1 x C
y ln x x 1 2
dx x 1
2
x 12
y tan h 1 x
dy 1 dx
1 1 x
y ln
dx 1 x 2 1 x 2
tanh 1 x C
2 1 x
y cot h 1 x
dy 1 dx
1 x 1
y ln
2
dx x 1 x 2
1
cot h 1 x C
2 x 1
y sec h 1 x
dy 1 dx
y cos h 1
1
dx x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2
sec h1 x C
x
y csc h 1 x
dy 1 dx
y sin h 1
1
dx x x 2 1 x x 1 2
csc h 1 x C
x
1 1
sin x dx
x sin 2 x C
2
2 4
1 1
cos x dx 2 x 4 sin 2 x C
2
3 1
sin x dx 4 cos x 12 cos3x C
3
3 1
cos x dx 4 sin x 12 sin 3x C
3
3 1 1
sin 4 x C
4
sin x dx sin 2 x
8 4 32
3 1 1
cos x dx 8 x 4 sin 2 x 32 sin 4x C
4
dx 1 xa
x 2 a 2 2a ln x a C
dx 1 1 x
x 2 a 2 a tan a C
dx 1 1 x
x x 2 a 2 a sec a C
dx 2 2ax b
ax tan 1 C , 4ac b 0
2
2
bx c 4ac b2 4ac b
2
dx 1 2ax b b 2 4ac
ax 2 bx c b2 4ac 2ax b b2 4ac C , b 4ac 0
2
ln
dx x
a2 x2
sin 1 C
a
dx x
a x
2 2
ln x x 2 a 2 C ; sinh 1 c
a
dx x
x2 a2
ln x x 2 a 2 C ; cosh 1
a
STANDARD REULTS
S.NO
x 2 a2 x
1. a 2 x 2 dx
2
a x 2 sin 1 C
2 a
2
x 2 a x
a 2 x 2 dx
2
a x 2 sin 1 C
2 a
2. Or
x 2
2
a2
a x log x x 2 a 2 C
2
2
x 2 a2 x
x 2 a 2 dx
2
x a 2 cosh 1 C
2 a
3. Or
x 2
2
a2
x a log x x 2 a 2 C
2
2
ax
e
e cos bx c dx a 2 b 2 a cos bx c b sin bx c C
ax
4.
e ax
5.
e ax
sin bx c dx a sin bx c b cos bx c C
a 2 b2
ax
a cos bx dx a cos bx dx log a 2 b2 log a cos bx b sin bx C
x x log a
6.
ax
7. a sin bx dx
x
log a sin bx b cos bx C
log a b2
2
e ax e bx e bx
e cosh bx dx C
ax
8.
2 ab ab
e ax ebx e bx
e sinh bx dx 2 a b a b C
ax
9.
f ' x dx
10. log f x C
f x
f ' x dx
11. 2 f x C
f x
f x
n 1
12.
f n
x f ' x dx C
n 1
e f x f ' x dx e f x C
x x
13.
e f x f ' x dx e f x C
x x
14.
dx 1 x
2. C
a 2
x
2 3/ 2 a2 a2 x2
dx 1 x
3. C
x
2 3/ 2 2
2
a a x2 a2
dx 1 xn
4. x xn 1 n xn 1 C
log
dx 1 xn
5. x x n 1 n log x n 1 C
dx 1 xn
6. x 1 xn n log 1 xn C
sin
1
7. x dx x sin 1 x 1 x 2 C
cos
1
8. x dx x cos1 x 1 x 2 C
1
9.
tan
1
x dx x tan 1 x log 1 x 2 C
2
IMPORTANT SUBSTITUTIONS
S.
Expression Substitutions
No
2 n 1
1.
a 2
x2 2 x a sin or a cos
2 n 1
2.
a 2
x2 2 x a tan (or ) a sinh
2 n 1
3. x 2
a 2
2 x a sec (or ) a cosh
ax ax
4. (or ) x a cos 2
ax ax
xa
(or ) x a b x (or) x a cos 2 b sin 2 then dx b a sin 2
bx
5. x a b a sin 2
1
b x b a cos 2
x a b x
ax
6.
x
dx x a sin 2 (or ) a cos 2
S.
NO
Special types of Integration
1. sin m x cos n x dx, where m, n are natural numbers
(i) If one of them is even, then substitute for term of even power
(ii) If both are odd, substitute either of them
(iii) If both are even, use trigonometric identities only
1.
mn2
(iv) If m, n are rational numbers and is a negative integer, then
2
substitute tan x =t (or) cot x = t, which ever suitable.
px q px q
ax bx c
2
dx (or)
ax 2 bx c
dx (or) px q ax 2 bx c
2.
d
Substitution : px q A.
dx
ax 2 bx c B
px q dx
ax bx c ax bx c
2
2
dx A.log ax bx c B 2
px q dx
ax2 bx c dx 2 A ax bx c B ax 2 bx c
2
2
px q ax2 bx c dx A. ax2 bx c B ax2 bx c dx
3/ 2
3
dx 1
3. px q ax 2 bx c then put px q t
dx
ax b cx d then put cx d t
2
4.
dx 1
5. ax 2 b cx 2 d then put x t
dx 1 x 1 b
6. a sin x b cos x a b 2 2
log tan tan 1 C
2 2 a
x
dx 2 tan
2 ,
a sin x b cos x c , then put sin x x
1 tan 2
2
x
7. 1 tan 2
cos x 2 , after that put tan x t
x 2
1 tan 2
2
2 dt
Final result :
a 2t b 1 t 2 c 1 t 2
dx dx
8. a sin 2
x b cos 2 x c sin x cos x
(or ) a sin x b cos x 2
dx 1 a
a sin x b cos x ab
2 22 2
tan 1 .tan x C
b
a sin x b cos x c d
d sin x e cos x f . dx, then put Nr A. dx Dr B Dr C
a cos x bsinx dx dx ae x b
c cos x d sin x .dx (or ) a b tan x (or) a b cot x (or ) ce x d dx
d
then put Nr A. Dr B Dr
dx
a cos x bsinx ac bd ad bc
c cos x d sin x .dx c2 d 2 x c2 d 2 log c cos x d sin x C
Reduction formula
sin n1 x cos x n 1
1. If I n sin x dx then for n 2 , I n
n
I n 1
n n
cos n 1 x sin x n 1
2. If I n cos n x dx , for n 2, I n I n2
n n
tan n1x
3. If I n tan x dx , for n 2, I n
n
I n2
n 1
cot n1 x
4. If I n cot n x dx , for n 2, I n I n 2
n 1
sec n 2 x tan x n 2
5. If I n sec x dx , for n 2, I n
n
I
n 1 n 1 n2
cos ec n 2 x cot x n 2
6. If I n co sec x dx , for n 2, I n
n
I
n 1 n 1 n2
cos n 1 x sin m1 x n 1
I m ,n2 , for n 2
m n m n
7. If I m ,n sin m x cos n x dx , then I m ,n
sin x cos x m 1 I
m 1 n 1
m 2,n , for m 2
m n m n
If I n log x dx, then I n n.I n1 x log x
n n
8.