Chapter 3 Resultants of Coplanar Force Systems 3.1 COPLANAR FORCES ‘Coplanar forces lie in one plane. A concurrent system consists of forces that intersect at a point called the concurrence. A parallel system consists of forces that intersect at infinity. A nonconcur- rent, nonparallel system consists of forces that are not all concurrent and not all parallel. Vector equations may be applied to the above systems to determine resultants, but the following, derived scalar equations will be more useful for a given system. 3.2 CONCURRENT SYSTEM ‘The resuliant R may be (a) a single force through the concurrence or (b) zero. Algebraically, hn n-y(20) HER) ont ton, -28 ee system ingle that the resultant R makes with the x axis where DADA 8, 3.3 PARALLEL SYSTEM The resultant may be (a) a single force R parallel to the system, (b) a couple in the plane of the system or in a parallel plane, or (c) zero. Algebrai R-SF and Ra-D Mo algebraic sum of the forces of the system ‘= any moment center in the plane = perpendicular distance from the moment center O to the resultant a= moment of R with respect to © Mo = algebraic sum of the moments of the forces of the system with respect to If ¥ Fis not zero, apply the equation Ra= 2 Mo to determine @ and hence the action line of K. If ¥ F=0, the resultant couple, if there is one, has a magnitude 5 Mo. where = = 3.4 NONCONCURRENT, NONPARALLEL SYSTEM ‘The resultant may be (a) a single force R, (b) a couple in the plane of the system or in a parallel plane, or (c) zero. Algebraically, 5 r= == ZA lgcbraic sums of x and y components, respectively, of forces of system ingle that the resultant R makes with axis To determine the action line of the resultant force, employ the equation Ra= 3 Mo 31 k) + (4) and tand,= where EF,32 RESULTANTS OF COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS [cHaP. 3 where = any moment center in the plane perpendicular distance from moment center O to the resultant R moment of R with respect to O Mo = algebraic sum of the moments of the forces of the system with respect to O Note that even if R =0, a couple may exist with magnitude equal to Z Mo. 35 RESULTANTS OF DISTRIBUTED FORCE SYSTEMS muted force system is one in which forces cannot be represented by individual force vectors acting at specific points in space; they must be represented by an infinite number of vectors, each of which is a function of the point at which it acts. Consider the coplanar (parallel) distributed force system shown in Fig. 3-1. In the U.S. Customary System the units for f(x) would be, for example, Ib/it. In the International System, the units might be N/m. The resultant R of the force system and its location can be found by integration. Thus R=] fojdx amd Rd forever Yroblems 3.15 through 3.19 are specific examples. Solved Problems 3.1. Determine the resultant of the concurrent force system shown in Fig. 3-2.cHaP. 3) RESULTANTS OF COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS ‘SOLUTION Find the x and y components of cach of the four given forcet. Add the x componente algebraically, to determine & F.. Find F for the y components. A tabular form may present the information more clearly. Force | cos | sing R 150 | +0866 | +0500 | +1299 | +750 200 | -ase6 | +0500 | -1732 | +1000 80 | -0500 | -0.806 | -400 | -69.2 180 | +007 | -0.707 | +1273 | -1273 ER= +440, D6, from which 32. Determine the resultant of the force system shown in Fig. 3.3. Note that the slope of the action line of each force is indicated in the figure. ‘SOLUTION Force r K 0 10x | tsoxt. VERE Vi 2 1 109 | -100x A | -100x 4 vPre Vio t 2 ey +30x aH | -a0x- vee? V5 ER ~23.0, and R= V(=a61) + (-2R0) = SL6N, with 6, =207° 3.3. Find the resultant of the coplanar, concurrent force system of Fig. 3-4. ‘SOLUTION ZA =~ 100c0s:30"~ 125 sin 1 = ~383 Ib TA = 125 cas WP 100sin 30° = 73.1 R= (Ze) +(22) ERIE DAB tan -191 0, ex34 RESULTANTS OF COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS [cHar. 3 from which @= 18(? — 62 Fin 34, = LIB" to the nearest degree, The resultant is shown as a dashed vector in Fig. 38 & 3.4, Determine the resultant of the parallel system of Fi SOLUTION In Fig. 3-5 the action lines of the forces are vert R= -20+3045-40 Gi To determine the action line of this 25-N force, choose any moment center 0. Since the moment of a force about a point on its own action line is zero itis advisable but not necessary to choose O on one of the given forces, Let O be on the 30-N force. BD My = (20% 6) + (30% 0) + (58) ~ (40% 13) = 360 =m down) ‘Then the moment of K must equal —360'N + m. This means that A, which is down (—), must be placed to the right of O because only then will its moment be clockwise (-). Apply Ra= Sf, t0 obtain EON BN =144m tothe right of O Note the determination of a without regard to the signs of R or 3M, but by using reasoning. 3.5. Determine the recultant of the parallel force system in Fig. 26. SOLUTION R= ~100 + 200 ~ 200 + 400 — 300 = 01. This means that the resultant is not a single force. Next find YX Mo. Choose Q, as shown. on the LO0-Ib force. S Mo = +(100 x 0) + (200 2) ~ (200 5) + (400. 9) — (300 x 11) = —300 Ib-ft ‘The resultant is therefore a couple C= ~300Ib-ft, which can be represented in the plane of the paper in accordance with the laws governing couples. 20018 “ ttre Fig. 26 Fig. 27CHAP. 3] RESULTANTS OF COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS 35 36. Determine the resultant of the horizontal force system acting on the bar shown in Fig. 3-7. SOLUTION R=S R= 4204-20-40 ~0. This means that the resultant is not a single force, but it may be a couple. SM Hence in this system the resultant force is zero and the resultant couple is also zero. (20% 3) + (203) 3.7. The three parallel forces and one couple act as shown on the cantilever beam of Fig. 3-8. ‘What is the resultant of the thrce forces and the couple’? SOLUTION R= F=500~ 400 200= ~100N & Mp — 2 * 500 — 4 x 400 —6 x 200 + 1500 = =300 N- Ra=> Mo For the rorultant, which is downward, to yiold a negative moment the renultant must be to the right of point O. The resultant and its location is shown as a dashed vector in Fig. 3-8. 400N tm 1500 Nm 2m 2m et S00 Fig. 38 3.8, Determine the resultant of the coplanar, nonconcurrent force system shown in Fig. 3-9. SOLUTION DF =50-100c0s45* = -20.7 1b Y F,=50 ~ 100 sin 45° = ~20.7 Ib R= V(-207) + (2077 DY Mo =5%50—4x 50 = SO Ibeft RE=S My = 50 g=50/293= 1.71RESULTANTS OF COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS ICHAP. 3 1001 Fig. 39 R is directed downward to the left, and hence must be above the origin to produce a positive (+) moment. Determifie the resultant of the nonconcurrent, nonparallel system shown in Fig. 3-10(a). Assume thal the coordinates are in meters. 94.8 SOLUTION For convenience the forces are Iettered A, B, C, D. The simplest method of attack is to use a tabular form listing x and y components for each force and also the moment of each component about some moment center—for this example O. The forces are now replaced with theie components at the same points in the action lines as indicated in Fig. 3-10(b). It may be convenient at times to use ‘components at 2 different point in the action line than that which is given. e.g., foree C acting at 45° has fan action line that passes through the ongin G. Ihe moment about O 1s easily seen to be zero in this case. However, the components used in this example will be shown acting horizontally and vertically through the given points of application,CHAP. 3] 3.10. ‘The following table is useful in compiling the necessary i RESULTANTS OF COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS ciga before each companent and ta determine the mament signe hy inepeetion formation. Be sure to place the proper Moment of | Moment of F, Force | cos@, | sine, FE about O about 0 Mo a | o +1 0 | +800 0 o 0 B | -o865 | +0500 | 1039 | +600 | +5195 +4800 | +9995 © | +0707 | +0707 | +707 | +707 -m21 +707 0 pb | +osm@ | 034 | +4r0 | -174 +470 ~1368 -898 Da HBEN | LMy=+910N-m 3 o . +1936 = VOSA FSSA = ios R (F138) + (4193.6) =194N 8, +138 “To find the moment arm of the resultant, divide 910 by 194 10 obtain 4.69 m, Since R acts upward und slightly to the right, it must be placed as shown because YM, is positive: i.e. R emt have « counterclockwise moment ‘Another method to locate the action line of the resultant iso determine its intercept with, say, the xaxis. If the components of the resultant are drawn through the intercept on the x axis, the x component ‘would have no moment about O. The moment would be determined solely by the y component and would be equal to the product of the y component and the x distance to the intercept (x coordinate of the intercept). EMo_ 910. DA 196 Draw the resultant as shown with the intercept +4.70 m to the right because © Fis positive and 1 Mo is positive. Determine the resultant of the force system shown in Fig. 3-11(a). Assume that the coordinates are in feet < Oy 3h38 RESULTANTS OF COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS, IcHaP. 3 SOLUTION The summation of components can be written directly as an alternative to the tabular form of Pesky DS A= 100 cos" +80 cos 45° + 1We0s 75° = M454 DF = ~100sin 60° + 80 sin 45° ~ 120 ~ 150sin 25° = -294.9 1b famis.tir=aaeat Bas = Vivis.af 51-2 - te ar Re V(ISAP + (-294,.9) = 328Ib = tan 1454 63.7! ‘Summing the moments of the components about O: D Ma = ~(20)100 cos 60" + (5104 sin 644" — (10980 eu 45° “+ (LO)HO sin 45° ~ (25)120 ~ (15)150 €0 75° ~ (35)150 sin 75° ~9220 bot “To determine the x intereept of the resultant use (Sa) DM, e-abate “To determine the intercept of the resultant, use (Sa)p-Sm, roman FAL, Determine the resultant of the four forces tangent to the circle of radius 34 shown in Fig. 3-12(a). What will he its location with respect to the center of the circle? 101 a 0 SOLUTION Note that the horizontal and vertical components of the 100. DA = +150 - 70.7 = +79.3 1b, ie., to the right: and YF, = +50 - 80 - 70.7 = - 100.7 Ib, resultant R= VE Ay + (EA) = 128Ib. ‘The moment of K with respect to O is RX«, and this equals the sum of the moments of all the given forces about O. Hence 12ka = +5023 — 18023 #80 x3 ~ 1003 = 360, The resultant is shown, in Fig, 3-12(6), at a distance of 2.81 ft from the center © of the circle, causing a negative moment. force ave both =70.7 Ih. Hence - down, The 3.12, Find the resultant of the force system acting on the thin gusset plate of Fig. 3-13, Locate the resultant by giving the x intercept. SOLUTION ° + 2000— 225 cus 30° = H11.2b 45° — 225 sin HP +2000= 193.618 5 6 ae =2231h O-tan PO ae m2 31200 ~ (15)150 cos 45° + (129150 sin 45° ~ (6)200 #90 + (6)225 cos 30° —(3)225 sin 30° = 813 It