Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage.

8(4): 449-472, Autumn 2022, Serial #32

Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management

(GJESM)

Homepage: https://www.gjesm.net/

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Water quality model-based methodology to assess assimilative capacity of waste-

water discharges in rivers
F.M. Torres-Bejarano1,*, M. Verbel-Escobar2, M.C. Atencia-Osorio2
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Córdoba, Carrera 6 No. 77- 305, Montería, Colombia
2
Environmental Engineering Program, University of Córdoba, Carrera 6 No. 77- 305, Montería, Colombia

ARTICLE INFO
Article History:
Received 19 September 2021
Revised 27 December 2021
Accepted 29 January 2022
Keywords:
Environmental modeling
Hydrodynamics
Pollutant transport
Self-purification
Water resource management
DOI: 10.22034/gjesm.2022.04.01
A B ST R AC T
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: One of the negative impacts of polluting activities on
aquatic ecosystems is the loss of its natural self-purification ability, for this reason, the purpose
of this research was to evaluate the Sinú River capacity to assimilate wastewater discharges.
METHODS: Monitoring of several water quality parameters was carried out in the river at
different seasons and a numerical method was used to simulate different scenarios through
the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code model. The model calibration process was tested
applying the Root Mean Square Error and after calibrating the model, scenarios of increase
and decrease of discharge concentrations and flows, and river flows were simulated. Finally,
the results were compared to water quality reference limits.
FINDINGS: Results show that the model accurately represented the real conditions of the
studied river section for all the evaluated parameters. Also, assimilative capacity was affected
mostly by the scenario in which the river flow was decreased by 50%, and the flows and
discharges concentrations were increased five times; causing parameters such as ammonia
nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, phosphates, and total nitrogen, to exceed the established
reference limits with maximum concentrations of 2.7 mg/L, 30.9mg/L, 0.98 mg/L and 6.3
mg/L; respectively. Higher concentrations of water quality parameters were mostly found
in the dry season since lower velocities and river flows promote less pollutants mixing and
dilution processes.
CONCLUSION: The model spatiotemporal simulations showed the effect of the wastewater
discharges on the Sinú River assimilative capacity and made it possible to find those scenarios
where water quality parameters exceeded the reference limits, becoming an essential tool for
water management and the development of strong water quality objectives by stakeholders
and environmental authorities.

NUMBER OF REFERENCES NUMBER OF FIGURES NUMBER OF TABLES

58 10 6
*Corresponding Author:
Email: franklintorres@correo.unicordoba.edu.co
Phone: +573 0056 77648
ORCID: 0000-0003-3144-7289
Note: Discussion period for this manuscript open until January 1, 2023 on GJESM website at the “Show Article”.
 F.M. Torres-Bejarano et al.
INTRODUCTION
Water quality is an issue that has been gaining
importance for several years, mainly because water
pollution is gradually becoming a significant problem
in lakes and rivers (Yuceer and Coskun, 2016).
According to the 2018 wastewater report published
by the International Water Association (IWA), about
80% of all wastewaters is discharged into the world’s
waterways, where it creates health, environmental
and climate risks, which can lead to changes in their
assimilative capacity (AC). Knowledge of the impacts
that wastewater discharges generate on water
resources is essential for their proper management,
and hydrodynamic and water quality models are
essential tools for studying these impacts, generally
based on the assimilation capacity of water sources
(Villota-López et al., 2021). Assimilative capacity
refers to the natural ability of water bodies to self-
purify and/or self-repair, either through dilution and/
or dispersion of wastes and pollution without harming
the aquatic environment. In addition, it can indicate
the maximum dynamic capacity of the number of
pollutants that can be accumulated, destroyed,
transformed and transferred beyond the volume of
the ecosystem without disturbing its normal activity,
that is, the controllable pollutant input for each
water flow in a river (Kulikova et al., 2018). A negative
impact of polluting activities on aquatic ecosystems
is the loss of its natural self-purification and/or self-
restoration ability, this translates in the decrease of
its assimilative capacity (Lee et al., 2017), since this
ability allows a natural treatment of wastewaters in
rivers (Egbe et al., 2018), it’s important to understand
through this research how the discharges’ flows
and concentrations affect Sinú River assimilative
capacity and under which conditions would the
capacity become ineffective. Assimilative capacity
can be determined through water quality studies
and modeling; these have been used as a tool for
assimilative capacity analysis in different water
bodies. Dehghani et al. (2020) considered a one-
dimensional pollutant transport model to calculate
the assimilative capacity of a river. Hashemi et
al. (2017) also implemented a one-dimensional
model using two objective functions (pollutant
concentrations and the distance the pollutants are
in contact with the river water) to determine the
assimilative capacity and dilution flux; finding that the
variation of river flow in different seasons can change
450
the assimilative capacity by up to 97%. Obin et al.
(2021) applied the WASP model to calculate the water
environmental capacity of the Lushui River (China) in
normal, wet, and dry periods and Cely-Calixto et al.
(2021) simulated water quality parameters of the
Magdalena River (Colombia) with the mathematical
model QUAL2K showing the river’s tendency to be
purified due to its great flow. Most common methods
for assimilative capacity analysis include the design
of monitoring programs in water bodies that involve
statistical analysis of river and discharge flows with
water quality parameters concentration and water
quality simulation model configuration to estimate
assimilative capacity (Gurjar and Tare, 2019; Quinn et
al., 2021). Another common method is the simulation
of scenarios in which specific water quality limits are
exceeded (Novo, 2017; Villota-López et al., 2021);
this method, implementing a two-dimensional
hydrodynamic and water quality model, was mainly
considered in this research as it can be a starting
point to develop strong water quality objectives that
can be fundamental in water resource management.
According to the Environmental Diagnosis of the Sinú
River Basin published in 2004 by the Environmental
Authority: Regional Autonomous Corporation of
the Sinú and San Jorge Valleys (CVS), domestic
wastewater generated in the population centers
has been identified as the main source of water
pollution in the Sinú River basin. Although the natural
conditions have changed due to anthropic action,
the Sinú River self-purification capacity is able to
recover acceptable quality levels for biota, but,
due to the accelerated economic and demographic
growth of the population, it is necessary to carry out
more current studies on the dynamics of wastewater
discharges into the river (CVS, 2004). Feria et al. 2017
simulated Sinú River water quality applying Streeter
and Phelps model to determine its deoxygenation and
re-aeration rates, however, there aren’t assimilative
capacity studies of this river, which is the third most
important river in Colombia’s Caribbean region.
This study aims to assess the Sinú River capacity to
assimilate wastewater discharges and its effects on
this ability, analyzing through hydrodynamic and
water quality modeling a section of the Sinú River,
Colombia. This study has been carried out in a section
of 11.06 km of the Sinú River, Montería City, Colombia
using information from four monitoring campaigns in
2019.
 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(4): 449-472, Autumn 2022

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of the study area
Sinú River is the main water source in the
Department of Córdoba and the third most important
in Colombia on its Caribbean slope. It is born in the
Nudo de Paramillo in the municipality of Ituango,
Antioquia, and flows into the Caribbean Sea in the
Tinajones delta area of San Bernardo del Viento,
Córdoba. It has an extension of 437.97 km and
about 13952 km2 of watershed (CVS, 2004). In its
course through the department of Córdoba, the Sinú
River irrigates 16 municipalities, among which is the
departmental capital, the city of Montería, which is
crossed by the river in its middle reaches, where it
becomes meandering with an alluvial plain composed
of flood plains, with an average temperature of
27.17 °C (Valbuena, 2017). Monteria’s total annual
average rainfall is 1262 mm. The dry period goes
from the beginning of December until mid- or late
April. The wet period begins in May and ends in early
December, with a tendency of decreasing rainfall
in July and August (transition period); most of the
rain falls in September, October, and November. The
selected section of the Sinú River for this study has
an extension of approximately 11.06 km, is located in
Montería city (Colombia), and includes the route from
Sierra Chiquita (8°44’11.16”N and 75°54’35.08”W)
to the University of Córdoba (8°47’27.08”N and
75°51’47.10”W), as shown in Fig. 1. Along the study
section, the Sinú River receives continuous discharges
of domestic wastewater from communities settled
along its banks, most of which are not authorized
by the competent environmental authority. It also
receives discharges from other informal activities
(vehicle washing, among others) and authorized
discharges from the treatment plants of Montería
city (WWTP Northeastern and WWTP Southwestern).
Data collection
Information on hydrodynamic and climatic variables
(flow rates, levels, precipitation, solar radiation, air
temperature, wind speed and direction, and relative
humidity) was downloaded from the Hydrology and
Meteorology Data Management Information System
(DHIME) developed by the Institute of Hydrology,
Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM)

 
 
Fig. 1: Geographic location of the study area and sampling locations in the Sinú River section through Monteria city, Colombia
 
Fig. 1: Geographic location of the study area and sampling locations in the Sinú River section through 
Monteria city, Colombia 
451
   
 Water quality model-based assimilative capacity assessment

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𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥
+ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚
Atmospheric TheAdministration
momentum equation(NOAA) in theSeax direction:
Grant 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 The momentum 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 equation in the x direction:
𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 2 2
𝜕𝜕(𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) ( )𝜕𝜕(𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃 +𝐴𝐴𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 )𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
−𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 𝑚𝑚
) 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷 𝑢𝑢√𝑢𝑢 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕+ 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑆𝑆𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕ℎ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚
Program,
−𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻the 𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚Environmental
𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) − 𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 Fluid𝑦𝑦(𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)−Dynamics
𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚 +Code
) 𝑥𝑥 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) ( 𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 (1)
𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) (𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝[𝑢𝑢]𝑦𝑦) 𝜕𝜕ℎ𝑝𝑝𝜕𝜕𝑚𝑚
−+
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕+ 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 −𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻 −𝐻𝐻𝑚𝑚 ((𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥𝑧𝑧 − )𝑢𝑢+ + (𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ) + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) 𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 + 𝑦𝑦𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 +𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 − 𝑚𝑚 +
𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 −𝑦𝑦+ 𝑣𝑣𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) 𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
)𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑦𝑦 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)
= − 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑚𝑚
(EFDC) is𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚
a 𝑦𝑦multifunctional
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 surface water modeling 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
system ( 𝐴𝐴 ) − 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝐷 𝑢𝑢√𝑢𝑢 2𝜕𝜕ℎ
+ 𝑣𝑣 2+ 𝑆𝑆 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (1)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 that can 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 be used to simulate − 𝑚𝑚aquatic systems
𝜕𝜕(𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃 ) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (( 𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 )) − 𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚)𝑥𝑥(𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 2 2
𝐻𝐻 −𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣
𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝 𝑢𝑢
𝑦𝑦 (𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 − 𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 +𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕(𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃 +
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥
𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷𝜕𝜕ℎ𝑝𝑝𝐻𝐻𝑢𝑢√𝑢𝑢
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝[𝑢𝑢]𝑦𝑦) + 𝑣𝑣𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ++ 𝑆𝑆𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
in one, two and three𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕dimensions and includes −𝑚𝑚
The 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐻𝐻
𝑦𝑦momentum
𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 equation
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕−𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦in𝑦𝑦 ( the − 𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 y direction:
+ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ) + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
hydrodynamic(components, 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ) sediment
− 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐contaminants 2 2 ∂(𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚Hv) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝 𝑢𝑢√𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑆𝑆𝑢𝑢( 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴+ ) − 𝑚𝑚 +
∂(my Huv) ∂(mx Hvv) ∂(𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 wv)
+ 2 + ∂z 𝑚𝑚 (1)
∂
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐻𝐻 ∂t 𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ∂x 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝∂y 𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝 𝑢𝑢√𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣 2 + 𝑆𝑆− 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + (v
andTheeutrophication.
momentum It can alsoin
equation simulate the transport
the y direction: 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
The momentum
𝐻𝐻
equation in∂hthe y ∂H direction:
∂(gζ+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) ∂p 𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚
∂(𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 Hv) ∂(my Huv) ∂(mx Hvv) ∂(𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 wv) −𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 HHv) ∂y ∂mHuv) − 𝑚𝑚∂m 𝑥𝑥 (x∂y Hvv) − z )∂(𝑚𝑚+𝑚𝑚 wv) ( 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻 ) + ( 𝑥𝑥
+ + + − 𝑚𝑚 ∂(𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 + (v∂(m y y − u ∂(m )x𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = ∂y ∂z 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑌𝑌
∂t ∂x ∂y 𝑥𝑥𝜕𝜕 𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ∂x + ∂y ∂y + − 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + (v
The momentum
∂(gζ+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 )
equation∂h
in the y∂z
∂H ∂p
direction:
𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 The (∂tmomentum
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
𝐴𝐴𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣 𝑚𝑚)𝑥𝑥∂x + 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚
equation 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝in𝐷𝐷the𝑝𝑝 𝑣𝑣√𝑢𝑢 y
2 + 𝑣𝑣 2∂z
direction: + 𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐻𝐻∂(gζ+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) ∂h ∂H ∂p 𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚
−𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 H ∂(𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥∂y 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 Hv) −∂(m 𝑚𝑚 y(Huv)− z∂(m) Hvv)+ ∂(𝑚𝑚 ( 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 𝑦𝑦−𝑚𝑚 H ) + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴−𝐻𝐻 𝑚𝑚 )+ 𝑦𝑦
(v𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 (∂(m −x− z x ))𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ∂(𝑚𝑚+ ( 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻 ) + (
wv) ∂m ∂m
+ 𝑥𝑥 ∂y + ∂y x ∂z +𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚452 𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 y
𝑥𝑥 ∂(𝑚𝑚
∂y 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦 Hv) 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∂(m 𝑌𝑌 y+ Huv) u
Hvv) =𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 wv)
𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 ∂t
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ∂x ∂y ∂z
𝜕𝜕Where,
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 +∂x ∂y∂y ∂y∂y+ ∂z ∂z𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥− 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 +( 𝑥𝑥

( 𝐴𝐴 ) + 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝐷 𝑣𝑣√𝑢𝑢 2 + 𝑣𝑣 2 + 𝑆𝑆 𝑚𝑚∂t𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦u, v𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 are the

∂x horizontal velocity
2 components
2 (2) in the curvili
𝑣𝑣 ∂(gζ+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 )
𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 ∂h ∂H 𝑣𝑣∂p 𝜕𝜕 ( 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝐴 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ) + 𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝐷 𝑣𝑣√𝑢𝑢 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 + 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑆𝑆
𝐻𝐻 −𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑥𝑥 H − 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 (∂y − z ∂y ) ∂z + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕) +
∂(gζ+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃 ( coordinates
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴
𝑝𝑝 ∂h 𝑝𝑝 ) + ∂H ∂p 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣 𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
∂y orthogonal
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
−𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥H
curvilinear
𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 −𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑌𝑌 𝑥𝑥 ( − z in the
𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ) horizontal
+ ( 𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 direction; z is𝜕𝜕 t
𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ) + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂z 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 2 + 𝑣𝑣 2 + m , 𝑚𝑚
m𝑥𝑥y 𝑚𝑚are the𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕square roots of the diagonal components (2) of the metri
𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥
Where, 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 u, (v are 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 horizontal
the ) + 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦velocity
𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝 𝑣𝑣√𝑢𝑢
components 𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣xin
𝜕𝜕
Where, theu,𝑦𝑦 curvilinear
v𝑣𝑣=are the coordinates;
horizontal x,2 y+are
velocity the𝑆𝑆
components
2+ infree
thesurfac
curv
𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (
pressure; 𝐴𝐴
H )
h+ζ, + 𝑚𝑚
Total 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐
depth,
𝑦𝑦 𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷 𝑝𝑝 𝑣𝑣√𝑢𝑢
is the sum 𝑣𝑣 of depth
𝑣𝑣 and
orthogonal curvilinear coordinates in the horizontal 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 direction; 𝐻𝐻 z is𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕the sigma coordinate; t is time;
orthogonal curvilinear coordinates in the horizontal direction; z is
 temperature, solved 𝑦𝑦 integrally in 𝑥𝑥 2D and 3D. For 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦more withdetailed respect to information
time;to thetime; the onare𝑦𝑦these
next equations refer
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕respectively.
+ In Eqs.+1inand 2, the + term with
− respect
𝑚𝑚to 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 In −
next three
(that 𝑣𝑣 the2,−rate 𝑢𝑢three
the advective
)are
𝑥𝑥 components
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 the
=from advective
and representcompone
fluid motion
arano
direction: et. al. (2020). to
TheDSI, momentum(2020) and Torres-Bejarano
equation
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 the𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 et.first
x direction: al. (2020). 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 fromto
to
left
respectively.
inertial
inertial
right
forces; represents
the
forces;
Eqs.
one
the
1 and
follows
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥
one the of
isthe
that 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕change
first
Coriolis
follows
term of velocity
acceleration
is the inleft
the to right and
curvature
Coriolis
repre
acceleraon
with respect
𝜕𝜕(𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎to) time; the
𝜕𝜕ℎ next three
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 are 𝜕𝜕 the 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦advective
with
tangential respect
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 components
stresses 𝜕𝜕 to
of the
𝑚𝑚time;
𝑥𝑥
bottom, and
the represent
next
represented three
through fluid
are thethemotion ofdue
advective
variation the freecompone
surface; the
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)
+
𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚
−𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦−𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)
𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚+𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 −−( 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣the
𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) 𝜕𝜕𝑚𝑚𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑦 (𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 −
−𝑥𝑥 𝑧𝑧that
𝑢𝑢𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕)+
𝜕𝜕𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚(
=is𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚the tangential
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴
immediately ) after stresses
+𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 the(equal𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 of
sign the
𝜕𝜕𝑚𝑚
is bottom,
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝[𝑢𝑢]𝑦𝑦)
the𝑦𝑦 pressure + 𝑥𝑥represented
𝜕𝜕𝑚𝑚
force,
)represented throughthrough theof var
the variation the
𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + ) 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 −Coriolis
𝐻𝐻𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚the −𝑦𝑦 (the 𝑣𝑣viscous −that 𝑢𝑢curvature 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 to =
𝐻𝐻
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕to inertial forces; one follows to inertial 𝑦𝑦acceleration
forces; the in
one the give rise and
follows onCoriolis
is turbulence
the the accelera
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚
the x direction: 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 The momentum
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 equation
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 in the
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 x
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 direction: 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 surface,
immediately and next two,
after the equal
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 forces
sign that
is
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 the pressure within the
force, flow. W
represent
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚 (𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚 tangential
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 +
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕(𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃 stresses
)𝜕𝜕𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
−𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚 ) 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 of
𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 the
𝐷𝐷 bottom,
𝑢𝑢√𝑢𝑢
𝜕𝜕ℎ𝑝𝑝𝜕𝜕𝑚𝑚 2
𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕+ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 represented
2 + 𝜕𝜕𝑆𝑆 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 quality
𝑣𝑣𝜕𝜕𝑚𝑚 through
tangential structurethe
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 variation
stresses
managed 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 byof EFDC the of themodel
bottom,
Explorer free issurface;
represented (1)thethat
mainly composed one
through
of reactionsthe var
that occu
𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚
) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ++𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚
𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚
(−𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 𝑦𝑦
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)
𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻 −)
𝐻𝐻
𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕immediately +
𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚(
𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)
−𝑥𝑥𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚−+ 𝐻𝐻
𝑦𝑦 ((𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝[𝑢𝑢]𝑦𝑦)
𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣 −
Global𝑥𝑥 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)
𝑧𝑧J. −+ ) 𝑢𝑢
Environ.
+
𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚
+
Sci.) 𝑚𝑚
𝑢𝑢(
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥Manage.,
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = surface,
𝑦𝑦 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴8(4):
water
− 𝐻𝐻𝑚𝑚 )
449-472,
through
𝑚𝑚 and
+ the
Autumn(
organic
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − next
𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴
2022
and
( 𝑣𝑣 two,
𝜕𝜕𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝[𝑢𝑢]𝑦𝑦)
inorganic
𝐻𝐻
𝑦𝑦
− the
cycles,
𝑢𝑢 viscous
𝜕𝜕𝑚𝑚
+ 𝑥𝑥
such ) as forces
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 nitrogen,
= chemicalgive rise
oxygen to
dema
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑦𝑦after
𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 the equal 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 sign
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 is𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕the 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 pressure
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 force,
immediately 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑥𝑥 represented
𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 after
phosphorus, and algae. The governing
𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦 the through
equal the
sign
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 mass-balance variation
is the of
pressure the free
force,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 equation for each of the water quality srepresent
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 qualitymay structure managed by EFDC Explorer model is mainly co
𝜕𝜕ℎ 2
√𝑢𝑢 − +𝑧𝑧 𝑣𝑣𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕2 )+𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑆𝑆𝑢𝑢+−𝑚𝑚 ( ( surface,
𝑦𝑦
𝐴𝐴
𝑦𝑦𝜕𝜕(𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃
𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 and
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
)) −+
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎the
) 𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 next
(
𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕ℎ
𝑐𝑐 two,
𝐷𝐷
𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 𝑢𝑢√𝑢𝑢 the 2+
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝[𝑢𝑢]𝑦𝑦) viscous
𝑣𝑣
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕2 + 𝜕𝜕𝑆𝑆forces
+ (1) that
surface,
𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 variables give
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 and
berise
𝜕𝜕 the to
expressed turbulence
𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥next as Eq.two, 3. within
the viscous the forces
flow. (1) Water
that give rise to
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 The 𝐻𝐻
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 momentum
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐻𝐻
𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣
𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕equation
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 −𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 in𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦
𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 (
𝑝𝑝
the𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑝𝑝 − 𝑧𝑧
y direction
𝐻𝐻 ) + 𝑢𝑢( water
𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 ) through
+
Advection-Diffusion-Reaction
𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ( organic
𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 𝐻𝐻 and
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝[𝑢𝑢]𝑦𝑦)
equation inorganic
+ cycles, such as nitr
The quality
momentum structure
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
equation managed
𝑦𝑦
in the y by EFDC
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
direction: 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 Explorer
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 model quality is mainly𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚composed
structure
Advection-Diffusion-Reaction equation: 𝑦𝑦 managed of by reactions
EFDC that
Explorer occur
model in is mainly co
𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 phosphorus, and algae. The governing mass-balance equation
𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝 𝑢𝑢√𝑢𝑢2 + 𝑣𝑣 2 +∂(𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑆(𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚waterHv) through
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
∂(m )− y Huv) organic
𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦∂(m 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷x𝑝𝑝Hvv)and
𝑢𝑢√𝑢𝑢 ∂(𝑚𝑚2 inorganic2
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚+ 𝑦𝑦 wv)𝑆𝑆𝑢𝑢 cycles, (1)
water such
𝑎𝑎
as
through nitrogen,
∂my organic chemical
and
𝑏𝑏
𝜕𝜕 ∂mx as Eq.
inorganic oxygen demand,
cycles,
(1) such as nitr
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦 + + + − 𝑚𝑚 ⏞variables
𝜕𝜕
𝑚𝑚
(𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚
may
𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) ++ ⏞ 𝜕𝜕 be expressed
(v
(𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)− +u ) 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
(𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) =
+ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕 3.
(𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) =
direction: ∂tphosphorus,
The momentum ∂xand algae.
equation in the∂yThe governing
y direction: ∂z mass-balance phosphorus,
𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 equation𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 and∂x 𝑐𝑐
for
algae. eachThe
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ∂yof governing
the water mass-balance quality (3)state equation
∂(gζ+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃may
variables 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) be expressed ∂h ∂HEq.
as ∂p3. 𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 ⏞ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
variables
𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 may 𝑚𝑚be𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 expressed as Eq. 3.
𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥
) ∂(𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 wv) ∂(𝑚𝑚 −𝑚𝑚 H𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑚 Hv) ∂(m y − y𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥∂(m
Huv)∂m ( x Hvv)
∂m − x z ) + ( 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴(𝐻𝐻 𝑚𝑚 )𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕+) + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(( 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴
∂(𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 wv) ∂m )𝐻𝐻+ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕∂m ) + 𝑦𝑦equation:
+ =∂z 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚−𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕Advection-Diffusion-Reaction
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝐴𝐴 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
)+⏞
𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑧
+ − 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
+∂y+ (v +− u∂y∂y ) 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻∂y 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 + (v𝑚𝑚𝑌𝑌 y𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕− u𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑚𝑚x𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚) 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕=
𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑐𝑐
the y direction: ∂z The
𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚 ∂t𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
momentum 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 equation
∂x ∂x in the y direction: ∂z
𝑥𝑥
𝑎𝑎
𝑦𝑦
∂x ∂y 𝑏𝑏
of transport(2)
( 𝑚𝑚Advection-Diffusion-Reaction
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕)𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 +𝑚𝑚 )𝑚𝑚 2 +∂p 𝑣𝑣 2𝑚𝑚+𝜕𝜕wv)
∂H ∂p 𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦wv) ∂(gζ+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚∂m 𝑐𝑐𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝Hvv)
∂h 𝑣𝑣√𝑢𝑢 ∂H equation: 𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 As
Advection-Diffusion-Reaction
⏞ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 in Eq. 𝜕𝜕 3, C is𝑚𝑚 ⏞ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 or intensityequation:
zx∂yHvv)) ∂z++∂(𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥( 𝑦𝑦∂(𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴
−𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥− H𝐻𝐻
𝐻𝐻 𝑚𝑚
Hv) )
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚
+ ∂(m
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ( Huv) 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 𝑦𝑦∂(m 𝑝𝑝
− 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 (𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕∂y−
y )
x− + ∂m
u z ∂y +)) 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
x ∂(𝑚𝑚 + ( 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕 shown
)𝑚𝑚 + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 the
𝑥𝑥 concentration
(𝑚𝑚in+the
∂m 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴
𝜕𝜕 ) coordinates;
∂m + 𝜕𝜕 constituent;
𝜕𝜕 u, v are the horizo
𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚+ (v+𝐻𝐻 ∂z =𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚− 𝑚𝑚velocity
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 y 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 y x
∂y 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚
∂z 𝑥𝑥 ∂t 𝑎𝑎 +∂y
∂x 𝑌𝑌 ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 horizontal 𝑥𝑥As 𝑦𝑦 shown
𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 in Eq.𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
(𝑚𝑚 𝑌𝑌 +𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)
∂x𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕3, C𝑦𝑦 ∂y
components (v − 𝐻𝐻 u
(𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)
is the concentration
curvilinear ) 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑥𝑥𝑏𝑏 + = w(𝑚𝑚
or 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 is the𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) + (𝑚𝑚
vertical velocity
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 H 𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)
component; A is
𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
turbulent eddy diffusivity;𝑐𝑐 Sc is the internal and external sources and sinks per
h 2
√𝑢𝑢− + ∂H 2 ∂p
𝑣𝑣 )+ 𝑆𝑆+ 𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚 ⏞
𝑥𝑥
( H𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
u,𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣v 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕 ⏞
𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 2
𝑣𝑣(2)
⏞
𝑦𝑦 intensity is of transport ⏞ constituent; u, physical,
yv 𝑥𝑥are
are(2) the and diffusive𝑑𝑑 transp
z ∂y 𝑣𝑣 Where,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (𝑚𝑚
−𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕 ∂(gζ+𝑝𝑝+𝑃𝑃 are
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕))𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
++the
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) 𝑚𝑚+
)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕−
𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐
𝜕𝜕
𝑥𝑥
(𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻𝑝𝑝−
𝑥𝑥(horizontal ∂h
𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴
(𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣√𝑢𝑢 ∂H
) +)+
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) + 𝑣𝑣 +
zvelocity
∂p 𝜕𝜕 + 𝑆𝑆(2)
(𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕
components 𝑚𝑚
(𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴
𝜕𝜕
+𝐻𝐻(𝑚𝑚
volume;
𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
in (𝑚𝑚the 𝑚𝑚
)H𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴
+ 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚
the 𝜕𝜕
curvilinear
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)
𝑦𝑦(
𝑚𝑚
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)
total +𝑥𝑥
𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴
water
𝜕𝜕
= (𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
coordinates;
depth. 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)
𝑦𝑦is) +3 comprises
Eq.
𝜕𝜕
+ x,(𝑚𝑚 the
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)
𝜕𝜕
+ (𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)
advective
y ∂z 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ∂y𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑚 𝑌𝑌𝑥𝑥 ∂y 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ∂y ∂z
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ⏞
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 horizontal
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
together 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦with velocity
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑌𝑌
𝑥𝑥kinetical 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
processes;
𝐻𝐻𝑚𝑚𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕components
𝑥𝑥a𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 in 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
a𝑦𝑦temporal the curvilinear
𝜕𝜕 whereas
term, b 𝐴𝐴 𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 advection
represents transp
orthogonal
2 + 𝑣𝑣 2 +𝜕𝜕𝑆𝑆 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦
curvilinear
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 coordinates 𝑐𝑐 in the horizontal direction;
( z is
) +the sigma
( 𝑐𝑐coordinate;
) + (𝑚𝑚 t is time;
𝑚𝑚
and d𝑥𝑥is the 𝑦𝑦 reaction )+⏞ 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦repres
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑐𝑐
𝐷𝐷 𝑣𝑣√𝑢𝑢 ( 𝐴𝐴 ) + 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝐷 𝑣𝑣√𝑢𝑢 2 + 𝑣𝑣 2 + 𝑆𝑆 coordinates;
On𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕the right
(2) 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 side, w
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 is the
c𝑑𝑑represents
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 the vertical
𝑚𝑚 diffusive velocity
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 component;
transport,
(2) 𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 term which 𝑑𝑑
velocity components
𝑝𝑝 m
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕x,
Where,𝑣𝑣m ⏞y
𝐻𝐻 are
in u, the
thev
𝑣𝑣
𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴 square
curvilinear
are the
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 roots
𝑦𝑦 𝑝𝑝of
coordinates;
horizontal 𝑝𝑝
𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕the diagonal
velocity x, 𝜕𝜕 y components
are
components
𝑣𝑣 the ⏞
both in of
the
𝐴𝐴 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕is𝑚𝑚thethethe
kinetic metric
curvilinear
processes
𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴horizontal tensor;
and coordinates;
external
𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦
𝑃𝑃 loads
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 is
for the
eachx, barotropic
of ytheare
state the
variables (DSI, 2020; Villota-Ló
𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻𝑧𝑧Aet.and
𝜕𝜕turbulent eddy) +diffusivity; S𝐴𝐴𝑧𝑧is𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(3)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
pressure; ( curvilinear
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 H𝑚𝑚 = h+ζ, is)Total
+ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ( 𝑚𝑚coordinate;
depth, is𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
the) +the
sum (𝑚𝑚
of depth H al., +𝑦𝑦 ⏞
()2021).
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 free
𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 z 𝑦𝑦)is𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
+ (is 𝑥𝑥thecoordinate; (𝑚𝑚 t is𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 )+⏞ 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑐𝑐
es in the horizontal orthogonal direction; z𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 the sigma
coordinates in 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 thorizontal
is 𝑥𝑥time;
the internal direction;𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥surface; the 𝑐𝑐𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕psigma 𝑚𝑚 physical 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕pressure 𝑦𝑦 cin
time;
inandEq.external sources and sinks per unit
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
ntal velocity components
𝑥𝑥
vvinare the curvilinear
𝑦𝑦
As shown 𝑥𝑥
3, C is the 𝑦𝑦
concentration or intensity of transport
diagonal Where,
Where,
excess
components
m x, my are u,the
u,
ofof the are the
reference
metric
square horizontal
the horizontal
density
tensor;
roots 𝑃𝑃coordinates;
ofvelocity
the
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 is components
velocity
hydrostatic x, y are volume;
components
pressure;
the barotropic
diagonal components the
f isinof
Ammonia thethethe
H
nitrogencurvilinear
Coriolis
ismetric
the
reactionparameter;
tensor;
total coordinates;
water
equation: AH isis the
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
depth. the
Eq. x,barotropic
3 ycomprises
are the
horizontal
dinates in the horizontal direction; z 3,
ispcoordinates
the sigma coordinate; velocity
t isintensity components in the curvilinear coordinates; w𝐾𝐾 is𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 the+ ver
the sum in theand
momentum
of depth curvilinear
orthogonal free =and coordinates;
H curvilinear
inmass
surface; x, y are
diffusivity;
Cisisthe is the
physical Ain orthogonal
v isthe thehorizontal
ofvertical
pressure intime;direction;
turbulent z(𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
ineddyis the Cp𝑥𝑥sigma
viscosity; the𝑥𝑥coordinate;
cphysical
istransport,
u,the tthe
𝑥𝑥is
vegetation 𝑥𝑥time;
𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
pressure;As shown h+ζ, Total
Eq. depth,the the
concentration sum depth
or and
As = free
shown
physical, ∑of surface;
transport
advective
𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚 Eq. 𝑥𝑥3,
4
and
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 isis𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
constituent;
+ the
diffusiveconcentration
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃p𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥v )pressure
𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥are
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵or in 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 −of
horizontal
intensity
together
+ 𝐾𝐾𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 transport
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 4

of the diagonal curvilinear

components coordinates
of the in
metric the horizontal
tensor; 𝑃𝑃 direction;
is the barotropic horizontal
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 turbulent eddy diffusivity; S c is the internal and ex
ydrostatic pressure;m x, mfvelocity
excess are
yis
ofthe the
the squareparameter;
Coriolis
reference
components roots
densityofthe
in the diagonal
AHcurvilinear
is
hydrostatic components
the horizontal
pressure;
coordinates; f∆𝑧𝑧is of
with the wthe metric
𝑉𝑉 Coriolis
kineticalis theprocesses; tensor;
parameter;
vertical 𝑃𝑃 isA
a 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
invelocity Ha isis the
the
temporal
component; barotropic
horizontal term,
AH is thew is the ver
4 4
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 velocity +
components the curvilinear coordinates;
zofisdepth
the sigma coordinate; t isptime; mphysical
, my are pressure
the volume; bHsurface;
is the total water depth. Eq.On 3 comprises physical,
;th,
Avisisthe
thesum pressure;
vertical
momentum and
turbulent H =and
horizontal free
h+ζ,
eddy surface;
Total
mass
turbulent depth,
viscosity; iscthe
diffusivity;
eddy pisdiffusivity;
isthev sum
Athe
x is theofvertical
S cdepth
vegetation is 5 the andin
whereas
turbulent free
internal
horizontal represents
eddy
and
turbulent p is
viscosity;
external advection
the
eddy cphysical
sources is transport.
the
diffusivity;
p and pressure
vegetation
sinks
S c is the
in
per
the unit
internal andnitroex
ity hydrostatic square
pressure; roots
f is of
the the diagonal
Coriolis components
parameter; A is of the
the horizontal together
In Eq.
right
4, FNI
side,
x iswith
c
the kinetical
fraction
represents
of
the processes;
metabolized nitrogen
diffusive a is a temporal
by algal
transport,
group
and
x produced
d term, wherea
as inorganic
excess of
metricvolume;
the reference
tensor; H is the
density
is total
the barotropic
hydrostatic
water depth. H pressure;
Eq. 3 comprises
pressure;
f
FNIP is the
volume; physical,
is the Coriolis
fraction of parameter;
H is the advective total waterand
predated nitrogen A is
depth.
produced
H the
diffusive
as horizontal
Eq. 3transport,
inorganic comprises physical,
nitrogen; PR x is the predation
sivity; Av is themomentum
vertical turbulent eddy viscosity; cvp isis athe
the vegetation On
is
of the
algalthegroup right
reaction side,
x; PNterm c represents
x is thewhich
preference represents
for ammonium theboth diffusive
the by
uptake transport,
kinetic
algal group x; Px and d is t
is the produc
together and withmass diffusivity;
kinetical processes;
H5= h+ζ, Total depth, is the sum of depth and free 5 processes A is vertical
a temporal turbulent
together term, eddy
whereas
with viscosity;
kinetical b represents c
processes;
p is the
advection
a vegetation
is a transport.
temporal term, wherea
both
rate the group
of algal kinetic x; processes
ANC and external loads for
x is the nitrogen-carbon ratio constant in algal group x; Bx is the a
and external loads for each of the state each of the stat
surface; Onp theis the right side, cpressure
physical represents the diffusive
in excess of the transport, On
biomass
variables the and
of right
algal d
side,
group
(DSI,nitrogen isx;the
Kc
2020;concentration;reaction
is the rate of term
DONrepresents
Villota-López the
dissolved
et.4 isal.,which
organicrepresents
diffusive transport,
nitrogen mineralization;and d
DON isist
et. al., organic
dissolved 2021). BFNH the 2021).
water-sediment ammonium flux excha
reference5bothdensity
the kinetic processes
hydrostatic and external
pressure; f is the loads 5 for both each
applied the
onlyoftokinetic
the
the state
bottom variables
processes
of the layer; and (DSI,
WNH external2020; loads Villota-Lópezfor each of the stat
4 are the external ammonium loads and KNit is
Corioliset.parameter;
al., 2021).AH is the horizontal momentum et. al.,
nitrification
Ammonia 2021).
rate.
and mass diffusivity; Av is the vertical turbulent eddy Ammonianitrogen nitrogen reaction
reaction equation
equation:
𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁4 equation of total phosphate:
Reaction
viscosity; cp is thenitrogen
Ammonia vegetation resistance
reaction coefficient;
equation: = ∑𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚 (𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥compounds
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 can𝑥𝑥be𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 ) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 w+
Ammonia
Small concentrations nitrogen of phosphate
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 reactionand otherequation:
phosphorus found in natural
Dp is the
𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁projected vegetation area normal to the 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
bodies.
𝜕𝜕𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 These𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊substances leach from the terrain or result from organic pollution. Phosphates
44 + 4
4
∑𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚area
flow per𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕unit=horizontal (𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
Su𝑥𝑥, 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 +the
Sv are 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝑥𝑥 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
source/ directly
∆𝑧𝑧 =) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑥𝑥 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥linked∑to 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 +(𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝑉𝑉eutrophication
𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚 𝐾𝐾𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
(DSI,𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 +
2020). − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
The 𝐾𝐾 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
equation 4 𝑥𝑥+− 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑥𝑥 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
employed 𝑥𝑥 ) 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑥𝑥 𝑃𝑃model
by the 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥5.+
using𝑥𝑥Eq.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
sink terms for+
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵4 the horizontal momentum in the x and
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 4 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 4
+
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 4
(4) (4)
y directions,
∆𝑧𝑧 respectively.
𝑉𝑉 In Eqs. 1 and 2, the first In∆𝑧𝑧Eq. 4, FNI𝑉𝑉x is the fraction of metabolized
6 nitrogen by algal grou
term from left to right represents the rate of change FNIP is the fraction of predated nitrogen produced as inorganic
In Eq.with
of velocity 4, FNIrespect
x is the fraction
to time; of metabolized
the next three nitrogen InInEq. by
Eq. 4,4,algal
FNI group
FNIxx is the
isx;
thePN x produced
fraction
fraction as inorganic
ofofmetabolized
metabolized nitrogen;by algal grou
nitrogen
nitrogen
of algal group x is the preference for ammonium uptake by
FNIP is the fraction of predated
are the advective components and represent fluid nitrogen produced
FNIP as
is inorganic
the fraction
by algal group x produced as inorganic nitrogen;
of predated PR is the
nitrogen predation
nitrogen; rateas inorganic
produced
rate of algal group x; ANCx is xthe nitrogen-carbon ratio consta
motionofdue algalto group
inertialx;forces;
PNx is thethe one preference
that followsfor ammonium
FNIP
of algal is the uptake
group x;byPNalgal
fraction group
ofx ispredated
the x; Px is the
nitrogen
preference for production
produced
ammonium uptake by
biomass
as inorganic
of algal
nitrogen;
group PRANC
x; K DON is the rate of dissolved organic n
is xthe predation
is the rate
Coriolisof acceleration
algal group in x; the
ANCcurvature and on
x is the nitrogen-carbon rate of ratio
algal constant
group x;in xalgal isgroup
the x; Bx rate is the
nitrogen-carbon of algalratio consta
the tangential dissolved
algal group organic
x; PN isnitrogen
the concentration;
preference for ammonium BFNH4 is the water-se
biomassstressesof algalofgroupthe bottom,
x; KDON represented
is the rate of dissolved organic nitrogen mineralization;
biomass of algal group x; KDON is the rate of dissolved
x DON is the organic n
through the variation of the free surface; the one appliedbyonly
uptake algaltogroup the bottomx; Px is of thethe layer; WNH
production rate4 are the extern
dissolved organic nitrogen concentration; BFNH 4 is the water-sediment
dissolved organic nitrogenammonium concentration; flux exchange,
BFNH4 is the water-se
immediately after the equal sign is the pressure nitrification
of algal grouprate. x; ANCx is the nitrogen-carbon ratio
applied only to the bottom of the layer; WNH 4 are the
applied only external
to the ammonium
bottom
constant in algal group x; Bx is the algal biomassNitof4
of loads
the and
layer; K is are
WNH the the extern
force, represented through the variation of the
nitrification
free surface, and the rate.
next two, the viscous forces nitrification
algal groupequation x;rate.
KDON isofthe rate of dissolved organic
Reaction total phosphate:
that give rise to turbulence within the flow. Water nitrogen mineralization; of
Small concentrations DON is the dissolved
phosphate and other organic phosphorus compo
qualityReaction
structureequation
managedof bytotal
EFDCphosphate:
Explorer model Reactionconcentration;
nitrogen equation of total BFNH phosphate:
is the
bodies. These substances leach from the terrain or result from
4
water-sediment
Smallcomposed
is mainly concentrations of phosphate
of reactions and other
that occur in phosphorus
Small concentrations
ammonium compounds
flux exchange, ofcan be found
phosphate
applied only andtointhe natural
other
bottom water
phosphorus compo
directly linked to eutrophication (DSI, 2020). The equation empl
water bodies.
through These organicsubstances
and inorganic leachcycles,
from such of
the terrain the
bodies. orlayer;
result
TheseWNH from are the external
4 organic pollution.
substances leachammoniumfromPhosphates loads are
the terrain or result from
as nitrogen,
directly chemical
linked oxygen demand, phosphorus,
to eutrophication (DSI, 2020). The and KNit islinked
equation
directly the nitrification
employed rate.
by
to eutrophication the model (DSI,using 2020). Eq.The
5. equation empl
and algae. The governing mass-balance equation
for each of the water quality state variables may be Reaction equation of total phosphate 6
expressed as Eq. 3. Small concentrations of phosphate and other
6 6

453
 F.M. Torres-Bejarano et al.

phosphorus compounds can be found in natural is the ammonium nitrogen concentration; KHR is the
water bodies. These substances leach from the heterotrophic respiration rate of dissolved organic
terrain or result from organic pollution. Phosphates carbon; DOC is the concentration of dissolved
are directly linked to eutrophication (DSI, 2020). The organic carbon; KHCOD is the half-saturation constant
equation employed by the model using Eq. 5. of dissolved oxygen required for oxidation of COD;
DO is the dissolved oxygen concentration; COD is
𝜕𝜕
(𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃4𝑡𝑡) = ∑𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚(𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 (𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 ) − 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥the )𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 chemical oxygen demand concentration; KR
𝑥𝑥 (𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐾𝐾𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) +
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕 is the reaeration coefficient; DOs is the saturated
𝜕𝜕 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃4𝑡𝑡) =) −∑𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚 (𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 (𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑥𝑥 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 ) − 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥concentration )𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 (𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐾𝐾𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) +
𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚(𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 (𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 + 𝑥𝑥 (𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 ) ++𝐾𝐾𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵4𝑑𝑑 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑝𝑝 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑑𝑑
(𝑊𝑊𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑥𝑥(𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃4𝑝𝑝)) 𝑥𝑥 )𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + +  (5) of dissolved oxygen;(5)SOD is the
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ∆𝑍𝑍 𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉
𝜕𝜕 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵4𝑑𝑑 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑝𝑝 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑑𝑑 sediment oxygen demand, applied to the bottom
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵4𝑑𝑑
+ ∆𝑍𝑍 + 𝑉𝑉 +
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑝𝑝 (𝑊𝑊𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃4𝑝𝑝)) + ∆𝑍𝑍 + 𝑉𝑉 + 𝑉𝑉
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑑𝑑
(5)layer only, and WDO is the external loads (5)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑉𝑉 of dissolved
Note that in Eq. 5, PO4t is the total phosphate concentration; oxygen. KDOP is the mineralization rate of
dissolved
Note Notethat that organic
in in Eq.Eq. 5,phosphorus;
5, PO4t
PO4t is PO4p
the
totaltotal isphosphate
thephosphate
particulate (sorbed) phosphate; PO4d is the dissolved
O4t is the total phosphate phosphate; concentration;
FPI is the Kis
fraction
the
DOP is the mineralization rate of
of metabolized
concentration;
phosphorus by algal
KDOP is the mineralization
group x produced as dissolved
rate of
inorganic
concentration;
dissolved organic x KDOP is the mineralization
phosphorus; PO4p is the rate of (sorbed)
particulate Chemical oxygen demand
phosphate; PO4d reaction
is the equation
sphorus; PO4p is the phosphorus;particulateBM (sorbed)
isthe the phosphate;
basal PO4p metabolism PO4d israte the of dissolved
algal group x; FPIP is the fraction of predated
dissolved
phosphate; organic
FPI xphosphorus;
is fraction of is the particulate
metabolized phosphorus ∂COD by algal  group DO x produced
 as inorganic
BFCOD WCOD

fraction of metabolized phosphorus phosphorus produced
x by algal asbasal group xphosphorus;
inorganic produced asAPC inorganic is the mean −algal phosphorus-to-carbon ratio+ 
(sorbed)
phosphorus; phosphate; BM is PO4d
the is themetabolism
dissolved phosphate; rate of algal
group =
x; 
FPIP is the  K COD COD
fraction of +
predated (7)
he basal metabolism rate of algal group x; FPIPdissolved
is the fraction ∂t  KH COD + DO  ∆z V
organic of predated mineralization
x
for
FPI𝜕𝜕 xall
phosphorus is algal
the groups; fraction
produced KDOPofas ismetabolized
the
inorganic phosphorus
phosphorus; phosphorus
APC by is the mean algal phosphorus-to-carbon rate; DOP is the dissolved ratio
as inorganic phosphorus; (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃4𝑡𝑡) APC = is ∑ the mean algal𝑥𝑥phosphorus-to-carbon
(𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ) ratio 𝑥𝑥 (𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 ) suspended 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 (𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
organic
algal
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 allgroup
for algal phosphorusx produced
groups;
𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚 as(𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼
Kconcentration; inorganic WS
DOP is the dissolved organic phosphorus
TSS is the
phosphorus; BM𝑥𝑥 x −velocity
settling 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 )𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
As shownof
mineralization the +in𝐾𝐾Eq.
rate;7, DOP solid,
KHisCOD +provided
theisdissolved by
the half-saturation
OP is the dissolved organic phosphorus mineralization rate; DOP is the dissolved
the
isorganic
𝜕𝜕 the hydrodynamic
basal model; BFPO4d is the sediment-water exchange flux of phosphate, applied to the
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 (𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 ) +WS
oncentration; 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
TSS is 𝑥𝑥 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
(𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃4𝑡𝑡) )phosphorus
the 𝑥𝑥settling
(𝑊𝑊𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃metabolism
−(𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃4𝑝𝑝))
= 𝑥𝑥 )𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
∑
velocity 𝑥𝑥concentration;
(𝐵𝐵 rate
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵4𝑑𝑑
+𝑥𝑥of)(𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼+ 𝐾𝐾suspended
the
of 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑝𝑝
(𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑥𝑥 +
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
algalWS
(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
𝑥𝑥𝑉𝑉) ++
group+
solid,
TSS𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 thex;provided
is𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑑𝑑 FPIP velocity
settling
(𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥 ) −phosphate,
by
constantthe
𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 )𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴of 𝑥𝑥 (𝐵𝐵and
of dissolved
suspended
𝑥𝑥 ) +V𝐾𝐾
oxygen
solid,+provided
(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
requiredby
(5)
for oxidation
isbottom
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 the fraction
the hydrodynamiclayer
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 only; WPO4t
𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚
of predated
model; ∆𝑍𝑍is the
BFPO4d external
phosphorus is the loads 𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥 of total
produced
sediment-water of chemical
exchange flux oxygen
of is𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
the cell volume.
demand;
phosphate, KCOD is the
applied to oxidation rate
the
del; BFPO4d is the sediment-water
𝜕𝜕 exchange flux of phosphate, applied to the
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵4𝑑𝑑
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼 𝑥𝑥 (𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
+
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑝𝑝
𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
+ as
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑑𝑑
bottom inorganic
(𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃4𝑡𝑡)
𝑥𝑥𝜕𝜕(𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥 )layer−= 𝑃𝑃 phosphorus;
∑𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑥 )𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
only;
(𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃4𝑝𝑝)) (𝐵𝐵
𝑥𝑥WPO4t 𝑥𝑥 ) +is𝐾𝐾APC
(𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵4𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 (𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
the is 𝑥𝑥 )the
(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑝𝑝
external ++ mean
𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑑𝑑
loads ofalgal
𝑥𝑥 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 total
𝑥𝑥(5) 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥of
) −phosphate, chemical
)𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥 (𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 and) oxygen
+V𝐾𝐾is𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 the demand;
(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
cell volume. + BFCOD is(5)the sediment
PO4t is the external 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (𝑊𝑊𝑆𝑆
loads of𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇total phosphate, + and +
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
V is the cell+ volume.
∆𝑍𝑍 𝑉𝑉 Dissolved
𝑉𝑉
phosphorus-to-carbon
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Note that oxygen
in Eq. reaction
5, PO4t ratio equation
∆𝑍𝑍
is for
the alltotal algal
𝑉𝑉 groups;
phosphate 𝑉𝑉 Kconcentration;
DOP
flux of chemical K DOP is theoxygen demand, applied
mineralization rate of to bottom
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵4𝑑𝑑 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑝𝑝 𝜕𝜕
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑑𝑑
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵4𝑑𝑑 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑝𝑝 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊4𝑑𝑑 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
+ + is the
(𝑊𝑊𝑆𝑆
Dissolved
dissolved = dissolved
∑𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃4𝑝𝑝))
oxygen
organic organic
[(1 +
reaction +
phosphorus; 0.3(1phosphorus
equation +
− 𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁
PO4p ))𝑃𝑃mineralization
is + the− (1 −
particulate (5)
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐷𝐷 ) ( layer
(sorbed) only ) and
𝐵𝐵𝑀𝑀
phosphate; WCOD] + is the
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵
PO4d isexternal
the) − dissolved (5) of chemical
loads
tion
𝑍𝑍
is the equation 𝑉𝑉
total phosphate
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑉𝑉𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚
concentration; K
∆𝑍𝑍
is the
𝑥𝑥
𝑉𝑉
mineralization
𝑥𝑥 𝑉𝑉
rate of
𝑥𝑥 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 +𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
rate;
Note=DOP
phosphate; that inis
FPI Eq. the5,the
x is[(1
dissolved
PO4t DOP is theof organic
total phosphorus
phosphate 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ) (oxygen
concentration; demand.
K)DOP is the mineralization rate of
+−fraction metabolized phosphorus by𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷algal group x 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵
produced )as− inorganic
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)(𝐾𝐾 ∑𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚 )(𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 0.3(1 − 𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁 ))𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥 − (1 − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐷𝐷 𝐵𝐵𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥 ] +
+ 0.3(1
orus; PO4p− 𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁 ))𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥concentration;
is 𝑥𝑥the − (1 −
particulate
dissolved
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐷𝐷 (sorbed)
organic
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 )WS (𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑅𝑅 4) phosphate;
is
phosphorus; 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐾𝐾
the ) 𝐵𝐵𝑀𝑀 settling
𝑥𝑥PO4p +𝑥𝑥)(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
]PO4d
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵
isis
velocity the
the − (−
)of
𝑥𝑥dissolved
particulate the 𝑥𝑥 ) +𝑥𝑥𝐾𝐾
(sorbed)
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑅𝑅 (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)
phosphate;
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
+𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐾𝐾𝑅𝑅 (𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂
+ PO4d is −
𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑥the 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
dissolved+
phosphorus; BM
𝑥𝑥
x is
TSS the+𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 basal metabolism rate of
𝐾𝐾𝐻𝐻 algal
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 +𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 group x; FPIP is the fraction of predated
s the of
ction total phosphate
metabolized Note
suspended that
concentration;
phosphorus in Eq.
solid, by 5, PO4t
algalK 𝑥𝑥
provided is
group is the
the x total
mineralization
produced
byof𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 the phosphate
hydrodynamicas rate
inorganic concentration;
of
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
Suspended K is the
sediment mineralization
𝐾𝐾transport rate of
𝑅𝑅 (𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠 −asequation
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 DOP DOP
(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)(𝐾𝐾
)(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)phosphate;
phosphorus + 𝑉𝑉 organic FPI
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 )(𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
producedx is)the ) 𝐾𝐾 −fraction
as 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐾𝐾
inorganic )(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
metabolized
+phosphorus; −−(phosphorus
APC is+𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
the by𝐾𝐾algal
) mean
+ (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)
algal group x+produced
phosphorus-to-carbon inorganic
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) +ratio
(6)
− 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐾𝐾 ∆𝑧𝑧 − (𝐾𝐾𝐻𝐻 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶) 𝐾𝐾 (𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) +
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 4 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
rus;
basal PO4p
metabolism is𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻the dissolved
particulate
model;
rate of BFPO4d
algal (sorbed)
group phosphorus;
phosphate; PO4p
PO4d is𝑅𝑅the
is the particulate
𝑠𝑠dissolved𝐾𝐾𝐻𝐻 (sorbed) phosphate; PO4d is the dissolved
BMxisisKDOP x; theisbasal
FPIP sediment-water
is the fraction exchange
of predated The x;water FPIP iscolumn DOPequation for suspended
+𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
phosphorus;
for all
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 algal
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 groups;
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
the metabolism
dissolved organic ratephosphorus
of algal group mineralization the fraction
rate; is the of dissolved
predated
tion of metabolized phosphate;
flux +
phosphorus FPIby isalgal
the fraction
group to xthe of metabolized
produced as phosphorus
inorganic by algal group x produced as inorganic (6)
norganic phosphorus; ∆𝑧𝑧 of
phosphorus
organic APC phosphate,
is the
phosphorus
𝑉𝑉 xmean
produced applied algal
as
concentration; inorganic bottom
phosphorus-to-carbon phosphorus;
WS islayer
the only;
ratio
APC
settling is (6)
the sediment
velocity mean of algal
the transport is
phosphorus-to-carbon
suspended derived
solid, provided from ratiobythe generic
asal metabolism In
rate Eq.
phosphorus; 6,
of algal FCD BM
group
x is the
x is x;thefraction
FPIP basal of
isofthe basal
metabolism
fraction metabolism
TSS
ofrate predated exuded
of algal group as dissolved
x; FPIP organic
isfor carbon;
thea dissolved
fraction oforpredated KHR x is the
the dissolved organic WPO4t
for
the phosphorus
all is thegroups;
algal
hydrodynamic external
mineralization
K
model; loadsis the
BFPO4d total
rate;
dissolved isphosphate,
DOP the issediment-water
organicthe and
dissolved
phosphorus V transport
mineralization
exchange Eq. 3of
flux rate;
phosphate, DOP is the
applied suspended
dissolvedto the material.
norganic phosphorus; half-saturation
phosphorus
In APC
Eq. 6,is FCD the produced
x is
constant
mean the
DOP
algalasof
fraction dissolved
inorganic
phosphorus-to-carbon
oforganic
basal oxygen
phosphorus;
metabolism for APC algal
ratio
exuded isdissolved
the asmean organic
dissolved algalthe carbon excretion
phosphorus-to-carbon
organic carbon; KHR forx group isratio
the
ntration;
action of WS basal TSS is is
the
metabolism the
organic
bottom cell
settling volume.
velocity
exuded
phosphorus
layer only; as of the
dissolved
concentration;
WPO4t suspended
is the externalWS solid,
carbon; is provided
the
loads KHR
settling
of xby
total is the From
velocity
phosphate, which
of theand physical
suspended
V is the cell terms
solid,
volume. of horizontal
provided by diffusion
he dissolved organic x;
for AOCR
all algal
phosphorus
half-saturation is the groups; dissolved KDOPflux
mineralization
constant isoxygen-to-carbon
ofthe dissolved
rate;
dissolved DOPoxygen
TSS
organic
is the ratio inalgal
dissolved
for respiration;
phosphorus dissolved AONT
mineralization
organic is the massDOP
rate;
carbon of dissolved
excretion is the for oxygen
dissolvedgroup
BFPO4d
nt is the
of dissolved sediment-water
oxygen the for
hydrodynamicalgal exchange
dissolved model; organic of
BFPO4d phosphate,
carbon is the applied
excretion
sediment-water to
for the group are
exchange omitted flux dueof to small
phosphate, inherent
applied numerical
to the diffusion
ntration; WSTSS isloads theconsumed
organic
x; settling
AOCR phosphorus
is perdissolved
velocity
the unit themass
ofconcentration; suspended of ammonium
oxygen-to-carbon WS solid, ratio nitrogen
isprovided
the settling
in by nitrified;
respiration; velocity ofNH
AONT the is is
4 suspended
the themass ammonium
of solid,
dissolved providednitrogen
oxygen by
disoxygen-to-carbon
the external Dissolved
bottom
Dissolvedof total
ratio in oxygen
layer phosphate,
respiration;
oxygen only; reaction
WPO4t
reaction AONTand equation
Visis
is the
the
equation the mass cell
external volume.
TSS
of dissolved
loads of oxygen
total encountered.
phosphate, and V is the cell volume.
BFPO4d is the sediment-water concentration;
the
consumed hydrodynamic exchange Kunit
pernitrified; is flux
HRmodel; the of
mass heterotrophic
BFPO4dphosphate,
of ammoniumis the applied respiration
sediment-water
nitrogen to therate of dissolved
exchange
nitrified; flux of organic
phosphate, carbon; appliedDOC to is thethe
mass of ammonium 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 nitrogen NH 4 is the ammonium nitrogen 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 NH4 is the ammonium nitrogen
isequation
the external loads concentration
bottom = ∑ layer of dissolved
only; WPO4t [(1 + 0.3(1 organic
Vis isthe− 𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁
theexternal carbon; ))𝑃𝑃 − KH (1
loads of total − is the
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐷𝐷 half-saturation
) (
𝑥𝑥phosphate, ) constant
𝐵𝐵𝑀𝑀
and ∂organic ] +
V𝑥𝑥is the cell of
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵dissolved
∂volume. ) − oxygen
heterotrophic concentration; 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕of total phosphate,
rateKHRof
and heterotrophic
isdissolved
the cell𝑥𝑥 volume. 𝑥𝑥respiration rate of∂𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑅𝑅 𝑥𝑥 DOC ∂
(dissolved
𝑥𝑥 +𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ) + ( PCisj )the carbon;
( QC j ) +oxygen
is the
( mwC j ) −
𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚 COD
the respiration
Dissolved
required for oxygen
oxidation reaction of COD; equation organic
DO thecarbon;
iscarbon; dissolved DOC oxygen is the mHC
concentration; j COD + chemical
lved−organic carbon; concentration
KH
(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)(𝐾𝐾
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 is the of dissolved
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
half-saturation
)(𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ) − organic
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐾𝐾 constant of
)(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) KH
dissolved − COD( is the 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷half-saturation
oxygen ∂ t
) + 𝐾𝐾
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 constant
∂
(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)x + 𝐾𝐾 of ∂dissolved
y
(𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂 − 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) oxygen
∂ z+
3(1 𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 ))𝑃𝑃 − (1
demand − 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐷𝐷
= ∑𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚 ) (
concentration; [(1 + 0.3(1 ) 𝐵𝐵𝑀𝑀 ]
R 𝑥𝑥is −
Kequation +the 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵
𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥 ))𝑃𝑃
) −
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥− (1 coefficient;
−𝐾𝐾𝐻𝐻 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐷𝐷 ) ( DOs is the ) 𝐵𝐵𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥∂] + is 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 ) − oxygen
isreaeration saturated Ab concentration of
𝑥𝑥 COD 𝑥𝑥 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 4 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠
equation Dissolved
required oxygen
for 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑅𝑅reaction
oxidation 𝑥𝑥 +𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷of COD; DO the dissolved oxygen𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥+𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 concentration;
∂ 𝑥𝑥 +𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 COD  the ∂chemical   (8)
( )
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑅𝑅
of COD; DO is the dissolved 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
dissolved 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷oxygen
oxygen; concentration;
SOD is the COD
sediment is the
oxygen chemical demand, oxygen applied = mw to C
the bottom m layer C
only, + S
and
E
+
WDO S I
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
demand + ∑𝑉𝑉concentration; 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
Kthe R𝑥𝑥 ]is+ the 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷  
) −𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) + (6)
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐾𝐾 )(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) − (𝐾𝐾𝐻𝐻 ))(𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
+[(1 𝐾𝐾DO (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶) 𝑅𝑅reaeration
+𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵
𝐾𝐾𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 (𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂 )−− 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) coefficient;
+ 𝑥𝑥 ) (of∂)zDO s𝐾𝐾is ) the saturated concentration of
, , s, j
3(1n; K−R 𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁
is𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
the
𝑥𝑥 ))𝑃𝑃 − (1 (6)
reaeration
𝑥𝑥 −
∆𝑧𝑧 =
(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)(𝐾𝐾
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐷𝐷
coefficient;) 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
(
𝑥𝑥=𝑐𝑐,𝑑𝑑,𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑥 )+
)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
4 − 0.3(1
𝐵𝐵𝑀𝑀
is 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐾𝐾 −saturated
𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥 ))𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑥concentration
)(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) − (1 − −( 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐷𝐷 +
s j
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
j
𝐵𝐵𝑀𝑀
(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)𝑥𝑥 ∂] z 𝐾𝐾H
++𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐵𝐵
𝑅𝑅 ∂ z
(𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂 𝑥𝑥
𝑠𝑠
j
−
s j
is𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕the external
dissolved
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 +𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑅𝑅loads𝑥𝑥 +𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 of is
s
dissolved oxygen. 𝐾𝐾𝐻𝐻𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 +𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 +𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
D𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐾𝐾
is the sediment oxygen
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 demand, 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 oxygen;
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 appliedSOD the thesediment
to𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐾𝐾 bottom oxygen
layer only, demand,
and WDO
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
(6)
applied to the bottom layer only, and WDO
)(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)(𝐾𝐾
−is
In (
the
Eq. + external
6, FCD ) )(𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
+
loads
is 𝐾𝐾
the )of − (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)
dissolved
fraction +
of 𝐾𝐾
oxygen.
basal )(𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷)
(𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂 −
metabolism −
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) ( + ) + 𝐾𝐾 (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶) + 𝐾𝐾𝑅𝑅carbon; (𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂 − KHR 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷) + (6)
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
f dissolved oxygen.Chemical
∆𝑧𝑧 𝑉𝑉
𝐾𝐾𝐻𝐻𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 +𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁x 4
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠 𝐾𝐾𝐻𝐻𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 +𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 For Eq. 8, Cjorganic
exuded as dissolved
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 represents 𝑠𝑠the x is the
concentration of the
half-saturation
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 oxygen demand reaction
constant of dissolved oxygen for equation: algal dissolved organicclass; carbon excretion for group
+ (6) j th
sediment A b
is the vertical turbulent
(6) eddy
on of basal metabolism ∆𝑧𝑧 Eq.exuded
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
In
Chemical
x; AOCR = 6,𝑉𝑉− isFCD
oxygen
the
(
x asis𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷dissolved
the
demand
dissolved
fraction
) 𝐾𝐾 organic
reaction of
oxygen-to-carbon
basal
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 carbon;
equation:
+
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
metabolism KHR
ratio + xinisrespiration;
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊the viscosity
exuded as dissolved
AONT(m is2theorganic
/s); mass
w is carbon;
ofthe dissolved KHRoxygen
settling x isvelocity
the
(7) of the
and reaction
f dissolved oxygen𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 equation: for𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 algal dissolved 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 +𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 organic
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∆𝑧𝑧 for group 𝑉𝑉 s
half-saturation
consumed per constant unit
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 mass of carbondissolved
of𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
ammonium excretion
oxygen
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵nitrogenfor𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
algal dissolved nitrified;
sediment organic 4 is carbon
NHparticles; the ammonium
S Eexcretion for
is the nitrogen
external groupsource-sink
on ) of basal
𝐾𝐾𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
xygen-to-carbon 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶metabolism 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
+ ratioIn𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕Eq. inEq. =
exuded
+ −
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
6, FCD𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
respiration; ( xas is dissolved
the AONT )
fraction 𝐾𝐾 organicof
isoxygen-to-carbon
the massbasal +
of metabolism
carbon; dissolved +
KHR is exuded the (7)term, as dissolvedI organic carbon; KHRx is the s,j (7)
x; AOCR
concentration; is𝑉𝑉the dissolved
K7, is the
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
ratioxoxygen in respiration; AONT
and Sisoxygen the is mass of dissolved oxygen
isisheterotrophic respiration 𝑉𝑉 rate
ofof dissolved ,organic carbon; DOC is the
+𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ∆𝑧𝑧
𝐷𝐷dissolved As∆𝑧𝑧In
oxygen half-saturation algal 6,
shown inFCD isHR
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
Eq.xconstant the
KH fraction the of excretion
basal
half-saturation metabolism constant dissolved the internal
required forsource-sink
oxidationgroup term. The
for dissolved organic CODof dissolved
carbon oxygen for
for algal
group dissolved organic s,j carbon excretion for
s of ammonium nitrogen
consumed
concentration
exuded as nitrified;
per
dissolved of unit NH
dissolved mass
organic the
of
organic
carbon; ammonium
ammonium carbon;
KHR KH
is the nitrogen
nitrogen is
CODhalf- the nitrified;
half-saturation NH is the
constant ammonium
of dissolved nitrogen
oxygen
ofsource term hasmass been ofsplit into two terms so that
4 4
ygen-to-carbon ratioof
x;
As chemical
AOCR
in
shown israte
respiration; the oxygen
dissolved
inconstant
Eq. AONT demand; isoxygen-to-carbon
the KCOD
mass iscarbon;
of the
dissolved oxidation
x ratiooxygen rate
inisrespiration; chemical
AONT oxygen
is the demand; dissolvedBFCOD oxygenis the
heterotrophic respiration
COD is the half-saturation concentration;
required
saturation constant for of
oxidationK7,
of KH
dissolvedisof
HRdissolved the isheterotrophic
of dissolved
COD COD; the
organic half-saturation
DO
oxygen is the
required
oxygen dissolvedDOC
respiration
for forconstant the
oxygen
oxidation
algal rateofconcentration;
the dissolved
of dissolved
external oxygen
organic
COD
source-sink required
is carbon;
the forcan
chemical
term DOCoxidation is the both point
oxygen
include
of ammonium sediment
consumed
nitrogen
of flux
is thenitrified;
chemical per of
oxygen chemical
unitNH mass
demand; oxygen
4 isconstant ofKCOD
the demand,
ammonium
ammonium applied
nitrogen
nitrogen to bottom
nitrified; layer
NH4oxygen only and
is the demand; WCOD
ammonium is the external
nitrogen
demand;
organic Kcarbon; KH
COD is thedissolved concentration
demand
oxidation
loads
COD
of
half-saturation
concentration;
rate
organic
chemical
ofof dissolved
chemical
carbon
oxygen Kdemand.
excretion is theisfor
Rorganic
oxygen of the
carbon; dissolved
reaeration
demand; group oxidation
KHx; BFCOD is rate
oxygen the
coefficient;
AOCR
COD is the ofand chemical
half-saturation s is the constant
DOnon-point saturated
source carbon; loads. BFCOD
of concentration
dissolved
And the isinternal
oxygen theof source-
heterotrophic
OD; DO is thedemand,dissolvedconcentration;
respiration
sediment oxygen rate flux of of Kdissolvedis
chemical
concentration;
HR the heterotrophic
organic
oxygen
COD is carbon;
demand,
the respiration
chemical DOC
applied is
oxygen the to rate bottom of dissolved
layer only organic
and WCOD is DOC
the is
external the
mical oxygen isrequired
dissolved
the applied
dissolved for to oxidation
oxygen; bottom SOD
oxygen-to-carbon ofis
layer COD;
the only DO
sedimentand is
ratio the WCODin dissolved
oxygen is
respiration; demand,
the oxygen
external concentration;
applied
sink term to the
can COD
bottom
include is the
layer
the chemical
only,
reactive and oxygenWDO
decomposition of
organic thecarbon; KHconcentration
loads is ofthechemical of
half-saturation dissolved
oxygen organic
constant carbon;
of dissolved KHCOD is the
oxygen ofhalf-saturation constant of dissolved oxygen
Kgen
R isdemand. reaeration CODcoefficient;
demand
is
AONT the external
is concentration;
the DO
massloads s is ofof the Kdemand.
dissolved Rsaturated
is theoxygen. oxygen concentration
reaeration consumed coefficient; DOs issediments
organic the saturated or the concentration
exchange of of between
mass
OD; DO is the dissolved
he sediment oxygen Suspended
required oxygen
demand, forsediment
oxidation
concentration;
applied totransport
of
the COD; COD
bottom equation:
DO is is the the
layer dissolved
chemical
only, and oxygen
oxygenWDO applied concentration; COD is the chemical oxygen
dissolved oxygen; SOD is the sediment oxygen demand, to the bottom layer only, and WDO
is theoxygen.
Rsolved reaerationper The
demand unit
water
coefficient;
Suspended
masscolumn
concentration;
DO
sediment
of ammonium
s equation
is the
transport K for
is
saturated
R
nitrogen
suspended
the
equation: reaeration nitrified;
concentration sediment NH
coefficient; 4transport
of sediments
DOsisisderived the classes from
saturated (DSI,
the2020).generic transport
concentration of
ransport equation: is the
Chemical external oxygen loads demand of dissolvedreaction oxygen.
equation:
he sediment Eq.
oxygendissolved
The 3
demand, for
water column a dissolved
oxygen;
applied SOD
to or
the is suspended
the
bottom sediment layer material.oxygen
only, From
and demand,
WDO which the
applied physical
to the terms
bottom of horizontal
layer only, anddiffusionWDO
ation 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷equation for suspended sediment transport is derived from the generic transport
olvedfor suspended sediment (transport isdissolved
derived from +the generic + transport
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
oxygen. are
is the omitted=−
external due loads to small of )suspended
𝐾𝐾 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
inherent numerical
oxygen. diffusion encountered. (7)
r suspended material. From which the physical terms of horizontal diffusionthe physical terms of horizontal diffusion
reaction equation: Eq.
Chemical
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕3 for a dissolved
oxygen 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶demand
+𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷or reaction material.
equation: ∆𝑧𝑧 From which
𝑉𝑉 454
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵are
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 omitted due
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 to small inherent numerical
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵diffusion 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊encountered.
all
𝐾𝐾eaction inherent
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 +numerical 𝜕𝜕 + diffusion = encountered. +− 𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉(7)
∆𝑧𝑧 Chemical 𝑉𝑉 𝑗𝑗− (𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
oxygen ) 𝐾𝐾𝜕𝜕reaction 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + (7)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 equation: 𝜕𝜕 demand equation:
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝜕𝜕 𝐸𝐸 𝐼𝐼
As (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶
shown
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
) +
in Eq. (𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶
7,
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
KH
+𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝑗𝑗 ) +
COD is
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
(𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶
the ) +
half-saturation
𝑗𝑗 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶
∆𝑧𝑧 𝑗𝑗 )constant
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
(𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤 𝐶𝐶𝑗𝑗 ) = 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (𝑚𝑚
of𝑠𝑠,𝑗𝑗dissolved oxygen 𝐶𝐶 ) + 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠,𝑗𝑗
required
𝐻𝐻 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑗𝑗
for+oxidation
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠,𝑗𝑗 (8)
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜕𝜕𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + ∆𝑧𝑧𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕of + chemical
(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶 =− 𝜕𝜕( oxygen
𝑗𝑗 ) +𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝜕𝜕
(𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶 demand;
) 𝐾𝐾𝜕𝜕𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑗𝑗 ))+=𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕(𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 KCOD 𝐴𝐴 is
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜕𝜕+the
𝑗𝑗 )𝑏𝑏+ 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕 oxidation
(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶 + − 𝑉𝑉(7)
𝑗𝑗 ) +
𝐸𝐸
𝜕𝜕rate of chemical
𝐼𝐼 (𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤𝑠𝑠,𝑗𝑗 𝐶𝐶𝑗𝑗 ) =
𝜕𝜕 oxygen
(𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕demand;
𝐴𝐴 𝜕𝜕
𝐶𝐶𝑗𝑗 ) + 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠,𝑗𝑗 𝐸𝐸BFCOD
+ 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠,𝑗𝑗𝐼𝐼 is (7) the
(8)
s+the (𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 )
half-saturation+ (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶
As
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
shown
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 sediment 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑉𝑉) −
constant in (𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤
of 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕dissolved
Eq. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶7, 𝐶𝐶
+𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
KH oxygen
is (𝑚𝑚
the required
half-saturation 𝐶𝐶 ) +
∆𝑧𝑧for 𝑆𝑆 oxidation 𝑆𝑆
constant
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (8)of dissolved 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 oxygen required for oxidation
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗 flux of chemical 𝑠𝑠,𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗 COD 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 oxygen𝐻𝐻 demand, 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑗𝑗 applied to bottom layer only and WCOD is the external
𝑠𝑠,𝑗𝑗 𝑠𝑠,𝑗𝑗
nd; KCOD is the oxidation rate of chemical oxygen demand; BFCOD 7is the
 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(4): 449-472, Autumn 2022
Fig. 2: Configuration of
Fig. 2: Configuration of the generated grid
  Modeling framework  
For purposes of spatial discretization of the model
in the study section, a numerical structured grid in
a curvilinear and orthogonal system was generated,
with a total of 6 rows, 360 columns and 2160 cells
whose spacing varies in DX from 10.2 m to 58.3 m and
in DY from 8.9 m to 47.03 m, since it presented the
best computational times and greater stability during
the model calculations (Fig. 2). The bathymetry was
processed on this grid, and initial and boundary
conditions were included to simulate hydrodynamics
and water quality. Subsequently, the model was
calibrated to obtain and guarantee reliable results.
The simulation period was from February 28th to
October 31st, 2019.
Initial and boundary conditions
Absolute depths obtained during the bathymetric
campaign were transformed to river bottom
elevations using the free water surface level of that
day, obtained from the hydrological station Montería –
Aut of IDEAM. Meteorological data (solar radiation, air
temperature, wind speed and direction, precipitation,
evaporation, and relative humidity) were obtained
from IDEAM’s Los Garzones Airport weather station.
The initial water level was established based on the
  the generated grid
 
level reported by the Montería - Aut station for the
starting day of the simulation (February 28th, 2019).
From this same station, river flows were also obtained
from a daily time series covering the entire simulation
period (Fig. 3). The discharge and abstraction flows
were provided by the environmental authority
CVS. Dirichlet-type boundaries were defined as
inflows referring to the upstream flow of the Sinú
River and discharge flows, and outflows referring
to abstraction flows. In addition, a free-flow outlet
was established at the river’s downstream boundary
(Neumann-type boundary) (Fig. 3). Sinú River flow in
the representative dry season month (March) varies
between 125.1 m3/s and 136.1 m3/s; in October, the
representative wet season month reaches flows up to
709.8 m3/s. WWTP Northeastern and WWTP South-
western have a discharge flow of 0.314 m3/s and
0.099 m3/s, respectively. Fig. 3 shows river flow input
conditions for the whole simulation period.
Initial conditions for each water quality parameter
(Fig. 3) were established from in situ measurements
at the monitoring points (P1 and P4). The parameters
concentrations at P1 (Fig. 1) were used as upstream
conditions inflow of the Sinú River and the
parameters concentrations at P4 (Fig. 1) were used as
downstream free boundary conditions. Likewise, the
455
 Water quality model-based assimilative capacity assessment

 
 
Fig. 3: Initial and boundary conditions
 
 
Table 1: WWTP parameters concentrations for water quality simulation  
Table 1: WWTP parameters concentrations for water quality simulation
 
Fig. 3: Initial and boundary conditions 
Parameters  WWTP Northeastern  WWTP Southwestern 
   
Temperature (ºC)  30.2  36.2 
COD (mg/L)  117.69  142.15 
DO (mg/L)  1.9  1.9 
NH3‐N (mg/L)  15 15 
PO4‐P (mg/L)  3.5  3.5 
TSS (mg/L)  68.17  43.56 
Flow (m3/s)  0.314  0.099 
 
   
concentrations of each of the discharges’ parameters calibration process, coefficients and rates of the
were defined according to the information provided chemical reactions that govern the behavior of the
stationduring
station duringthe the simulationperiod. period.The Thewater
water quality mod
by the CVS (Table 1). physicochemical and simulation
biological parameters were quality mode
generated
generated
gradually foreach
for
adjusted. each analyzed
analyzed
In order physicochemical
physicochemical
to check the fit of theand andbiological
biologicalp
Model calibration the
the four
four measurement
measurement campaigns.
campaigns.
model simulated data with those measured in situ, Throughout
Throughout the
the calibratio
calibration
The hydrodynamic model was calibrated by chemical
chemical reactions
reactions that
that govern
govern the
the
the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was applied to behavior
behavior ofof the
the physicoch
physicoche
gradually adjusting the hydrodynamics coefficients gradually
gradually
measure adjusted.
theadjusted.
amount Inorder
ofInerrororder totocheck
between check
the thethefit
two fitofofthe
data themodel
modelsims
(bottom roughness, horizontal viscosity, etc.) and sets. RMSE
situ,
situ, ranges
theRoot
the RootMeanfrom Square
Mean 0Square
to ∞, Error
where a(RMSE)
value was
Error(RMSE) equal
wasapplied
appliedtotomeas
me
comparing the simulated water levels with the totwo
0 indicates
two data a perfect
datasets.
sets. RMSEranges
RMSE fit using
ranges Eq. 090to(Ritter
from
from to∞, and a avalue
∞,where
where valueequal
equ
measured water level data in the river expressed Muñoz-Carpena, 2013).
(Ritter and Muñoz-Carpena, 2013).
(Ritter and Muñoz-Carpena, 2013).
as a time series obtained from the Montería - Aut
station during the simulation period. The water
∑ i =1√∑( O𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 )𝑖𝑖−𝑝𝑝
n 2
quality model was calibrated using the time series ∑i 𝑛𝑛 −(𝑂𝑂p(𝑂𝑂
𝑖𝑖i −𝑝𝑝
22
𝑖𝑖 )𝑖𝑖 )
RMSE = ==√
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑖𝑖=1
generated for each analyzed physicochemical and (9) N 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
biological parameter in P2 and P3 (Fig. 1), during
the four measurement campaigns. Throughout the Where,𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
Where,
Where, 𝑖𝑖 yy𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖represent
𝑖𝑖 y represent
represent the thesample
the sample(of
sample (ofsize
(of sizeN)N)containing
size containin
respectively,for
respectively, forcell celli. i.Table
Table2 2shows
showsthe
theevaluation
evaluationcriteria
criteriafo

456
Table2:2:Evaluation
Table Evaluationcriteria
criteriaf
(Ritterand
(Ritter andMuñoz-Carpena
Muñoz-Carpe
Classification
Classification Criteria
Criteria
Very good SD ≥3.2R
  Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(4): 449-472, Autumn 2022
Table 2: Evaluation criteria for RMSE 
(Ritter and Muñoz‐Carpena, 2013) 
Table 2: Evaluation criteria for RMSE  (Ritter and Muñoz-Carpena, 2013)
Classification  Criteria  
Very good  SD ≥3.2RMSE 
Good  2.2RMSE≤SD<3.2RMSE
Acceptable  1.2RMSE≤SD<2.2RMSE 
Unsatisfactory   SD<1.2RMSE 
      Standard Deviation (SD) of the measured data. 
Table 3: Simulation scenarios applied in Sinú River 
  Table 3: Simulation scenarios applied in Sinú River
River  Discharges 
Scenario  Description  Concentrations (%) 
F (%)  F (%) 
DO  Others
AS  Actual State of the river discharges and flows.   NC  NC  NC  NC 
S1  Discharges’ concentration modification. NC NC ↓80  ↑400
S2  Decrease of river flow.  ↓50  NC  NC  NC 
Decrease of river flow and discharges concentration 
S3  ↓50  NC  ↓80  ↑400 
modification. 
S4  Decrease of river flow and increase of discharges’ flows. ↓50 ↑400 NC  NC

S5  Decrease of river flow; increase of discharges’ flows and  ↓50  ↑200  ↓66.67  ↑200 

modification of its concentrations. 
S6  ↓50  ↑400  ↓80  ↑400 
        NC: No change; F: Flow; Others: T, COD, NH3‐N, TN, PO4‐P, TSS; ↑: Increase; ↓: Decrease. 
    
 
Table 4: Modified coefficients in the hydrodynamic component 
Table 4: Modified coefficients in the hydrodynamic component
 
Hydrodynamic module 
Parameter  Value 
Constant Horizontal Eddy Viscosity (m2/s)  0.001 
Horizontal Momentum Diffusivity (dimensionless)  0.150 
Bottom roughness (m)  0.025 
 
   
N) containing the measured and simulated data, to 2.2.3.3.3.9.12, and the 2115 Resolution of 2017 of
respectively, for cell i. Table 2 shows the evaluation the Ministry of Social Protection. However, these do
criteria for the RMSE. not contemplate limit values for some parameters
such as COD, TSS, NH3-N, among others; therefore,
Modeling scenarios formulation legislation from countries such as Brazil (Resolution
The scenarios shown in Table 3 were formulated 357 of 2005) and the United States (EPA Standards)
considering the National Water Resource Modeling was consulted. Based on the current uses in the river,
Guide for inland surface waters. The concentrations and the regulations and guidelines consulted, the
of the discharges’ parameters in the study section quality criteria that would serve as a guide for the use
were modified to estimate under what conditions the of the water resource were consolidated.
river would not be able to assimilate the pollutants.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Assimilation capacity Hydrodynamic component calibration
To evaluate the assimilation capacity, the results The hydrodynamic model was calibrated by
obtained with the simulated scenarios were compared comparing the levels obtained from the Montería Aut.
with the quality criteria applicable to any water body, Station with the levels calculated by the model. During
which, for the case of Colombia, are regulated by the this process, some hydrodynamic coefficients were
1076 Decree of 2015 of the Ministry of Environment adjusted to obtain an optimal calibration (Table 4).
and Sustainable Development, in articles 2.2.3.3.3.9.2 Fig. 4 shows the comparison between the observed

457
 F.M. Torres-Bejarano et al.
Fig. 4: Hydrodynamic component calibration
Fig. 4: Hydrodynamic component calibration
data and the simulated data. To verify the fit, the
RMSE was calculated, resulting in a value of 0.089,
which is in the very good fit category. This indicates
that the simulated results are a good representation
of the behavior and magnitude of the real levels in
the study area during the simulation period.
Water quality component calibration and validation
Fig. 5 shows the results of the calibration of each
parameter. The calibration of this module was
performed with the concentrations obtained at
points P2 and P3; it was necessary to adjust the water
quality module coefficients with the values shown in
Table 5.
To verify the calibration process, the RMSE was
estimated for all simulated parameters (Temperature,
COD, DO, NH3-N, TN, PO4-P, TSS) at points 2 and 3,
considering the standard deviations of the data,
the results are shown in Table 6. In P3, parameters
such as temperature, PO4-P and TSS were found in
a very good fit category; COD, DO and NH3-N in an
acceptable category and TN in a good fit category.
Considering all the calibration results, the EFDC
Explorer model reached an accurate representation
of the real conditions of the studied river section,
which makes very acceptable the simulations of the
hydrodynamic and physicochemical processes of
the river. The comparison between simulated and
measured data also shows that model results follow
the seasonal trend seen in field data.
Hydrodynamic simulation
Once the calibration process was completed, the
actual state of the study reach was simulated. The
results for the dry season were obtained from the
458
 
representative date of March 31st, and for the wet
season, the representative date was October 26th,
2019. Water velocity in rivers can be affected by
factors such as river geometry, roughness, slope
zones and flow rate. Fig. 6 shows the velocity
simulation results for dry and wet seasons. During the
dry season (lower flows), velocities were below 0.61
m/s, while in the wet season (higher flows) velocities
of up to 0.86 m/s were reached. The spatial changes
in velocity in each season are not very significant,
because the study section is in an alluvial plain area
where slope variations are not representative (CVS,
2004; Acosta, 2013).
Water quality simulation
Results of the water quality simulations for the dry
season were also obtained from the representative
date of March 31st, and for the wet season the
representative date was October 26th, 2019; the
results for each parameter are observed in Fig. 7.
Regarding the temporal variation, an increase in DO is
observed during the wet season, this is consistent with
what is reported in the literature, where precipitation
has a positive effect on this parameter (Muñoz et
al., 2015; Liu et al., 2020). In the case of parameters
such as COD, NH3-N, TN and PO4-P the highest
concentrations were found in the dry season; this
occurs because the decrease in flow rates during this
season generates a higher concentration of pollutant
loads, which causes a decrease in DO and an increase
in COD, due to decomposition processes (Liu et al.,
2020), additionally, Benjumea et al., (2018) suggest
that the high presence of organic matter at lower
flow rates does not allow the dilution of nutrients.
The highest concentrations of TSS occurred in the wet
 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(4): 449-472, Autumn 2022

 
 
Fig. 5: Calibration and validation of physicochemical parameters at point 2 (red) and point 3 (blue)
Fig. 5: Calibration and validation of physicochemical parameters at point 2 (red) and point 3 (blue)  

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 F.M. Torres-Bejarano et al.
Table 5: Main modified coefficients in the water quality component 
Table 5: Main modified coefficients  in the water quality component
 
Parameter  Reaction rates   (Value/d)  
Reaeration Rate (ka)  1 
DO  Nitrification Rate (kn)  0.07
Deoxygenation Rate (kd)  1.5 
COD  Oxidation Rate of the chemical oxygen demand (ko)  0.03 
TN  Nitrification Rate (kn)  0.07 
Hydrolysis Rate of organic nitrogen (khn)  0.08 
NH3‐N 
Nitrification Rate (kn)  0.07
Particle settling velocity (ws)a  1.38×10‐4
SST 
Sedimentation Rate of suspended solids (ks) ‐ 
PO4‐P  Hydrolysis Rate of organic phosphorus (khPO)  0.08 
           a in m/d 

   
Table 6: RMSE results for all parameters 
Table 6: RMSE results for all parameters
 
SD  RMSE  Fit category  SD  RMSE  Fit category 
Parameters 
P2  P3 
Temperature   0.815  0.177  Very good  0.891  0.202  Very good 
COD  3.264  1.725  Acceptable  4.955  3.655  Acceptable 
DO  0.770  0.38  Acceptable 0.800 0.623 Acceptable
NH3‐N  0.119  0.032  Very good  0.121  0.065  Acceptable 
TN  0.964  0.298  Very good  0.887  0.299  Good 
PO4‐P  0.189  0.038  Very good  0.191  0.047  Very good 
TSS  28.613  9.604  Good 25.791 6.666 Very good
 

 
  velocity simulation
Fig.6: Dry and wet season
 
Fig.6: Dry and wet season velocity simulation 
  season since during wet periods there
  is a large influx significant increase in the other evaluated parameters
of allochthonous materials into the river through (COD, NH3-N, TN, and PO4-P). This demonstrates the
surface runoff, i.e., the movement of rainwater negative impacts that wastewater discharges have on
and surface runoff promotes the detachment and the concentrations of physicochemical parameters
entrainment of particles (sediments), increasing TSS in water bodies and their effect on the assimilative
(Jaya, 2017; Agustine et al., 2018). Regarding the capacity of the receiving bodies (Cuesta-Parra et al.,
spatial distribution of concentrations, all parameters 2018). Results relate to Aguilar and Solano, (2018)
were negatively affected in the area immediately research regarding the river flow decrease in the
after the second discharge (WWTP Northeastern), dry season that also cause a decrease in de dilution
where it was observed a slight decrease in DO and a capacity of pollutants from domestic wastewater,

460
 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(4): 449-472, Autumn 2022

 
Fig. 7: Simulation results of physicochemical parameters in dry (March  31st) and wet (October 26th) seasons (Note the change of scale in
the figures)
 
Fig. 7: Simulation results of physicochemical parameters in dry (March 31st) and wet (October 26th) seasons (Note 
the change of scale in the figures) 
therefore affecting the assimilative capacity. an increase of more than 5 °C in the temperature of
  Simulated scenarios and assimilation  capacity surface water bodies; the temperature time series in
Simulation results of the formulated scenarios are Fig. 8 shows that none of the scenarios exceeds the
shown in Fig. 8. For the evaluation of the assimilation reference value, which indicates that the discharges
capacity, a comparison between the concentrations evaluated in the study section do not significantly
in the time series with the established reference affect this parameter; however, it should be taken
limits was carried out. into account that even if the standard is met, the
temperature fluctuations predicted in the different
Temperature scenarios may influence the other water quality
Temperature is a parameter of great importance parameters studied. S6, which corresponds to a 50 %
in the analysis of water quality because its increase decrease in river flow and an increase of five times
in water bodies can produce negative effects on in discharge concentrations and flows, caused the
the ecosystem and its fundamental processes, greatest increase in river temperature, reaching 31.7
particularly, rivers temperature affects the availability °C as the maximum value in the dry season; this could
of DO in the water column for fish and other aquatic negatively affect the river’s assimilative capacity since
organisms, it also affects the solubility of chemicals dissolved oxygen concentrations depend also on
in the water and biological activity (Graham et al., water temperature (Imam and El Baradei, 2006); an
2014; Zhen-Gang, 2017). Colombian regulations increase in the river’s water temperature influences
indicate that wastewater discharges must not cause its oxygen metabolism which creates a decrease

461
 F.M. Torres-Bejarano et al.

 
Fig. 8: Time series plots  for each parameter
 
Fig. 8: Time series plots for each parameter 
in  its assimilative capacity due to  rise biochemical considered polluted (Jingsheng et al., 2006; Al-Badaii
processes that deplete oxygen (Chapra et al., 2021). et al., 2013). These results show that the river’s
assimilation capacity of this parameter is affected
Chemical Oxygen Demand mainly when the river flow decreases by half and the
COD concentrations in the actual state are higher in concentrations and flows of discharges increase five
March compared to those in October, but the highest times, which are the conditions in S6. In general, the
concentrations occur between April and May (Fig. 8); change in flow rates, both in the river and in discharges,
however, the graph shows that S6 is the only one that is the condition that affects assimilation capacity the
exceeds the reference limit (20 mg/L), this occurs most. S5 also shows a considerable increase in this
during the first months (March - May) and between parameter during the dry season, because in this
June and July; during the dry season this parameter scenario the river flow was reduced by half and the
reaches a maximum concentration of 30.9 mg/L and concentrations and flows of discharges increased
water bodies that exceed the reference limit are three times. In all scenarios, a significant decrease

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 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(4): 449-472, Autumn 2022
in COD was observed in October. This behavior is
similar to the results obtained by Islam et al. (2015),
where a decrease in COD was also observed during
the wet period and an increase during the dry period.
According to the results of their research, where
there were higher concentrations of COD and NH3-N
in the dry season, Liu et al., (2018) suggest that the
reduction of the water assimilative capacity during
the dry season showed that the pollution loads in this
season were much more serious than the wet season
and a reduction in pollutants loads must be done to
meet its water quality protective goal.
Dissolved oxygen
Poor water quality is considered when DO
concentrations are lower than the reference limit
of 4 mg/L, thus it can be harmful to some fish and
macroinvertebrate populations and have negative
effects on chemical reactions of aquatic ecosystems
(Patel and Vashi, 2015). As shown in Fig. 8, DO
remains at good levels over this limit throughout
the simulation time in all scenarios. Considering the
above, it can be said that the river has the capacity
to adequately assimilate current discharges without
significantly affecting this parameter, therefore
the river preserves its ability to assimilate oxygen
demanding pollutants without disrupting the aquatic
ecosystem (Chapra, 2018), even under the worst
conditions represented by S6. In S6’s dry season,
there was a greater decrease in DO compared to its
current state, which is associated with low flow values
and less aeration of the medium (Liu et al., 2020).
DO decrease in water bodies due to the influence of
discharges is consistent with what has been found in
different studies (Graham et al., 2014; Rubio et al.,
2017).
Ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen
These parameters’ variations are strongly related
to both river flow and discharge concentrations and
flows. This is evident when observing S2 in Fig. 8,
where, although there was a decrease in half of the
river flow, the discharge flows and concentrations
were not altered, and as a result, concentrations very
similar to those of the actual state were obtained.
Most significant changes were observed in scenarios
S5 and S6, where the flow of the river and the
discharges’ flow and concentrations were modified.
S5 shows that the river can withstand a decrease
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in its flow by half and an increase of three times in
discharge flow and concentrations without exceeding
the reference limit for NH3-N, while the same
happens for TN only in the wet season. TN results
show that although the reference limit of 2.18 mg/L
was exceeded in all scenarios during the first months,
by the end of the simulation in the wet season the
limit was only exceeded in S6, reaching a maximum
TN concentration of 6.3mg/L mg/L, which can
accelerate eutrophication processes and generate
negative effects on the aquatic ecosystem, as the
necessary DO concentration for fish and vegetation
could be depleted (Zhen-Gang, 2017). The S6 was
the only one where the reference limit of 2 mg/L for
NH3-N was exceeded, and this only occurred in the
first simulated months. NH3-N reached a maximum
concentration of 2.7mg/L. These parameters showed
a tendency to increase during the dry season, which
indicates that the river is not able to assimilate them
when the flow is reduced by half and the discharge
flow and concentrations increase five times. It is
important to keep in mind that in high concentrations
ammonia nitrogen can be toxic to aquatic life (Von-
Sperling, 2007). These results contrast with those
found by Husaini et al. (2007), where the highest
concentrations were found in the wet season; while
in the investigations of Girardi et al. (2016); Benjumea
et al. (2018) and Villota-López et al. (2021), higher
concentrations were found in the dry season, this is
associated with the low dilution due to the decrease
in flows during this season. Wang et al. (2015) also
found that the assimilative capacity in terms of water
environmental carrying capacity, tends to be lower
for these parameters in the dry season because of the
lower water level and degradation ability, while the
larger water volume and good dynamic conditions
in the wet season were positive to the assimilative
capacity.
Phosphates
In general, it can be considered that the river
assimilation capacity for this parameter is good
because its degradation is observed over time,
and at the end of the simulation, the phosphate
concentrations are significantly lower than dry season
concentrations; this coincides with the general
notion that the increase of river flow can decrease
the pollutant concentration over time because
the dilution and self-purification effects increase;
 F.M. Torres-Bejarano et al.
this happens most frequently when the river’s
contaminants are mainly from point sources (Meng
et al., 2020). Phosphates time series show higher
concentrations of this parameter in the dry season
(Fig. 8) reaching a maximum concentration of 0.98
mg/L, this is attributed to the increase of pollutants
and nutrients concentrations caused by reduced
flows and decreased dilution capacity, this may also
contribute to algal blooms and decay of DO levels
(Montes et al., 2013) especially if the river conditions
are those of S6. The most detrimental scenario to the
river is S6, since its conditions cause a very significant
increase in phosphate concentrations during the
dry season, when the reference limit of 0.5 mg/L is
exceeded. Scenarios 1, 3 and 4 also show that during
the first days of the simulation the limit is exceeded,
which indicates that this parameter is sensitive
to changes in discharge concentrations, since in
scenario 2, where only the river flow decreased, the
concentrations varied little compared to the actual
state, and did not exceed the limit. During the wet
season, phosphate concentrations do not exceed
the limit in any of the simulated scenarios. Similar
behaviors can be found in several investigations,
higher concentrations in the dry season and lower
in the wet season (Peña, 2019; Pan et al., 2020).
Todorova et al., (2017) studied phosphatases as a tool
to assess self-purification effectiveness at different
types of pollution in running waters since it has a
positive correlation with phosphate concentrations
and found its great value in terms of wastewater risk
identification and evaluation of organic and nutrient
loading in streams.
Total suspended solids
Fig. 8 shows that, unlike the other parameters, TSS
tend to increase in most months. In the dry season,
the concentrations of this parameter are significantly
lower than in the wet season, this is associated with
the increase of erosion processes during the wet
season, this has been evidenced too in different
investigations (Agustine et al., 2018; Benjumea et al.,
2018). Although the increase of TSS is significant in
the wet season, the quality standard of 90 mg/L is not
exceeded in any of the scenarios which implies a good
assimilation capacity in the river. The Sinú River can
assimilate the most extreme conditions (S6), without
exceeding the quality standard. On the contrary, in
Zubaidah et al., (2018) investigation, TSS loads were
464
higher than the assimilative capacity value causing
a detriment in the studied river water quality. TSS
analysis is very important for water resource quality
studies since it can influence the variability of other
parameters. One of its main effects is photosynthetic
activity reduction due to light passage loss (Rubio
et al., 2017; Cahyono et al., 2019), in the same way,
high TSS concentrations suffocate benthic habitats
and interfere with feeding activities; additionally,
suspended particles promote the absorption of
nutrients, organic compounds and other potential
pollutants (Graham et al., 2014).
Longitudinal profiles
When analyzing the graphs in Fig. 9, it is found that
none of the scenarios show a lower concentration
than the reference limit (4 mg/L) for DO. Also, it is
observed that in all scenarios DO concentrations
during the wet season are higher than in the dry
season, which matches with what is reported in the
literature, where precipitation has a positive effect
on DO (Muñoz et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2020). The
highest DO concentrations for all scenarios are found
upstream of the first discharge (WWTP Southwestern)
and the lowest downstream of the second discharge
(WWTP Northeastern), with S6 being the scenario
that makes oxygen availability vary the most in the
two seasons, presenting values higher than 6.04 mg/L
in the dry season and 6.79 mg/L in the wet season.
DO and COD variability against distance was also
investigated by Zubaidah et al., (2019), the diffuse
mixture of pollutant loads caused the dissolved
oxygen concentration to decrease in downstream
points, while the COD increased; however, the self-
purification process could take place along the river,
mainly in the middle zone of the studied section.
Similar findings had Churun et al., (2019) research,
the assimilative process was observed in the location
with the greater effluent concentration, DO decrease
and then showed an increasing trend. Sinú River’s
results also show a slight decrease of DO immediately
after each discharge, but over time, the concentration
tends to be higher in the wet season, indicating once
again a better assimilative capacity in this season Fig.
9.
In COD’s case, none of the scenarios exceeds the
established limit concentration (20 mg/L) in the wet
season, but in the dry season it is exceeded after the
second discharge in S6, presenting a maximum value
 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(4): 449-472, Autumn 2022

 
 
Fig. 9: Longitudinal profiles for temperature, COD, DO y TN
 
Fig. 9: Longitudinal profiles for temperature, COD, DO y TN 
   

465
 F.M. Torres-Bejarano et al.

 
 
Fig. 10: Longitudinal profiles for  PO4-P, NH3-N y TSS
Fig. 10: Longitudinal profiles for PO4‐P, NH3‐N y TSS 
 
of 30.9 mg/L, being this, as well as the DO, the scenario In the dry season, all the TN scenarios exceed the
with the greatest variations in COD concentrations. For reference limit (2.18 mg/L), while in the wet season
each scenario, the concentrations in the dry season only S5 and S6 exceed it after the WWTP Northeastern
are higher than during the wet season, as mentioned discharge (Fig. 9), with a maximum value of 2.19
above, this is because the decrease in flows during mg/L for S5 and 3.31 mg/L for S6. For all scenarios,
the dry season generates a higher concentration of TN concentrations are also higher during the dry
pollutant loads, which causes a decrease in DO and an season than the wet season, with greater variations
increase in COD, due to decomposition processes (Liu after the wastewater discharges and especially after
et al., 2020). It’s important to understand that rivers’ the second discharge (WWTP Northeastern). S6 is
assimilative capacity is a complex process that also the scenario with the greatest variability in both
involves the simultaneous work of physical, chemical, periods. This situation also occurs for N-NH3 and
and biological processes, and the water pollutants are PO4-P. Benjumea et al. (2018), found similar results
reduced mostly through biodegradation processes for TN, NH3-N and PO4-P, and suggested that it was
(Taseiko et al., 2016). due to a high presence of organic matter and that the

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 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(4): 449-472, Autumn 2022
low flow in the dry season does not allow dilution of
these nutrients, in consequence, a lower assimilative
capacity is shown. In addition, Toja et al. (2003) found
higher concentrations of nitrogen and phosphates in
low water levels in the Agrío and Guadimar rivers in
Spain, attributing the low discharges dilution to the
low rivers flow. Comparable results are shown in
Meng et al., (2020), rivers’ concentration in their study
area fluctuates during the research period, these
parameters increase first and then decrease due to
the pollutant assimilation, and this also happens in
Sinú River. Temperature has higher concentrations
during the dry season than during the wet season.
Meanwhile, the TSS show higher concentrations in
the wet season than in the dry season since rainwater
movement and surface runoff promote sediments
detachment and dragging. Like previous parameters,
the greatest variations in concentration occur after
the discharges, especially after the Northeastern
discharge. Unlike the other parameters, which in
all scenarios after the discharges there was only
an increase (TN, NH3-N, COD, PO4-P) or only a
decrease (DO) in the concentrations obtained in the
simulations, this was not the case for temperature
and TSS, because while in scenarios S1, S3, S5 and S6
their concentrations increased, in scenarios S2 and S4
their concentrations decreased after the discharges.
It should be noted that for S2 and S4 there was no
change in discharge concentrations, only in flow
rates.
CONCLUSION
EFDC Explorer hydrodynamic and water quality
model implementation showed an adequate fit of
the measured data compared to those calculated
by the model, especially for river water level,
temperature, phosphates and total nitrogen, giving
confidence in the model’s adaptability to the river
hydrodynamic and water quality conditions. For this
reason, its use become one of the main tools for the
Sinú River basin management and provide a bigger
approach regarding Sinú River assimilative capacity.
Model spatiotemporal simulations and the evaluated
scenarios showed the discharges’ effect on Sinú
River’s assimilative capacity since some parameters
(TN, NH3-N, COD, PO4-P) exceeded the established
reference levels and these are relevant to meet the
necessary water quality criteria to keep a healthy
aquatic ecosystem. It was possible to evaluate the
467
assimilative capacity over time, observing a better
assimilation for parameters such as COD, DO, PO4-P, TN
and NH3-N during the wet season than the dry season.
In general, it can be considered that Sinú River’s
assimilation capacity is good over time. In addition,
it was found that Sinú River is more sensitive to
changes in discharge flows than changes in discharge
concentrations, the river was mostly affected by the
decrease of its flow in half, and the 400% increase in
current point sources flows; this notion can influence
the river’s planning and prevention programs in terms
of wastewater flows that can be supported by the
river without depleting its assimilative capacity; since
this aspect is not currently taken into consideration
for its management. Sinú River water quality
modeling serves as a starting point for the competent
environmental authorities to evaluate the river’s
self-purification ability under the current discharge
conditions and predict which conditions this natural
process gets affected; it constitutes a fundamental
tool for the planning, design, and implementation of
water resource pollution control programs and the
development of effective water quality objectives.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
F. Torres-Bejarano performed the experimental
design, sampling campaigns, water quality analysis,
and prepared the manuscript text. M. Verbel-
Escobar performed the literature review and the
model configuration and simulations, analyzed,
and interpreted the data and results. M.C. Atencia-
Osorio organized the methodology, analyzed, and
interpreted the data and results, prepared the
manuscript text, and manuscript edition.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are grateful to the University of Córdoba
and especially to the Environmental Engineering
Program for the support provided to carry out this
investigation project.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no potential conflict of interest
regarding the publication of this work. In addition,
the ethical issues including plagiarism, informed
consent, misconduct, data fabrication and, or
falsification, double publication and, or submission,
and redundancy have been completely witnessed by
the authors.
 F.M. Torres-Bejarano et al.

OPEN ACCESS Water-sediment ammonium flux

©2022 The author(s). This article is licensed under BFNH4
exchange
a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Sediment-water exchange flux of
License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, BFPO4d
phosphate
distribution, and reproduction in any medium or
format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the BMx Basal metabolism rate of algal group x
original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Bx Algal biomass of algal group x
Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes Concentration or intensity of transport
were made. The images or other third-party material C
constituent
in this article are included in the article’s Creative
represents the concentration of the jth
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a Cj
sediment class
credit line to the material. If material is not included
in the article’s Creative Commons license and your COD Chemical oxygen demand
intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation cp Vegetation resistance coefficient
or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain Regional Autonomous Corporation of
permission directly from the copyright holder. To view CVS
the Sinú and San Jorge Valleys
a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.
d Day
org/licenses/by/4.0/
DO Dissolved oxygen
PUBLISHER’S NOTE Dissolved oxygen concentration
DO
GJESM Publisher remains neutral with regard (equation)
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and Concentration of dissolved organic
institutional affiliations. DOC
carbon
Dissolved organic nitrogen
ABBREVIATIONS DON
concentration
o
C Degree Celsius Dissolved organic phosphorus
DOP
AS Actual state concentration
Ab Vertical turbulent eddy viscosity Saturated concentration of dissolved
DOs
oxygen
AC Assimilative capacity
Projected vegetation area normal to the
Horizontal momentum and mass Dp
AH flow per unit horizontal area
diffusivity
DWTP Drinking water treatment plant
AH Horizontal turbulent eddy diffusivity
DX Distance on the X axis
Nitrogen-carbon ratio constant in algal
ANCx DY Distance on the Y axis
group x
Dissolved oxygen to carbon ratio in EFDC Environment Fluid Dynamics Code
AOCR
respiration F Flow
Mass of dissolved oxygen consumed f Coriolis parameter
AONT per unit mass of ammonium nitrogen
nitrified Fraction of basal metabolism exuded as
FCDx
dissolved organic carbon
Mean algal phosphorus-to-carbon ratio
APC FD Discharge flow
for all algal groups
Aut Automatic Fraction of nitrogen produced and
FNIP
stripped as inorganic nitrogen
Av Vertical turbulent eddy viscosity
Fraction of nitrogen metabolized by
Sediment flux of chemical oxygen FNIx algal group x produced as inorganic
BFCOD
demand nitrogen

468
 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(4): 449-472, Autumn 2022

Fraction of predated phosphorus NC No change

FPIP
produced as inorganic phosphorus
NE Northeastern
FR River flow
NH3-N Ammonia nitrogen
H Total depth
NH4 Ammonium nitrogen concentration
Water depth bellow the vertical
h National Oceanic and Atmospheric
reference level NOAA
Administration
i Cell
Oi Measured data
Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and
IDEAM Physical pressure in excess of the
Environmental Studies p
IWA International water association reference density hydrostatic pressure

ka Reaeration Rate P1 Monitoring point 1

oxidation rate of chemical oxygen P2 Monitoring point 2

KCOD
demand P3 Monitoring point 3
kd Deoxygenation Rate P4 Monitoring point 4
Rate of dissolved organic nitrogen Patm Barotropic pressure
KDON
mineralization
Dissolved organic phosphorus PC Physicochemical
KDOP
mineralization rate Pi Simulated data
Half-saturation constant of dissolved preference for ammonium uptake by
KHCOD PNx
oxygen required for oxidation of COD algal group x
khn Hydrolysis Rate of organic nitrogen PO4d Dissolved phosphate
khPO Hydrolysis Rate of organic phosphorus PO4p Particulate (sorbed) phosphate
Heterotrophic respiration rate of PO4-P Phosphates
KHR
dissolved organic carbon
PO4t Total phosphate concentration
Half-saturation constant of dissolved
KHRx oxygen for algal dissolved organic PRx Predation rate of algal group
carbon excretion for group x
RMSE The Root Mean Square
km Kilometer
s Second
KNit Nitrification rate
KR Reaeration coefficient S1 Scenario 1

ks Sedimentation Rate of suspended solids S2 Scenario 2

L Liter S3 Scenario 3
m Meter S4 Scenario 4
mg Milligram S5 Scenario 5
mm Millimeter S6 Scenario 6
Square roots of the diagonal Internal and external sources and sinks
mx Sc
components of the metric tensor per unit volume
Square roots of the diagonal SD Standard deviation
my
components of the metric tensor
SEs,j external source-sink term
N North
N Sample size S s,j
I
Internal source-sink term

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AUTHOR (S) BIOSKETCHES

Torres-Bejarano, F., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Departament of Environmental Engineering, University of Córdoba, Carrera 6 No. 77-
305, Montería, Colombia.
 Email: franklintorres@correo.unicordoba.edu.co
 ORCID: 0000-0003-3144-7289
 Web of Science ResearcherID: AAB-6324-2022
 Scopus Author ID: 22955027500
 Homepage: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Franklin-Torres-Bejarano/
Verbel-Escobar, M., B.Sc., Environmental Engineering Program, University of Córdoba, Carrera 6 No. 77- 305, Montería, Colombia.
 Email: mverbelescobar73@correo.unicordoba.edu.co
 ORCID: 0000-0002-7350-9890
 Web of Science ResearcherID: NA
 Scopus Author ID: NA
 Homepage: https://38.academia.edu/MelanieVerbelEscobar
Atencia-Osorio, M.C., B.Sc., Environmental Engineering Program, University of Córdoba, Carrera 6 No. 77- 305, Montería, Colombia.
 Email: matenciaosorio39@correo.unicordoba.edu.co
 ORCID: 0000-0001-8482-0687
 Web of Science ResearcherID: NA
 Scopus Author ID: NA
 Homepage: https://unicordoba.academia.edu/MariaCamila97

HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE

Torres-Bejarano, F.; Verbel-Escobar, M.; Atencia-Osorio, M.C., (2022). Water quality model-based
methodology to assess assimilative capacity of wastewater discharges in rivers. Global J. Environ. Sci.
Manage., 8(4): 449-472.
DOI: 10.22034/gjesm.2022.04.01
url: https://www.gjesm.net/article_249277.html

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