Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 日本語文型辞典 英語版 ―a Handbook of Japanese Grammar Patterns for Teachers and Learners (Group Jammassy)

    Uploaded by

    Anh Nguyen
    123 views705 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    123 views705 pages

    日本語文型辞典 英語版 ―a Handbook of Japanese Grammar Patterns for Teachers and Learners (Group Jammassy)

    Uploaded by

    Anh Nguyen

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 705
    FAAS SCR ae A Handbook of Japanese Grammar Patterns for Teachers and Learners | BB=DIL—F » Pe VIA Authoreditor: Group Jammassy BREC=BNARF, BRIVIS Supei .cfitors ; Yuriko Sunakawa, Priscilla Ishida PRR=FOAMR, IUFYA-T O-—F4—-FUI 9b, RAMS, BAR, SF, Sia Translators : Naomi Cross, John Plagens, Bridget Brody, Mika Kizu, Kazumi Torita, Yuko Mitsumori, Terumi Miyazoe : = ANAK 7—BR Best-selling handbook for Japanese language teaching he long-awaited English relly BAU U Ue als tae 1) 0a) CCE eRe eH mee Roh dette a BUTE (aye). HM NDSWE a N DbWE (space) () AFUTE Ahowier ee Vito I placed the television between the stereo and the bookshelf. ABIRA BARK @ Bkehons, «volte GH BILSEDTWZR / When | bought a secondhand book, I found a 10,000 yen bill between the pages. BEE aun RECA us hk 3) KRECTOMOLOD CREE HotCH “50 /T'll buy lunch (a lunch box) at a station somewhere before Osaka and eat it. HWE indicates a space between two places/ things. When both things or places are indicated, NENMSHv°z is used, as in (1). b N | dt v7 (relationship) BAbRD () BEER oe 5 EK ot MRE 72. / It seems that the relationship be- tween the two hasn't gone well recently. er te Desdbe (2) CORT MEK CTHREOT IRATE or & REO TARAS So / Since the hotel is cheap and clean, it is popular among travelers. ae CA SO PANTY . QB) RODEFOMIEID MARRS S 5LV. / It seems that there is some relationship between the two incidents. In these cases, 472 indicates “the relationship among several people or matters,” and it is used to express a state or an action or an event that happens in it. (2) U7 (time) a... HUE IND HU] [A-U U7] WtH8/ YS, 2UE] (1) BIISMOMToLVDEYVELTVZRe “ He was dozing all through the meeting. 2) BRAK SE COR, BRE CE EMEOCLICLA. / I decided to reada book at the coffee shop until she returned. 2) “PRG o cv siifaneec ee Encl es. / \ can forget about an unpleasant thing while swimming hard. @ Fhohsvitis, wmea Ricoh HASTA BAZ // When my child was small, I could hardly ever go out with just my husband. (5) KF RBCs Waste ote as RIB LRERAIRELDLT LEozx. / Tomoko was fine when she was in Osaka, but she fell sick just after she moved to Tokyo. bEL be kdb aUE ph BA (6) BLEMBROWEETS fl, ROH 8 =e tb ie LCS BLOAT (BOT oH While we prepared tea, they were sitting nervously without uttering a single word. In these cases, %\>7E indicates a period of time in which a state or an action continues, and the sentence that follows indicates a durative state ora parallel action during that period. When the predicate in the following sentence is an action verb, forms which mean duration, such as V-CV> },V-DAIt4, are used. (x) BAB L TRS BBA. 7 While I was studying, my younger brother played. (OC) BAMMMLTOOH BISHBA TV. / While I was studying, my younger brother was playing. When describing the past, V-CW72/ A-2 072 SWZ are also used. (Bl) BIKA EBELTRE, AVF YVAOKOFE-BEEBLTRRSL v%> /I heard that he was living with a Swedish girl while studying in Germany. b .. HUES IND 2EIz] —i- HWEDT-HAT [Na GHW] [A- Ld U72 12] [V-THS/V-S HUE] (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (© ( oe DUA wa ae BEOMRLBIZI Lot. / My house was broken into by a thief during my absence. : e u bLE 6 YTA . AEG AS SHES COMIC — Be taa eC Sv. / Please give me a call sometime between four and five o'clock. pee a BUR Vd Ag RIRMAATE TWD MIRE MSIE (2Lz%. / I decided to leave home while everyone in my family was sleeping. cas BOE Vols Dszd YAH BUS fel (BIC BRAT Le DoROKM, BBEMOCERPOR / (wanted to travel with Lisa while she was in Japan, but to my regret, I was not able to do so. bRL bd aur tt BOTARSEBIAAK, HBO + &O AE La 26 RLEMOD CRIB E CHEoTLED to / While I was making tempura, my mother made boiled greens, a vinegared dish, and even miso soup. KE RAUADE Ia LO DECOARAMA BA pelle HoCHMAVE, ROLF CHES RTHAAKSURSRASG, 7 We had better visit there while the number of Japanese travelers is small, otherwise it will surely be developed soon and be full of Japanese. to WAR Ih aur MRD AMV SZ BE hye BO}. /I will ask my grandmother many things while she is still in good health. indicates a period of time in which a state/action continues, and a sentence that ex- presses an action or a situ: follows. The predicate of is a verb, and forms that d like $4, LIdeoZ , ation within that time the following sentence lo not indicate duration, wll, are used, (x) BREOMK FOL BLERDELTIR, / \was chatting during the lesson. (O) BEOMC3HAMELA /1asked questions three times during the lesson. To describe a past matter, ... 72dV°72IZ is also used. When the agents of the first and second clauses are different, as in (5), it means the two persons acted in parallel at the same time. [LSU sT] [#27]. @ aac Ao () Bikrcae SACRO i Led RLAWLEBWVET, I would dare to suggest we re-examine the regulations. @ ESB ccna Livan en CoOATION MERITS Likwe 485. Although nobody might help me, I still want to put this plan into action. @ Retrcaacaharata Fo BORA y MIM RoKOTL EFM / It's embarrassing to ask you this, but what was the point of your speech just now? 4) Rit 308 Rar cHR THEO i, HOKCOAMSEeZORIAZ BREVEWI LLL. / know | will offend them, but I dare say that it is too risky to leave this work to them. (5) SUMTESMLH BIE Lazo, ABePISE tltbpotoTh, SX TBEVLTRAZADNCH / I know it is a burden for you, but I dare to ask because only you can do this job. When 42 is followed by a verb of utterance, like 34, 2RFS, BHVYSS, or verbs like P , FFF, it expresses “doing it would offend others or involve risks and difficulties, but I still —2— want to do it, or must do it.” It is used to state a strong opinion or bring up an idea. (2) HaTV-le () BH SNSDERMCHATHRIE = AcHBEH BST AML. /1 know there may be objections, but ifI dare say so, such a plan is harmful and really no good. 2) PRAVIKUELROTTM, BET Abe CURAITUL BEOBESA sioZkickpontrzavwoe EVPLEIOTTAS 7 It is slightly hard to say, but if I'm allowed to say so, I think your child had better move to anoth- er school. @) Lom mdeDAr—Y—Harewn ED. HRTHATIUL SHOT ME_GOIBSE LTD, HRS cH LVI bOR. / This movie doesn’t have much of a story line, but if I had to explain it, I'd say it’s a story about two couples traveling here and there and troubles happen at every place they visit. SLA ECA (4) ERCOTUY2F bO ASL él TRADED HATH esnid RR Wikia cv 2 BIBL RR Hokey) ctotentkebes3 & WSO. / The policy of this project is still vague, but if I try to explain it, it is to stop environmental destruction in areas that destruction is taking place, with the support of the private sector. In these cases, when 42-T is followed by a verb of utterance such as 29, BaLTS, or RAT 4, it is used as a prefatory expression when one wants to say something in spite an objection or criticism being raised, or when one cannot find an appropriate way to say something. HBS 3] HAT... aU W) ZORv A CHATRH LAVAS HK HISocHS. 7 \ don't dare to object to that way of doing things, but I'm not satisfied with it. 2) HEA EE eae tot. BEA HxDK + voWA FHI S ECL BMRA LH (LAT HEZO TILED // Because it is no more than an idealistic thought, isn't it impossible to realize? OR wo + CORED < ETHROELVT CC te ILAETSOBDILEV. 7 This is only a temporary house, because I won't reside here permanently. stb pn bse BroTH< A, BED CECH LO DR Grd word = UATE EOE CLO <. ENUEOMAN BOEHVILVDEULTRRVOKS / I must tell you that he is only my friend from work, so we don't have any personal association beyond that. In these cases, 4< ¥°C expresses a strong asser- tion/claim of one’s belief about a matter. It is often used to deny or revise a general expectation, or a judgment, belief, or expectation on the part of the listener. 8) (1) [es] (2) (3) a BS E£C() (strong degree) Ba (Eed si < BALE ». Bae CETS 8 < Becur, / The sky is pure blue and very clear, and the white sandy beach stretches on forever. ERM CHBECD, Hida < zt i) é Liofte / No matter how tired he was, he a always very kind. a igeign aK Bch Rils nxn oko TED cy an Kokuhtedekotal rk totur., 7A girl wearing a brick ted dress was standing in the vast field of canola blossoms that stretched as far as the eye could see. Expresses that the situation in question is “com- pletely/thoroughly (something).” It is a literary expression. [awey™ 1 DE oe BAEK INDHIT<] [V- F<] (i) (2) (3) (4) Be 7 wr T te BASABARDIT. PRL FMRC HBSzrLICLA. /After worrying and worrying, I decided to apologize to him in a letter. BRB he a BRIE ALDI, COREESIL (270 After thorough consider- ation, I have decided to sell this house. Bick b KE Hoc HOTT HIT ge Litine mull Lk. / After fooling around for six years at university, then my younger brother said that he didn’t want to get a job. + bra os A EMI, HSTHRV EA OMBRE & pee LY + BB Mork), RBI SEY ROLEVOK ab a BXELKSITORHETH OK. /It was a promotion that finally came about after the great fuss of currying favor with aud the boss he doesn't like and taking out his anger on his family. () bate inavito—Biksev HOLROCHEN TL, ToRBAH DENTE? S HGR L70// My sister finally married, after much quarreling with our parents and indecision about things like registering her marriage and whether or not to live together. When apt 7< is followed by an expression of some situation, it means that such a conclusion/solu- tion/progress was reached after the previous state had continued long enough. In many cases, that continuous state is a mental burden or nuisance for the person. a'7'< (= is also used, as in (5), and SIFKON is used before a noun, as in (4). 2 SiC MlaTta(1d) (1) iia as Hila Cy, BIFKO Recieve ice cee & BS FLIoR. / The manager's mood went from bad to worse, and to top it off, he even yelled at employees who had nothing to i with it (2) Bx asels ic fell = LIke CoR TH, Boerai Hoi sete. / After persevering and persevering, she finally came to me for advice. This is used to describe a result that arises after a Certain situation has continued for a long time and reached some sort of limit, Generally that result is not good. [#3] cn} Re 5S (upward direction (1) Ly Nek ae eRe £86 hire, The man lif lifted a a big Tock torent QQ) THRIS HOKE biyont, 7 The teacher took away my comic book. (3) Beare pa Liatitebcus DASE &X. / llike to see her combing her hair and pulling it back. @ Rkiarcomeos He eiey hich &bdvV720// Disregarding those around her, she screamed and cried. es be ty a b bE () ZOLMIEA BRAM ET CAS Mee ES CLICREOK. /The local government decided to buy up that land and build a big amusement park. &1F%, when joined to a verb stem, means an action to make an object move upward. It is also used figuratively, in (4) and (5). (2) R- 414% (accomplishment) () Kiesesrakaor, Hae h EUPUMICARE burt. / Because an important guest is coming, my mother cleaned up the whole house. Whe 2) HILAR sono Rie Sic & a brn. / He dashed off the whole novel of five hundred pages. (3) 2YALA TIM Le — 2 tha hurcrvey BLEGE bi DTWKED (2. /I thought I would somehow be able to finish knitting the sweater before Christmas and give it as a present. @) Hani ken—7chiacacns PILIZY fur. / The detective tied up the criminal with a rope so he wasn't able to move. 3) AdwC Hm oc acy bite F—FRATBANZE EN 72. / The data which we took all night to complete were a by: someone. (6) Loni iat -o-zo Bg ee Hoe thnk HRA » hurzwor. / This textile is woven very elaborately with yarn which was dyed with grass and tree roots. ) BE topos hipcarabias —6— ob e beE rt hok-EOMbSCMNTLESK. /# The confidence that was built up over many years has collapsed because of a single mistake. When joined to a verb stem, a1} expresses the accomplishment or completion of an act. With verbs of creation, such as #< or ats, it means to complete. It includes a sense of the effort needed to accomplish the act. a [eer R-THIFS— (THIS) x, [BL DEN (THBD)O 45] [BEDEN(THSEM)O TEL] [HEMEVOD £5%) [SkPEVEO Zell (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ED A LdLDS #Ox5 BRI tt. / That day was just like spring weath- er. wast 2. 8 KEILDSRD OLDE HRABBOS SL DCHA,d / Life is just like a dream that comes to nothing. RO SeILACAKD hia, SLPS BaVEOREMC SoP0L4 1k HoT. / He behaved in the meeting as if he were the leader. POU E » aR <> BRIO, Hid B OWE OI RADU EM oC< BPOLI GEL wh a. BC KA EHTS FS. / She always fascinates people, with her way of talking as if the scene will appear before one’s very eyes. ve Fok FORK BLPOTT I va Y HEED TORE LTE MOLI ea HATDI 7» yya CER ER OT INK T4 Bint. / That person—dressed from head to foot in the latest fashion— appeared at the party looking like she had just stepped out of a fashion magazine. (6) BID S-BE BBL Kates KKBMBSEBE, Brixton 2H he & ipntmore., EVd RL BRE bt < BARE CLEOtRS 7 After the big fire was under control, the city had been burned down as if in an air raid, with no trace of any buildings or houses left. Hid is used to explain a state by comparing it to another state, and it expresses that these states are very similar, although they are actually differ- ent. It is not used in casual spoken language, but in novels and other written language. ¥4C is used in spoken language, and Ct L, which conjugates as TL&, TK, is literary language. INSoTON] (1) (2) (3) MCS FTES PAE Athy = PEboCOKER. FER ETN te WK OAYVE AFAR SOLS TH ERA. A university needs stu- dents. If students don’t come, the univer- sity's existence is meaningless, no matter how good a curriculum it has. Be SUb CRTC EEV BIT DELACT M4. 7 Please don't leave me. I do not exist without you. BEboCOMEGAEDD, ETRE SAD=-Al BAeINIEo eT 43.0 / Business cannot be carried out without customers, so we have to meet the needs of customers first. XoTOY expresses that Y can be realized because Y has X. It includes the meaning that Y is not realized if Y doesn't have X. Nouns that refer to human beings are used for X. (6) @ % & (space) INDHE] [V-3/ V-& (1) —7— bE) BERD BILOVTETERES / wE (2) (3) (4) Everyone, please follow me. Base otK BE Beit. / He ran away, but I chased after him. PLSak neti, BREORY ZapAmholoCwrs / After the tourists left, snack wrappers and empty cans were scattered all over. Fao TRV DEC ARIES wikavé 2CRie 7 After we pulled up the tulips, a kind of grass I had never seen began to sprout. 4£ means something is spatially behind or after something. (4) means the place where something was pulled out, but it can also be interpreted as referring to (time), as in Usage 2b. ... LICL T, in the following example, is an idiom which means “leave for.” (Bl) Hild, HSSLOMSBICLT, @ a aN Tor. / He left his hometown for the city. Se (time) BE [NMS] [V-t&] () (2) 3) 7 (4) (5) Mokuwos shaded, 1 i always depressed a after examinations. WILIC Be aH LI ROE, RE & HREFSE ce (oTWS,/lam going to set off fire- works with my friend after dinner today. N74 —ibotad Lome ET bk SPOT. / The room was very messy after the party, Bley vx Ah Erode, bs (FS cebeccHt Ht EH5RGLTUZ, / Since he left his part-time job, he is idling away every day. Ob2 dhe bea Bee Lu tmicoucue Lani x fe Bote big, WM DOELCH ER Bitevmns 5h Bvc v7, 7 After she complained about the new boss for a while, she went back to normal, working like there is nothing to complain about. In these cases, 4 indicates that something has been finished or completed. The clause that fol- lows describes the state at that time, or something that happens next. b BE (T/KE) INDHE Tic] WVerbe Tz] (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ©) Means “afterward.” Bem tb o Ay SAME thai Comb, 5lo = ie A BLOER CKO THALICIDANBI. / Since Tanaka-san kindly helped me, after moving I will visit and express my thanks to him. ie ehnaec va HBe BAK &ELEF0/Let's go out for Turkish food after the movie. D255 OhLES zee Kae HE TORRE LRTI FRIL U2 Lerssd TLEORHET. FOAMS Wi ROLERVOELE. After I promised to travel with my friend and reserved a hotel room, I remembered that I actually had to go on a business trip on that day. Ur + LRA 0b db RPLHEULHLIC GAMERS Le /I took a nap for about an hour after finishing lunch. adteati STLEsRHLIKIA Od 8 LOR SICBEDNS. /Afterev- erybody goes home, I always feel lonely. &b Leda = aE 7 FLV IRIAS BREIL, Polos z = DLWLW MAW oT / Even after hearing a detailed explanation, I still had a suspicion that it was wrong. It is used to describe a chronological sequence of events. c (1) —3— VEBEDS BIE EREMDOD ohdLPoERLEVE (2) Botloncb iH. / After the dead- line for applications has passed, there is nothing we can do even if someone comes and asks. FRRose aga Lidbtmo, ii Lodiis BRA Dae “Pac Bbnciory Lice /I was disap- pointed to hear that the boss would like to wait before considering a new project, after having submitted my plan for a new product. This means “after a certain thing has taken place.” It is used to say that something else happens which contradicts the previous event. (oe. @ () (2) (3) HE PRuacoovand+ seta. L, RAMEN VET / This much food will be enough, right? And will these be enough drinks? BE cevrvspoke Bye tay HE Ma Ld ELAM. / I think you have understood more or less every- thing, but do you have any questions? A: AYN-MLCNEI CH Ho 7 These are all the members, right? B: . HL OLOLAOHP RAD BPOLNEVE BoTVELKS / Well, Tanaka-san said he might come, too. &£ is placed at the beginning of a sentence or clause. It is used when the speaker remembers something relevant to the matter at hand and adds a piece of information or an after thought. 2 (1) FINED L SC+HS Lok pe Cea ZOKLHFSEHOWSSEIA CTH CF / Three more days will be enough to finish that job. (2) (3) (4) BE-BEMS be heaawHke—anting, 7 We can make a baseball team with two more members. HLA PUSAN FZ VEWFELS thle kB GQ CORFSANTLE SK. /The runner fell down ten meters before the finish line. SLDLCHNETOT Hotot ETA. / Iwill finish it ina moment, so could you please wait? In these cases, %£ indicates that a certain amount is added to the present number or quan- tity. It means that, by increasing the quantity by the amount indicated after 4, the conditions would be met for a certain event to take place. In other words, 4& indicates the quantity that is needed to fulfill a certain condition, as shown in the following examples. (Bi) (Bil) (Bi) a) (2) ERAT CHCIBAK. -Ht 18M CERAZE. / It's one week until the graduation ceremony. +The graduation ceremony will be in one week. E-WiLEFHLAAL DEV. + HE2 ACE-MLBL LS. / There are only two bottles of beer left. +-The beer will be gone after just two more bottles. FIIBDEPLRIOETAS HOPE RECA. “HEPLTHPI OBHY CH / There isa little more salad left— would anyone like to have it? +The salad is nearly gone. Wks HEMEL AHN 30 fa PBOREIERSS KieFo5 bith LT KS. to hear complaints after the fact, so if you 7 It’s troublesome for me have something to say, please tell me now. LEG OS MM MIRLOCEAT vkb, Hi PbansESMVR ORE 5 HIDEME TAK) Le / was glad to get the entrance exam results, but HEC-HEV later I was shocked to receive a note that it had been 7 mistake. (3) 97-8 LEWES Rede HEMNTHC Bet Zoic or. / People who wanted to join the tour kept coming one after another, so I had trouble coordinating everything. This is used to express that a matter seems to have been settled, but then something else happens that is related to it or reverses the outcome. a ‘ons () bLCEREA LES. /Vilcall you again later. Q) bee HCH L EAD, / Shall we have a meal together later? @) A: BhdSA, BABOHMENS 2 > ho i ULT£. / Mom, the doll's head came off. Fix it. B: ldvldve, HL C4. / Yes, dear, I'll fix it later. A: HELwAL THe / Not later, now. B: ALLM ARO, Seok ABER > / Just a minute. I'm busy now. 4€ T indicates a point in time after an utterance. In some cases, it can be used to refuse to do some- thing the speaker doesn’t want to do right then, as inQ). [eee euy W avmieneesor, aciith SARI EOREA BED PEORNE a x CORN aka, 7 Almost all the members are here except for Tana- ka-san, but for some reason these is no sign of him coming, even though it's past the designated time. b25 @ HABER oH on LBL HS WL, HLLAAEMR ZOE EE >) / Dinner is ready and the room (house) is all tidied up, so the only thing I have to do now is wait for everyone to come. (3) BYP hOTOT FDS EEC BY EK HEA, SLURKOMHERTOAL torte / The concert program has gone smoothly so far, and the only thing left is one difficult piece. When dt is followed by 721, DA, or E20, it indicates a condition to be met in order for a cer- tain matter or event to be realized. It is used when most conditions have been met, but a few remain. [£0] &A£ can be used in spoken language for em- phasis. SEV/HAEY Wa [HEWNa THEO) [SEW AKG] [Hever] (1) FUDEVBEPBTVTHEVOT F-HLWO EAA. 7/1 am not very hungry, so I don't need any cake. 2) Bidz Hak Quoc, ko BTHV. / My younger brother is not so tall, so he is not popular with girls. (3) COXAHAED ME RCV /1 haven't seen very many movies recently. (4) WSdHENS “WEARER JI didn’t have much for breakfast this morn- ing. (5) 4H dA 5 BEBEVOC cDé H SOAK IZLE. / \ don't have enough money today, so I'll buy a CD next time. ae 9 is followed by a negative expression and indicates that the degree of something is not high. When used with a verb, it indicates that the fre- quency or quantity is not high. @) BEN /HAEY a H#NIK(B) HAE (CS) nan 2 (1) SEVCBALS THAW Zo / It was so funny that tears came to my eyes. + (2) DoRY LEY r TIERE SEAS chnisd ENICEKAT ES, /1 like loose-fitting shirts, but this is too big for me. G3) TOOAL—-IiHEVILEF LT ETH & BRSONRENCLEV / The curry in this shop is so bad that I just can’t eat it. oe b> cv 29> ieee - (44) TOAOHBLMHEVICA MeO ROTC TCKOKTSORROSdH tte 7 This person's offer came all of a sudden, so I hesitated to accept it immedi- ately. mh Ag belie | be, 7 (5) BAHEVICRORME RIMS, KA RAMBO UOTE TR oTLE SK. / Because he laughed so much at my mis- take, I gradually lost my temper and hit him. SE) andHA¥Y are usually used with adjec- tives, but in some cases they are used with verbs, as in (5). Both express that the degree of the ad- jective or verb is excessive. In many cases, H+ ¥) expresses a critical or negative feeling, and 3 &% often follows it. There are also many cases in which £9 is followed by T, MT, or MH and indicates an inevitable matter caused by an extremely high degree, or a judgment or result that is drawn from it. b HEVON Kt () BEHOR IHS Hemot. /1was so surprised that I couldn't say a word. OQ WAEAToRI bEVOKE CTO kD Encliot. / \ went bathing in the sea, but it was so crowded that I got exhausted. HEY @) axvolitiotitec, REE: BRA bb. / This problem is too complicated, so I have no motivation toseeka be (@) del Dott LSE, £525 hiker LURE 2 ibwichotLEote /He was so busy that he finally got sick, ending up in the hospital. With nouns that indicate a degree, HEVIC ex- presses “because the degree is too high.” In the latter half of the sentence, an expression of an inevitable result follows. (x) HE0OBMCHAM< Gort. // There was too much homework that I had a head- ache. (OC) SE0OBBOSSICHAhok. / There was so much homework that I got a headache. c HEWES) HAEW((CB).. eo () bE » *Y anbe bigaci Bea kar a ERVICKSDSREON TH, 4 Please be careful not to turn the volume up too loud; otherwise, the neighbors will come and complain about it. Q) SEOKBVeaRoC EAS /T feel rather uneasy if it is too cheap. (3) Kawrsy 7AWHE, HEDIEBK BE, PR ERC EARS ECHR, BoTHSEOMVREGSDS, YEKESICLEBAVUES I. ZA big bag is convenient, but if it's too big, it's easy to fill it too full and it's a headache to carry, so it’s better to have a suitable size. In these cases, E4 indicates an excessive degree of something, and the expression of an inevitable result follows in the latter half of the sentence. —i— BSKDS-HIUNE d HEW(() INMDHEW(IE)] W.3H80(12)) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) HSE LADDED, orice ce $72. / My mother has been sick in bed because of her great sorrow. Ba'anmevc, $eHocwt a TRH tELTLE DK. / He was so surprised that he dropped the cup he had in his hand. ee eRe TCA bd TCLEDHED, RELERELEIN ESL OEF OMY ENT. /1 was so busy that I completely forgot to call my friend. ue caige U9< FROCLEDATSHED. OWE tA be (oad UTA ONTLED. /I wor ry so much about my son that I'm always calling his boarding house, which annoys him. 4th EeCTA at fal & a abe, La5e HOHE0. PROT RAR SAMLTLE S01 was so impatient to turn the tables by any means possible that I ended up making even more errors than usual. Bei HOD eek JHEMIE Hor Lem icLcl docu, Z She is caring for him so much that she is sacrific- ing herself. When £0 follows a noun or verb that expresses an emotion or a state, it indicates an extreme de- gree. The latter half of the sentence describes an unfavorable result that then occurs. a (1) T3929 & cae, DROW 100 BH 02ot, 7 More than one hundred people attend- ed the meeting. (2) ToMOSH IDE HOioy EF or FORK oUt oz, / Vhad (3) no power left to walk the more than five kilometers from there. cbs tote Wo *. fe BREED S27 A HEOMH OG £ WADA 2 52h AMR A EDS. / More than two months after the accident, the cause was finally identified. Means “a little more than the number indicated by S*." It is not used with exact numbers, but with roun (x) (O) @ .. (HSH SE ch ee id numbers. It is used in written language. R-DYe 235 FIAHEN ROK. / I bought a little more than 235 grams of bacon. R-AVE 200 FIAHEN ROK. / I bought a little more than 200 grams of bacon. BATHAEVE-[SAENID (R- 515] BED = teu tp bbK (1) COMBOWAS FHMC BARD (2) THREWETAA% / Could you please tewrite this piece (essay) to make it for children? ZORA O LIZ LE HKD TG ke buM COV. / The thief repented of his actions and found a decent job. Follows a verb stem, but the range of verbs that can be used is limited. Means correcting the shortcoming(s) of someone/something and start- ing all over again. Typical of written language. Also used in formal spoken language. Hasna a N(H)S SUN a bs 2 bed, . (1) BO SVILF ONY CHALT ESV 7 Please fill it in using a black or blue pen. yout ig ab 23d Lawn (2) RIES 2 ae Id, DAD d Svs CHSC e. / If you are going to be absent, oral or written notification is required. Leto MODA OP FTO WEIS, BRbIV20 me Le RCO MA FSCLACRET / Only members and/or their families can 3) ed the facilities of this club. 4 iedktd. 25 SUE. HOVE 20 BD. EG heeaioonc bEtK 7% Applications are limited to those over 25 years of age or those in full-time employ- ment aged 20 or more. () REHa, BP osvasilirt zx 4 BoOCRE SN7GLV / I heard that the victim was killed with something like a kitchen cleaver or a mountaineering knife. Indicates “either X or Y.” It is often used when giving instructions to indicate “you can choose either X or Y, but choose only one of these,” as in (1) and (2). It is also used for indicating a condition that implies “it's all right if it conforms to either X or Y,” as in (3) and (4). In the case of (4), suitable answers include X, Y, or both. As shown in (5), it is often used when “there are two possibilities (X or Y), so I don’t know which one to choose.” XMY, XERIY, XSUCILY are similar ex- pressions. In everyday spoken language, XY is often used. b uD HS 6) = Las O58 (1) a Lda Baila, BETOPHSVIL BEM ECHE LTRS. 7 Please bring or send your application form to our office. ABP b (2) A: MINI, EF PoTHonoywTt Jao / How do | get to Fukuoka? - LAmABR Bi TAT Tio MER THT Ld, HS 5 & VS ARAT EE CAT Ct TL EF ho 7 Well, either by shinkansen (bullet HBS train), or by air. @) HERR Es oro, § ee tc Broan HAIL 25 Bot ca Bx Latkitca, 7 In order to enter graduate school for working adults, one must have regular employment or be over 25 years old. Ledur¢ (4) RMA baviskErsga toCvSo /1 am thinking about whether to find a job or continue on in school. (5) A: BES, Kia oe HEL BotwEt, / The victim says the culprit was unknown to him. ALS L L B: AYCMSZ0D HSVULM SRV AVELTIAMD ESD. / It must be one or the other—either he really doesn't know who it was, or he's pretending not to know. Wo & toRA BERG (6) RRR CHATZOM HAvIs ahora xt) +E OPPSOA Hotes PRT &%V% / No one can predict whether business conditions will look up in just a few years, or whether it will take decades. X*PHSvALY indicates “either X or Y.” (1) and (2) are examples in which either X or Y is accept- able (but only one is chosen). In (3), it indicates “if it conforms to condition X or Y, either of them can be chosen,” and it is also acceptable if both are true. (4)-(6), indicate “there are two possibilities (X and Y), but I don't know which one to choose.” (2) HSM... SLAG ot ae (1) CORBA HA SSVILBPSE nev. / If the weather stays like this, it might snow tomorrow. ph & BALD Q) HOMIZLI. HSVUAGHELA Zev, / What he is saying might be true. Lever FAX DB. shee (3) CNG FASE AKA Soisd DVILHOPSLNEZY / This is the HSEVE..L-SNT (4) third time for me to have surgery, but this operation might not succeed. OWE LM KRR OCH RY. MH Teka CUNL HSvIEY EL Bokmd Liven Mok BIE AEBS, HIZOPLWESE DV / haven't gone home for many years. If my parents were alive, I might want to go, but there's hardly anyone I know these now, so I really don't miss it so much. In these cases, SV td is used in the pattern 5S Vid... > LIEV» and expresses the speaker's supposition that something is possible. Uxoty SL andbLP TSE are similar to HSV... bLnea, %HSvrid can also be used with other supposition- al expressions, such as SVL... OHA and HIV. PLN, a () (2) (3) HBME.. bovis BEER LBE noi, bavi % L, bavi Wu eneno#€ eatin, / Students who have graduated from high school go off on their own ways, with some continuing on to college and some © getting ajob. x Linon iis by HawistiBl Lic m0. HSIN b=odine, BRomIot secseBeocu 4o/ The beautiful trees lining the street have fallen over or been broken in two, attesting to the tremendous Power of the typhoon. Moda, bdwisih ei iS wa Cash CE CES, mye BhicBr, / The sound of the wind teverberated across the valley all through the night, sounding sometimes like crying and sometimes like groaning, at times high and at times low. This is used to describe multiple situations. In these cases, % SV *td is used in the pattern 4 wid... SSIs... L, as in (1) and (2), where more than two actions or states are described in parallel and the meaning is something like “someone is..., and someone is....” “sometimes it is... and sometimes it is...” In (3), it means These are formal expressions used in written language, not in everyday spoken language. INES SEUENEI r3Le BAVA 3 & cd UA (1) RAPS Sime RLIMSCEABRK (2) (3) HSECACLE. /A public servant should not receive monetary gifts from a business. st D KE BATA oh Sm Fi) ERATE: z ERT SERRE I SSE TB ro / His conduct of drinking and driving is unsuitable for a police officer. RYU CAA BOLI [Rede ia A Lxmv] Beeld, BR ag WONT, BISSECE EE CHS. /A priest should never make statements like, “An unborn child is not a human.” When 44 UX follows a noun that refers to an occupation or a position, it means “... should not be done by such a person.” Nouns such as =, 47 %, RE or HEBE follow. This expression is used to criticize a person's behavior as being inappropri- ate for his qualification/position/situation, which is indicated by NI. This is a formal expression typical of written language. @ (1) (2) —4— 5 ne (positive eraludtioe) 7 SOKUWOY AVAL ILD) BOT ETM, SNCEDEMELYELA SHSAC HL. / He always says harsh things, but actually he is quite a kind per- son. POUR Poe i? BK KR SVE, CIO Roo hh NidSOLA. / Although she has a small build, she is quite strong physically. 3) HOA bIYOT HE CEH ES ILARATE, ONCEMEPVUSZA tk /At first glance, that restaurant looks dirty and not so appealing, but it actually is quite nice. Used with words like #772» and (3374, this expresses an evaluation of something in which there is an unexpected difference between its appearance and its true nature. The evaluation is expressed after HT. This is used when praising the person or thing that is the topic of the sentence. 2) #hT(surprise) Low (1) SOA-b, NMA ZORVEK, / Forty thousand yen is very cheap for that coat. POLE ae (2) Ry, BKBNTCAX-MOTEATT A% FOHEEVUEREWCH A / Is it really her first time to ski? She is a very good skier. Lac kd Tt! (3) a4 ORE oe, Hn. HL hoTHAS ER. ESCROZLEKS. / Today's special at the cafeteria was food fit for pigs! How can they say that they've improved things? AY it -. Ledteled (4) HORM, HVC) 7AFS-HEH LTSATT Do HLDEDEF RSL bE BvetAa. / Did a movie like that win an Academy Award? Don't you think that's awful? In these cases, UC expresses slight surprise that a person or thing is in a certain state, has value, or can do something. This can be used for Positive remarks, as in (1) and (2), or for negative remarks, as in (3) and (4). eg, mate Q) BOK eeobebe ZEBLEWC, HNTH-HAKY HNTH KELOTHD, 7 That man doesn't even try to listen to patients. Is he really a doctor? Q) Sneed hiteocusceyo in DY PROTU ER. / He seems to be trying to help me, but instead he's getting in the way. (3) ie 5SnTbH g LOZDKAI A KRIBHA DIRE TH Hiongw, / Although kids might enjoy such stuff, adults can't stand such ridiculous games. BOUE it (4) BK. SNTHAX-MOTRATTHL. SMIELTILIEWTL 40 Although you wouldn't think so, this is the first time for her to ski. She is doing very well in spite of that, isn’t she? Cb is used to state the speaker's opinion that the behavior of someone or the state of something, which is indicated by 4 and known to both the speaker and the listener, is not acceptable or out of the ordinary. It is often linked to the speaker's criticism of the person or state, and it is often followed by a question or conjecture. [eaeoy™ DM SAKY.. aU () COCAHAED ile BCI, “ I havent seen a lot of movies recently. 2) SHSATOBSAMAVO CDE HoowFsier45. / \ don't have enough money today, so I'll buy a CD next time. An emphatic way to say £1. It is typical of spoken language. (Seu @) bh & 0 “At Tt (1) SAENBAL< TRAM ZR. / It was so funny that tears came to my eyes. —15— Uy (2) AED ROLE BRON. / I can't think about anything when it is too hot. (3) Saba PERL Bice ads bAE » EERE DRT HENS. ELE Ee ISCRZOAUVWLAZE. / People make fun of you if your English is bad, but on the other hand, if it's too good, then they don't like you. It seems best if you are just somewhat fluent. An emphatic way to say 4). It is typical of spoken language. [H#0] Ba, (60) fr} oO (3) ..GATHAEVE Rn beL ‘BIE (1) HSMOLELRATUTRKNEMOR “AT SAE” Ko / How upsetting that nobody remembered me! ah aT uD (2) A: BISA SMR / You area substitute player, starting tomorrow. B: RRO» ee ENMHAEVTT LS s- EF YY REVERE EEA 2» / What? That's too much, coach. Please give me one more chance. @) A: SOK HEeGeTES SANE wn dias cori ta Kes EGC it ak En Le HO atieyce an I bod fa fice AL-AIWK DZ / She makes so many mistakes in ev- erything I have her do. Last time, she left some important documents on the train. If she quit her job, everything would go much 1 smoother. B: - W5 BUF otHAE HUee HEEROMA, 2 OWI CAL etn, 7 Isn't that kind of harsh? She is still i inexpe- rienced, but she looks like she’s trying hard. () DS BRAMI OAT DARL E REHASE QED, BiICSTISNSRY DEHAHSO72. / You could say it's too much to fire him so suddenly, but there is reason enough for him to be fired. In some cases, >T, t2, or Ltd can be used with SAEZ instead of AT. Refers to a preced- ing statement and expresses a strong protest with the sense of “That's terrible.” HAE OH LWAILH A¥E02Z, in (4), is an idiom. [i (1) ur a bb{praise) () Zoe—F-retha, £¢ MATE tke / That's a nice sweater. It suits you very well. () A: Bi, HBRRE UY vot. / I heard she is going to Greece for her honeymoon. Bi N\A, Wd. / Really? That sounds nice. This is used when one expresses praise or envy. Combines with 4a or %a. b UL\{refusal) () A: BI —RLS TIM. / Would you like another cup of tea? B: WA. S9VUYSH. / No, thank you. (2) A: FEMS SARE RAEVI/ Do you want some cake? Be, Sd. / Not now, thanks. In these cases, VV» is used to refuse an offer. It has the same meaning as OCI TT. ¢ b‘t¥call someone’ s attention to something) W ww, Seonces#iesleso Hereworke / Listen, you can't tell anyone what I said just now. (2) wun £¢ ACTH. zedge ary Fan are. ENMPOIAYEV EE Hives / OK now, look carefully— pressing here turns it off, and then pull the plug out. Got io GB) wed, £¢< Baio cn oiseaco JW—-TOY— 7-7. eryone. I am the leader of this group from ‘0 / Listen up, ev- now on. (4) COFF FERC REV WOT TA chk 2001 # ECORRO ADM = z "LEDC. / Look at this graph, please. All right? This shows the increase in population in the world up to 2001. Pronounced with a rising tone. Used to get the lis- tener's attention before giving an order or making a strong request, and to make sure that he/she is ready to listen. d WUIDS LIE () A: AS ESRR CB conte pBNZZLOEPoOROTT A... / \f Thad arrived just three minutes earlier, we wouldn't have missed it. B: iY) ENCE IZ Be ent U] Sper5 Lions Ere Lez 40 /Oh, that’s OK. Let's think about what we should do now. (2) A: 9771 BRE the £3 Bo TRS. RAWORSDS DAN E +ttA Lo / Here comes a taxi. Please take it. I'm not sure when another one will come. BRR UD BES TBH OTHE Wo SOD ARBRVATCT HD 50 / No, I'll be all right, you go ahead. You have to go farther than I do. G) A: ad, EAR RocHoCKE Reo? Honbe3te04. SL Uy Hey, is it all right to take such a road? What if we get lost? B VUASEDEL oT CobOH AAAI, Z It's OK, just leave it to me. This is a shortcut. (4) A: b, BEORHBZO%—VomiC CobKK. / Wait, you should use this key to enter numbers, not that one. B: WWAr5, Bocch. 7 Yes, yes, just shut up. (9) A: Matherc ithe omc l Es THI & SNKYRLEP ORO bias PLY ba Kot HOE CAIANTE NARI. WAK FIVE LE OTH THON: Lo ADHEVOL. / If I had put my wallet away in my bag, I wouldn't have had it stolen. I should've kept my credit cards in another place. I remem- ber the guidebook said to do that. This is my fault. B b3v0L, BH LRotH ERY. / It's over and done with now. It's a little late for regrets. These express “You don't have to say or think such a thing” about something the other person has said. They have the function of ending discussion and not letting the other person says anything more. (1), (2), and (3) are cases when the speaker wants to lighten up the situation, cheer up the other person, or say not to worry. (4) is a case when the speaker wants the other person to keep quiet because his/her concern is rather too much, and (5) means “There is no point in saying such a thing.” \°v»2>5 means “You don't have to worry about it; just keep quiet,” and it emphasizes put- ting a stop to the other person's comments. (2)... UUs bd BIE BR () Bv_ceiddy EAC BH BAD TO SOBRE SIVL. 7 You learn —17— Ws only the bad things—someday the police ought to arrest you. @ Bui BIAAATEBECL Y ONT FEACLEDAVW All evil people should be possessed by a demon and die. Expresses the speaker's wish to bestow ill fortune on someone. Used to express criticism, to abuse, or to curse. An old-fashioned way of speaking. BW .. TUG [TU] @ .u.ebwr-[eew) (w5) The honorific form of >> is -2L#4, and the humble form is HF. (1) +5 (utterance) a ..tW5 e v () AAMT CE Bota PRD TA 726%V%_/ I told everyone I was going, but I really don’t want to after all. ads be Y Q) BF smare cars le BOEL %e / Michiko said, “I'm coming soon.” &S = & . G) BESART OL BME / Michiko said that she would come in a moment. \>4 is used when someone quotes another per- son. In quotations, it can be used for a direct quo- tation of someone's words, as in (2), and it can also be used for indirect quotations, as in (1) and (3). In the case of an indirect quotation, the sentence should be in plain form. For asking about some- one's utterance, 2A LWWE LA of Hz Li:4 is used, and when a Tequest or an order is quoted indirectly, ... £3 (ZV is used, 131d b AW. eo TUS e2lR at & () WP SARERRO SHAVE Sot %o / Yamashita-san is saying that he can't decide yet. Q) AAD EREDBCRVTERE Bot %o/ Everyone is saying that it isa happy event. A beard 8 3) A: COMO Bglte35 BT VSZODTLEDM. / What do the authorities say about this matter? WAWA BARE 4 is used to indicate the name of X or what X is called. ZA& in % AEWWETM can become SAT in casual spoken language. V**) can be written as #9, ifa Chinese character is used. #5, in (3), is a humble expression for V*}. 3L#4, in (5), is honorif- ic language. b N(MZE)ENELD (1) A: Moree Re CUeAL UE mur USETERU $720 // How do you say kokuren in English? B: United Nationst ves. / It's United Nations. bedr = 7 DHUBLA (2) PREETI SkjeS Ie BRIE Fo / Sayoonara is zai jian in Chinese. N(OZL)ENLV4 is used for restatement, & tt or oT can be used instead of MCLE. (Hl) HoCRECLEALVY ETD. / How do you say kokuren in English? Used in spoken language. Cannot be used for explaining the meaning of words or giving a defi- nition in cases other than a simple restatement. (x) BRE OKC MEVOET, / Mi- nami-kaze is called a wind blowing from the south. (OC) PRC SK MOCETH. 7 Mi- nami-kaze means a wind blowing from the south. (4) ...EWIN-[e09,) (5} Wd -[e05H) WM wcb5ze-l[ensze] 7] WLW E[EWSE] Hw EWIOS-[EU5 HI] QJ .ECWDENK-(LU5 80K] f ..cu5dy—[enzey] (iy) wm CWDESHUELEU [e088 HUELEW), (Looe 550 ela) £2. LWokS BUSES EU] 3) WO bts (cupeny [WsEtbe) O wteseteauy [N OSETESUWY IN THBORUSETER] [Na THSOUWUIETELU] [Na ZORWIETHESUW] [A/V DUWSE TEGO] (1) (5) SREB ic R ron hee &% PoROEIECHEV. / For some- one like him who never came to school, it goes without saying that he could not graduate, aback 9 eiyniee¥e Reo = BIE CTHROA fe YCWTORE Bie doeunge¥ can, / It goes without saying that one cannot graduate without enough credits, but even with enough credits, it’s impossible to graduate without Mriting a thesis. EP conshiKias 2208 Hee BPR RSLOIOUA IETHER ck. /Getting a job increases your income, but it goes without saying that your free time will decrease. ‘Eance, Sick IU BORE ab fiz Lena hod hom Ee 3 ECB. / He is well-liked by his boss and has really grown the business, so Thardly need to tell you that there’s a very good chance he'll be promoted in the next quarter. A: Bx, Aweryic HE ICI Le BEET IY ABS ARELE Booze, Wecrea /I heard she is going to Paris on business. With her absolute command of French and skill in negotiating, that's the per- fect assignment for her, you know. BRA, THUG RIECHAVCT £%2. / Of course, that goes without saying. Expresses that the matter at hand is common sense, something obvious, or widely recognized. @ 0) (2) (3) WIETHEBUCEEM BIECORVELAD VT— ware BEchhetochaliilaee. Ch, ENLEOABHORER, 7 Needless to say, it’s the person’s own responsibility if some trouble arises on a tour because he or she acted on his/her own. BIETHEVS ETEM, conte AGEAOW iB PrRbocCHoCHY tS%OCF / hardly need to mention that this plan would never have succeeded without everyone's cooperation from the a It2=hk OU ZARA #3: Ech ewe & RUC, SRE tc 4 wilt ER CHOTRRU EVAR to / Sorry, but it’s just a given that you shouldn't go to a wedding reception wear- ing white. Used at the beginning of a sentence, this means “although it is not necessary to say this because you already know it.” It is an idiomatic expression used to confirm something that should require no explanation. 3) (1) (3) WIETEEC BL beRL DARED BUSTERS BID ECO ES RS EALABRENTETHS. / It is needless to say that our environment is getting more and more polluted. on OUsoTS Bema sECoEL, HOS Hie FHC NE CORR ICANT REO MLVbOe HAM LTS, /Ihardly need to tell you that his artistic talent has produced novel works that would previ- ously have been impossible for artists. EBA =3ho ® Lem BARRELS ICN DOH SA a KE ROHS BC 5 JETHR< MOMMISENTE), Hl Up th > tA PA RRISANM EE UTWOB. / Japan is be- coming an aged society, but as you might expect, the government's countermea- sures are lagging behind and citizens are feeling dissatisfied. Used at the beginning of a sentence or clause, this means “although it is not necessary to say this because you already know it.” It is used before stating something obvious. It may be rephrased as BIS THEVC LAE when used at the begin- ning of a sentence. [vim] wo () (2) (3) Sane likow $5923 U WRi+upy KAD 2 Bo AKYE CoE RoC So If possible, please form a group of no more than four. Bo RA 500 FIAUPFONY Zid SOME AT To / Packs containing 500 grams and under are 50 yen off. RAW Bt BAVA om | 3000 ALE Cia itemht RIEL 5. EALLOMHSTLIAM / If we are to buy some sort of memento for under 3,000 yen, what kind of thing can we buy? Indicates “the number/amount stated or fewer/ less.” (2) NUD Bese Wom £est2d & O24 (12) PEED PISA BACT. /Admis- (2) (3) sion is free for junior high school students and younger. PUMP OR LOLONS SLAC %Z./Any vehicle that is medium-sized or smaller can take this road. BAH ADL FOLOCRVECOBRET iiIU—-TAZV / Unless the paper size is B4 or smaller, you can't make cop- ies on this machine. When \*? follows a noun that is part of an order or sequence, or shows the degree of some —aA— urares attribute, it indicates something at or below the position or degree of N. (3) Nua ze i Q) BEARTATIUPE. / You are lower than a cockroach. 0) CARVE SETSLIL HO ISATIAF #0 7 To treat someone that cruelly makes him subhuman. aE LAD CEO ae QB) Fok HVOMRLERODFELF 73. / That guy hasn't got the brains of a schoolchild! Asserts that someone or something is lower than the person or thing represented by N. Used when one criticizes or slanders someone. TIL 4) NU + #8 Ht ial be Lesrd bb OK KA (1) bd TIL, HEU PEM 300 Add HARALD EHA ike BRACE OTHE TRE /In our company, everyone—including the president and about 300 employees—has joined forces to work together. eRe - Wo BY YADA (2) WHAT FY LF 38 4. SA TSE Lie /Captain Yamada and 38 mem- bers—everyone is here. a ry ew @ t0RRyv—7i8, ABCHLF 12 HLTH ENTS. / This corporate group consists of ABC company and twelve other companies. Used when describing a group that is led or rep- resented by the person or thing referred to by the noun. When N is a person, ajob title rather than an individual name is used. Used in written language and formal spoken language. (5) wy we EDA (1) SUF RIX. / The rest of the text is the same as in the previous document Laden ” ” Q) PMA T OLE cH. / The details are as follows. Refers to the part following the Present point ina written text or a speech. Usually used in written language. [sare Cadet kaw. @ we UNDULY INvaTU] [V-8/ V-f (1) (2) (3) (4) braver] RFR Wate KHON F4 iid, WH SAA © AGT KEACTo /I heard everyone is going to the party next week except SUL ed Yamada-san. TAC bok uMahiaa ye +tA.2%/ Do you have another dictionary better than this? BAA © uy AY is HR IAT TORU FS UIE, 8] DUURRBA RSW LTS. / Please give me any good ideas you have, other than relaxing at a hot spring. Botte och A CHIC ME LED Sid, SALI BbokllLbepo ko / Besides falling down drunk and bruising my face, there was nothing out of the ordinary that happened this week. Means “except” or “besides.” (2) ee UMS UY ING ATUMZ... ab) V-3/ V-% (1) (2) (3) —22— WANE... GE] POLED ate Lok th oe BAWAICLORBE EXONS A 720 /T can leave this work to no one but her. RAS GA ¥ D2 Be ay aly Band, EP CBILTHAS DIK = > BOA E SV / There is no way to acquire new words other than making the effort to memorize them on your own. 7 TADA th C0 ba ATONE AXA ee UH . & Ok=e ite BSHHLE—BbmSePor. / Besides making a complaint to a clerk at the supermarket, I haven't said a word to anyone today. XWAVALY ZV means “only X is Y.” It is the same as ... OEM AL... HV and .. LD... Must be followed by a noun. Used in formal writ- ten language. In spoken language, CA/% is often used instead of WES. i) (l Q (3) (4) Les N (4) a) 6 Biawart ethic Aivavie fea UWLAD EC + HeHORbE ROR. 7 He possessed the strong mental fortitude to overcome any kind of difficulty. Wo b¢ WA ED EC & L eee wa bREROW ) MEIC dL LEMP OR. / Even draconian penal regulations didn’t work well for a crackdown against motorcycle gangs. LOMB Arad, wrEsk EH Ry ha _ BAAD 26 WIC MIS CASLI MBI FONT 4. / This control system is precisely designed to deal with any emergency. LedeA SEE ROL 2 ER DE VES REO SRY RKO MCA RoTLENEE, BAUS LOO 720/ She was so wonderful that no words of praise could do her justice. Means “the most extreme form of N.” Used to emphasize the certainty of the state or situation expressed by the predicate, by emphasizing N. @) (1) (2) WDLINTEH ey at > KOA BM LWIOI, WAS em CHE ecleke & LTA ita (PER OMNDRRENTHSEO t=. / In pictures, the creator's individ- ual viewpoint is reflected in any piece of work, Cadaed CHA Lak We WPLERETHN, ATO Rs © AED SOW SNEVCILZ / It is not per- missible to abandon one's duty, no matter what the situation. (3) (4) WPBS THAW AGS % Bcd, Fhicko CHRIS SOLD MSOEG&o THOENETHSEMPSI A / No matter what the method is, if it results in helping many People, : shouldn't it be tried? Wie BCH OTH. i ERELO (S-Di LTASD w BND SA. / Whatever the opinions are, it seems necessary to at least consider each one offered. In these cases, V\»%4 is used in the patterns V> WRON TO/ NCHN/ N ChoTH, which mean “if it is N, then no matter how extreme or unusual it is.” Prefaces the latter half of a sentence and thus emphasizes the assertion in this half. (3) WPES WB [meSNTHSIEB] [U.S N+ BOE+V- £526) () (2) 3) (4) vasand J Hh = Rkp VABERREEAA £b, PCLT WGK ¢ RAZ. / 1 made up my mind to fight it out no matter what became of the situation. pn WABEY . Ath tue. WALES RUCBINLIZ ES 8 SOBEBATCH CLE CESCHS 40 / With him, no matter what kind of environment he's placed in, he'll be able to make his own way. B 7 2h ont WPBSCEMSMRELIER, BiG ey tre BARA Dane a BIE eT OED & Blouse WHILZSRV / We have to acquire the ability to coolly judge the situation at all times, whatever may happen. e

    You might also like