ENGLISH PHONOLOGY

“PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION AND PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OF

ENGLISH WORD”

THE LECTURER BY:

AFIFAH, S. Pd., M. Pd.

ARRANGED BY:

GROUP III

ADIYATMA ARFAN HAKIM (171160030)

RIZKI KURNIAWAN (171160041)
MOH .FAHRUL (171160043)
NURHALIM (171160045)
ALFI MUBARAK TRIPUTRA (171160044)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING

STATE INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC STUDY PALU

2019
 PREFACE

The presence of praise Almighty God for all the graces so that this paper can be
arranged to complete. Don't forget we thank against aid from parties that have
contributed by providing donations of material. We hope this paper can add to the
knowledge and experience to their readers. In fact we expect even more so that
the reader can practice papers in real life. We believe there are still many
shortcomings in the preparation of this paper due to the limitations of our
knowledge and experience. For that we hopefully sincerely expect criticism and
suggestions from readers who build for the sake of perfection of this paper.

Palu, oct 18th 2019

Compile

Group III
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE .............................................................................................

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................

CHAPTER I ..........................................................................................
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................
A. Background of the paper ...........................................................
B. Discussion .................................................................................
C. Purpose of the paper ..................................................................

CHAPTER II .........................................................................................
A.
DISCUSSION
CHAPTER III ........................................................................................

CLOSING ..............................................................................................

A. Conclusion .................................................................................

B. Suggestion..................................................................................

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background Of The Paper

The term phoneme from the Ancient Greek φώνημα phōnēma, "sounds
made, speech, things spoken, speech, language" was reported first used by A.
Dufriche-Desgenettes in 1873, but only refers to speech sounds. The term
phoneme as abstraction was developed by Polish linguist Jan Niecisław Baudouin
de Courtenay and his student Mikołaj Kruszewski during 1875-1895. The term
used by both is phonema, the basic unit of what they call psychophonetics. Daniel
Jones became the first linguist in the western world to use the term phoneme in
the current sense, using that word in his article "The phonetic structure of the
Sechuana Language". This phoneme concept was later elaborated in the works of
Nikolai Trubetzkoy and others from the Prague School (during 1926-1935).

B. Discussion
1. What is phonemic transciption
2. What is phonetic transcription

C. Purpose Of The Paper

1. To know the phonemic transcription

2. To know the phonetic transcription
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION

Phonemic transcription is the most common type of phonetic transcription, used

in many English dictionaries.

How does phonemic transcription work? Suppose we have two different English
sounds. Should we give them separate symbols in transcriptions? In phonemic
transcription, the answer is “yes” only if there is an English word where saying
one sound instead of another changes the meaning.

For example, saying “d” instead of “t” in the word bet changes the meaning (the
word becomes bed), therefore we use separate symbols for “d” and “t” in
phonemic transcriptions. In other words, we say that “t” and “d” are two separate
phonemes.

On the other hand, the flap t (in this pronunciation of the word letter) and the
regular “t” (in this one) are two very different sounds. However, there are no
English words where saying the flap t instead of the regular “t” (or the other way
around) changes the meaning. Therefore, in phonemic transcription, we use the
same symbol for the flap t and the regular “t”. In other words, we say that the flap
t and the regular “t” are the same phoneme.

More examples

Each of these examples gives two different sounds that are written with the same
symbol in phonemic transcription. In other words, the two sounds are the same
phoneme.

 the “clear l” in lid and the “dark l” in hill (the second sounds like a vowel
and the tongue does not touch the top of your mouth; the difference is
especially audible in British English)
 the “ee” sound in this pronunciation of meet and this one (the second is
much longer)
 the “p” sound in pin and spin (the first is accompanied by more breathing)
 the “w” sound in wine and twine (the first is voiced, the second is not)
A. C. Gimson’s system

The most popular system of phonemic transcription was created by A. C. Gimson

/ˈgɪmsən/, the editor of the 13th edition of the English Pronouncing Dictionary,
published in 1967. It is used (usually with certain small changes) in nearly all
dictionaries published in Britain.

Gimson’s system uses symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to
represent phonemes. Of course, some phonemes can be pronounced in many ways
(as explained above), and therefore could be written with many IPA symbols. For
example, the “t” phoneme can be spoken like the “regular t” sound (IPA symbol t)
or like the flap t sound (IPA symbol t̬ or ɾ). In such cases, A. C. Gimson simply
chose one of the possible IPA symbols. Thus, the “t” phoneme is represented by
the t symbol.

There are two problems with Gimson’s phonemic system:

 It uses IPA symbols for sounds to represent phonemes, which can be

confusing, because the symbol t can mean both the t phoneme and the t
sound. To help solve this problem, we place IPA symbols between slashes
/'laɪk ˈðɪs/ when we mean phonemes and between square brackets [ˈlaɪk
ˈðɪs] when we mean sounds.
 Moreover, some of the phoneme symbols chosen by Gimson are
problematic. For example, in Gimson’s system, rule is transcribed as /ru:l/.
But the IPA symbol r does not correspond to the American or British r
sound. It represents a different r sound — one used e.g. in Spanish and
Polish. The American/British r sound is actually represented by another
IPA symbol: ɹ. So a regular r seems a strange choice to represent the
English r phoneme.

For more information on phonemic transcription as it is used in modern

dictionaries, see our introduction to phonetic transcription and our table with
symbols used in phonemic transcriptions in dictionaries.

B. PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION

Phonetic transcription is the recording of sound in the form of written

symbols. Sound symbol or phonetic symbol (phonetic symbol) established by The
International Phonetic Association (IPA), which is a union of teachers established
since the end of the 19th century, which was established to popularize new
methods in teaching language that emphasizes the teaching of oral language .

The symbol system used by IPA is commonly called The International

Phonetic Alphabet, abbreviated as IPA as well. The Natural Science alphabet
 is a series of symbols based on the Latin alphabet, which was created for the
purpose of giving all the sounds of languages in the world. Because of the
number of sounds in the nations of the world, there are more letters.

So IPA modifies the forms of letters to distinguish different sounds. In

modifying the shape of the letter, it is always endeavored that the sounds with
many similarities are given the same symbol or basic form, the difference is
only the addition of diacritics.

Purpose and Benefits of phonetic transcription

The etymological purpose of phonetic transcription is that transcription

originates from a trans move, change, move 'and thesis' writing'. That is the act of
moving from oral into writing. This activity requires continuous practice because
phonetic writing skills will emerge well if someone conducts the exercise
continuously. A person's words (la parole) sometimes contain pronunciation
errors, so they can be demonstrated by making phonetic transcriptions.

The written language is a representation of spoken language. Phonetic

writing is also based on written language (orthographic writing). Phonetic writing
uses language symbols that are already present in the chapter sound segmental
language. Phonetic writing is made to suggest language sounds. That is, if the
writing is read, then the words that have been heard before. Of course it won't be
one hundred percent similar. The reason, people have different utilities so that the
quality of the sound produced will be different.

Example

that ðæt
difficult ˈdɪfɪkəlt
you ju:
which wɪtʃ
their ðeəʳ
about əˈbaʊt
photo ˈfoʊtoʊ
should ʃʊd
people ˈpi:pəl
also ˈɔ:lsoʊ
between bɪˈtwi:n
many ˈmeni
thicker ˈθɪkəʳ
child tʃaɪld
hear hɪəʳ
system ˈsɪstəm
group gru:p
number ˈnʌmbəʳ

CHAPTER III

CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION

B. SUGGESTION

The compiler is aware of the many mistakes made in this paper and far from
perfection. we will improve this paper by referring to many sources that can be
accounted for. Therefore expect criticism from you about our paper.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://bagawanabiyasa.wordpress.com/2015/11/20/fonetik-dan-fonemik/ (18 Oct

2019)

www.antimoon.com/terms/phonemic_transcription.htm ( 18 Oct 2019 )

http://dedeeljumhury.blogspot.com/2014/10/transkripsi-fonetik.html ( 18 Oct 2019 )

http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunctransdemo.htm ( 18 Oct 2019 )