I10 5.

2
Clauses

 What is a clause?
Verb

I like him.

He is a wise man.

Subject

A clause is a group of words that includes a subject

and a verb.
 Clause or Phrase?
Subject Verb
In the morning. When she wakes up.

Phrase
Clause

A phrase does not contain a subject and a verb.

 Types of clauses
I read the whole story. Independent

Where he was born Dependent

There are two types of clauses:

Independent and dependent.

 Independent clauses
He went to London.

I want to buy a home, but I don’t have enough money.

They can stand alone as a sentence. In a sentence

two independent clauses can be connected by the
coordinators: and, but, so, or, nor, for, yet.
 Dependent clauses
When I was dating Jill.

When I was dating Jill, I was so unhappy.

Dependent clause Independent clause

Subordinate clause Main clause
Dependent clauses can’t stand alone because they
leave an idea or thought unfinished. It is also called
a subordinate clause.
 Clauses
You will miss the bus unless you run fast.

Unless you run fast, you will miss the bus.

If the main clause can come at the end of the

sentence, a comma precedes the main clause.
 Subordinate Clauses
I’ll move out of this city I get the visa.
as soon as

As soon as I get a visa, I’ll move out of this city.

We can use words like once, as soon as, after,

before, unless and until to add a subordinate clause
to a main clause.
 Clauses Simple
Present

I'll text you with the details as soon as he sends them

Simple
Present

Before we go on vacation, we must make reservations.

If the verb in the main clause is in the present

simple, will or going to, we often use the simple
tense in the subordinate clause.

 Clauses Present
Perfect
We’ll take the kids to the park once they’ve done their homework.
Present
Perfect

I’ll call you as soon as I’ve found out what’s happening.

We can also use the present perfect tense in the

subordinate clause. This emphasizes that the action
will be completed before the action in the main
clause.

1 Match 1-5 to a-e. Then check your answers.

C
E
D
A
B
2 Match the meanings to the words.

as soon as before until once unless

 3 Complete 1-3 in the GRAMMAR PANEL.

once
as soon as before

present simple

present perfect
 Match the sentence halves.

1. Add salt to the boiling

as soon as I get home.
water
I realized how hungry I
2. I’ll cook tonight
was.
3. Once the onions are put them in a pan with
chopped, some oil.
4. Let’s wait here at the before putting in the
bar pasta.
5. As soon as I smelled unless you want to eat
the food, out.

6. I’ll call you until there’s a free table.

4a Cross out the incorrect option(s) in each sentence.