Dynamics of Single Species Model With Time Delay in Polluted Environment

ISSN:2229-6093
E.M.Elabbasy et al, International Journal of Computer Technology & Applications,Vol 7(3),385-391
Dynamics of Single Species Model with Time Delay in Polluted Environment

E.M. Elabbasy 1, Waleed A.I. Elmorsi *1, A. A. Elsaadny2,
1 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
2 Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Computers and Informatics, Suez Canal University,
Ismailia 41522, Egypt
Abstract
In this paper we investigate the linear stability of inclusion of the delay term [5]. Due its importance,
the delayed single species model grows logistically delay logistic equation has been extensively
in polluted environment. We show the occurrence studied [6, 7, 8]. Delay logistic equation can be
of Hopf bifurcation at the positive equilibrium. To used to model the dynamics of a single species
determine the direction of Hopf bifurcation and the population growing towards a saturation level 𝑘
stability of bifurcating periodic solution, we use with a constant reproduction rate 𝑟 [9, 10, 11].
the normal form approach and a center manifold Ecological delayed models have received great
theorem. attention from scientists. Studying the dynamical
1. Introduction behaviors, stability, periodic oscillation,

The Belgium mathematician The Belgium bifurcation and chaos of population with time
mathematician Pierre-Francois Verhulst [1] delay have become a subject of extensive research
proposed one of the most famous equation that activities [2, 10, 12]. Time delays have been
used to model a lot of applications in ecology and incorporated into biological and ecological models
biology. Verhulst proposed logistic equation which to fix the deficiencies of ordinary differential
is a modification of the exponential growth model. equation that ignored important phenomena.
The logistic equation - also known as Verhulst Using delay differential equations to model
model- considered the fact that the environment eco-systems or bio-systems, phenomena as feeding
has limited resources. Verhulst [2] argued that due time, reaction time, maturation periods, etc., can be
to the limited resources, the unlimited growth in represented. Furthermore, so many of the
the exponential growth model 𝑥̇ (𝑡) = 𝑟 𝑥 (𝑡) must processes, both natural and man-made, in
be restricted by the Malthusian “struggle for medicine, diseases, physics, chemistry, biology,
existence” and he proposed the model ecology, economics, etc., involve time delays and
𝑥 (𝑡)
̇ . ignoring that is ignoring reality [9]. In general,
𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝑟 𝑥 (𝑡) �1 − 𝑘
� delay differential equations exhibit more
To know more about the history of the logistic complicated dynamics than ordinary differential
̇
equation see Kingsland [3]. To make the logistic equations. One can deeply read detailed arguments
equation more realistic, Hutchinson [4] proposed on time delay and its importance in real
the delay logistic equation in the form 𝑥 (𝑡) = phenomena in [13, 14, 9] and the references
𝑥 (𝑡−𝜏) therein.
𝑟 𝑥 (𝑡) �1 − 𝑘
�, where 𝜏 > 0 is a time delay.
Environmentally, the effects of toxicants and
Hutchinson equation or delay logistic equation is
pollutants on ecosystems cannot be ignored. These
the general form of the logistic equation in which
effects due to many types of stresses make changes
the self-regulatory term has been modified by the
in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The seas
IJCTA | May-June 2016 385

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ISSN:2229-6093
and oceans can be polluted by oil [15]. Primary ∗

2𝑟 ∗
𝐽 = �𝑟 − 𝑟1 𝑝 − 𝑘 𝑥 𝑟1 𝑥 ∗ �
and secondary pollutants (as Sulfur dioxide SO2,
0 −ℎ
chemical oxidants respectively) which emitted into The characteristic equation for the Jacobean
the air have an adverse impact on species 𝜇
matrix at the point 𝐸0 �0, �ℎ� has the two
(especially humans) and ecosystems (especially
𝑟1 𝜇
planet) [16, 17, 18]. eigenvalues 𝜆1 = −h < 0 and 𝜆2 = 𝑟 − < 0 if
ℎ
𝜇
Other kind of pollution is the pollution by 𝑟1 𝜇 > 𝑟ℎ which implies that the point 𝐸0 �0, �ℎ�
Pathogens like helminthes, bacteria, viruses and is locally asymptotically stable and if 𝑟1 𝜇 < 𝑟ℎ the
protozoan which affect population dynamics of point is saddle. Doing it again for the point
their host [19, 20]. In mathematical literature great 𝑟1 𝜇 𝜇
𝐸 ∗ �𝑘(1 − ), �ℎ� to get the eigenvalues, we
𝑟ℎ
attention was paid in studying pollution effects in
𝑟1 𝜇
the field of species dynamics and its related find 𝜆1 = −h < 0 and 𝜆2 = −𝑟 + . 𝜆2 < 0 if
ℎ
subfields as spread of diseases [21, 22, 23]. 𝑟1 𝜇 < 𝑟ℎ which mean that the point 𝐸 ∗ is locally
In this paper we study the model in the form asymptotically stable and if 𝑟1 𝜇 > 𝑟ℎ the point
𝑥̇ (𝑡) = 𝑟 𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏) �1 −
𝑥 (𝑡−𝜏)
� − 𝑟1 𝑥 (𝑡)𝑃(𝑡) 𝐸 ∗ is saddle.
𝑘
The Jacobean matrix -in the existence of delay-
(1.a)
for 𝐸 ∗ (𝑥 ∗ , 𝑝∗ ) has the characteristic transcendental
𝑃̇(𝑡) = 𝜇 (𝑡) − ℎ 𝑃(𝑡)
equation of the form
(1.b)
𝜆2 + (ℎ + 𝜋)λ − 𝜎 (ℎ + λ )𝑒 −𝜆𝜏 = 0
where 𝑥 (𝑡) represents the density of the
(2)
species at time 𝑡 , 𝑃(𝑡) is the concentration of
2𝑟
pollution in the environment at time 𝑡, 𝑘 is Where 𝜎 = 𝑟 − 𝑥 ∗ , 𝜋 = 𝑟1 𝑝∗
𝑘
carrying capacity (the maximum number of Now, there are two cases:
individuals that the environment can support), 𝑟 is First case at 𝝉 = 𝟎
the intrinsic growth rate, 𝑟1 is the response of the The characteristic equation (2) will be
species to the pollution concentration in its 𝜆2 + (ℎ + 𝜋 − 𝜎)λ − 𝜎ℎ = 0 (3)
environment, 𝜇 (𝑡) represents the rate of entry of Which all its roots have negative real parts if and
pollutants into the environment, ℎ 𝑃(𝑡) is the loss only if
rate of pollutant from the environment due to many (H1 ) (ℎ + 𝜋 − 𝜎) > 0
reasons as photosynthetic process , chemical (H2 ) 𝜎ℎ < 0
hydrolysis, biodegradation, …. Etc. For Theorem 1. For the system (1), the equilibrium
convenience we assume that 𝜇 (𝑡)is bounded i.e. point 𝐸 ∗ (𝑥 ∗ , 𝑝∗ ) - in the absence of delay - is
lim𝑡→∞ 𝜇 (𝑡) = 𝜇 . locally asymptotically stable under the conditions
2. Local Stability and Existence of Hopf (H1 ) and (H2 ).

Bifurcation Second case: 𝝉 > 𝟎
𝜇
System (1) has two equilibria, 𝐸0 = �0, �ℎ� , and Suppose that 𝜆 = 𝑖𝜔 be the root of equation (2)
the positive equilibrium then by separating the real and imaginary parts we
𝑟1 𝜇 𝜇
𝐸 ∗ = �𝑘(1 − ), �ℎ� when 𝑟1 𝜇 < 𝑟ℎ. find
𝑟ℎ
𝜎ℎ cos 𝜔𝜏 + 𝜎ω sin ωτ = −ω2 + ℎ𝜋 (4.a)
In the absence of time delay the Jacobean matrix of
𝜎𝜔 cos 𝜔𝜏 − 𝜎ℎ sin ωτ = (ℎ + 𝜋)𝜔 (4.b)
system (1) is:
Equations (4.a) and (4.b) lead to

ISSN:2229-6093

1 𝜋 2𝑗𝜋
𝜏𝑗± = arcsin( ) + , 𝑗 = 0,1,2, … …. where
𝜔± 𝜎 𝜔±
2𝑥 ∗
(5) 𝑎1 = −𝑟1 𝑝∗ ; 𝑎2 = 𝑟 �1 − � ; 𝑎3 = −𝑟1 𝑥 ∗
𝑘
−𝑟
Once again by using (4.a) and (4.b) we 𝑎4 = −𝑟1 ; 𝑎5 = and 𝑏1 = −ℎ ; 𝑏2 = 𝜇 − ℎ𝑝∗
𝑘
get the forth degree equation Let 𝜏 = 𝜏∗ + 𝜇 , 𝑢(𝑡) = (𝑢(𝑡), 𝑣 (𝑡) )𝑇 and
4 2 2 2) 2 2 2 2
𝜔 + (ℎ + 𝜋 − 𝜎 ω + ℎ (𝜋 − 𝜎 ) = 0 𝑢𝑡 (𝜃) = 𝑢(𝑡 + 𝜃) for 𝜃𝜖[−1,0]
(6) Denote
2 2 2 2 2 2
(H3 ) If ℎ + 𝜋 − 𝜎 < 0 or ℎ (𝜋 − 𝜎 ) > 0 ∁𝑘 [−1, 0] = {𝜑 ∖ 𝜑: [−1, 0] →
then equation (6) has positive root. ℝ2 , 𝜑 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑘 − 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠}
[24, 25] Helped us to get the next theorem. Then the system (7) can be written as
Theorem 2. If the conditions H1 , H2 and H3 hold, 𝑦̇ (𝑡) = 𝐿𝜇 (𝑦𝑡 ) + 𝐹 (𝜇 , 𝑦𝑡 )
then the equilibrium point 𝐸 ∗ (𝑥 ∗ , 𝑝∗ ) for the model
(8) Where 𝐿𝜇 (𝜑): ∁→ ℝ2 and 𝐹: ℝ × ∁→ ℝ2 are
(1) is asymptotically stable for τ < τ0 and unstable
given by
if τ > τ0 . As τ increase through τ0 the undergoes
𝐿𝜇 (𝜑) = (𝜏𝑗 + 𝜇) �𝑎1𝜑1 (0)+𝑎𝑏2𝜑𝜑1(−1)+𝑎
(0)
3 𝜑2 (0)
�
Hopf bifurcation. 1 2
Theorem 3. If 𝜆𝑗 (τ) = αj (τ) + i 𝜔𝑗 (τ) denote a (9)

2
root of Eq. (5) near τ = τ𝑗 , such that 𝜔𝑗 �τ𝑗 � = 𝐹 (𝜇 , 𝜑) = (𝜏𝑗 + 𝜇) �𝑎4𝜑1(0)𝜑2(0)+𝑎
0
5 𝜑1 (−1)
�
𝜔0 and αj �τ𝑗 � = 0 then (10)
dαj (τ) Using the Riesz representation theorem, there

� >0
dτ τ=τ exists a two dimensional matrix 𝜂 (𝜃, 𝜇 ) whose
𝑗
elements are functions of bounded variation for
Proof: By differentiating the characteristic
𝜃 ∈ [−1,0] such that
equation (5) with respect to 𝜏 we get
0
𝐿𝜇 (𝜑) = ∫−1 𝑑𝜂 (𝜃, 0)𝜑(𝜃) for 𝜑𝜖𝑐
𝑑𝜆 −1 (2λ + ℎ + 𝜋)𝑒 𝜆𝜏 − 𝜎 𝜏
� � = −
𝑑𝜏 −𝜎𝜆(ℎ + 𝜆) 𝜆 We can choose
𝑎1 𝑎3
Then 𝜂 (𝜃, 𝜇 ) = (𝜏𝑗 + 𝜇) � 0 ( )
𝑏1 � 𝛿 𝜃 + (𝜏𝑗 +
dαj(τ) 𝑑𝜆 −1
Sign� � � = sign �𝑅𝑒 � � � � 𝑎 0 (
dτ τ=τ𝑗 𝑑𝜏 𝜇) � 2 � 𝛿 𝜃 + 1)
τ=τ𝑗 0 0
where 𝛿(𝜃) is the Dirac delta function.
(2λ + ℎ + 𝜋)𝑒 𝜆𝜏 − 𝜎
= sign �𝑅𝑒 � For 𝜑 𝜖 ∁1 ([−1,0], ℝ2 ); define the operator 𝐴(𝜇)
−𝜎𝜆(ℎ + 𝜆)
as
𝜏
− �� 𝑑𝜑(𝜃)
𝜆 τ=τ � 𝑑𝜃
𝑖𝑓 𝜃 ∈ [−1,0)
𝑗 𝐴 (𝜇 )𝜑 (𝜃 ) = � 0
∫−1 𝑑𝜂 (𝜇, 𝑠)𝜑(𝑠) 𝑖𝑓 è = 0
2ω4+ 2
+ (ℎ + 𝜋 − 𝜎 2 2
)ω2+
= sign � �>0 (11)
𝜎 2 ω2+ (ω2+ + ℎ2 )
and
Direction of Hopf bifurcation.
0 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 ∈ [−1,0)
Let 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑥 ∗, and 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑃(𝑡) − 𝑅 (𝜇 ) 𝜑 = �
𝐹(𝜇, 𝜑) 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 = 0
𝑝∗ , then the system (1) can be written as (12)
𝑢̇ (𝑡) = 𝑎1 𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑎2 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜏) + 𝑎3 𝑣(𝑡) + The system (7) is equivalent to the operation
𝑖(
∑𝑖+𝑗+𝑙≥2 𝑎𝑘 𝑢 𝑡)𝑢 𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑣 (𝑡) 𝑗( 𝑙
(7.1) equation
𝑣̇ (𝑡) = 𝑏1 𝑣 (𝑡) + 𝑏2 (7.2) 𝑢̇ 𝑡 = 𝐴(𝜇)𝑢𝑡 + 𝑅 (𝜇)𝑢𝑡 (13)

ISSN:2229-6093
Where 𝑢(𝑡) = (𝑢(𝑡), 𝑣(𝑡) )𝑇 and 𝑢𝑡 (𝜃 ) = 𝑧(𝑡) = ⟨𝑞 ∗ ,𝑢𝑡 ⟩ and 𝑤(𝑡, 𝜃) =

𝑢(𝑡 + 𝜃) for 𝜃 ∈ [−1,0] 𝑢𝑡 (𝜃) − 2𝑅𝑒{𝑧 (𝑡)𝑞(𝜃)} (17)
The equation (13) is more mathematically tracked On the center manifold 𝑐0 we have
because this equation involves a single unknown 𝑤(𝑡, 𝜃) = 𝑤 (𝑧(𝑡), 𝑧̅(𝑡), 𝜃) where
variable 𝑢𝑡 . 𝑤(𝑡, 𝜃) = 𝑤20 (𝜃)
𝑧2
+ 𝑤11 (𝜃)𝑧𝑧̅ +
2
1 2 ∗ 2 ∗
For ψ 𝜖 ∁ ([0, −1], (ℝ ) ) , where (ℝ ) is the 2-
𝑧̅ 2
𝑤02 (𝜃) +. … . …
dimensional space of row vectors, the adjoint 2
operator 𝐴∗ of 𝐴 is defined as (18)

𝑑ψ(𝑠)
𝑑𝑠
, −
𝑠 ∈ (0,1]
∗(
𝐴 𝜇)ψ(𝑠) = � 0 Where 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧̅ are local co-ordinates for
∫−1 𝑑𝜂𝑇 (𝜇, 𝑠)ψ(−𝑠) , s = 0
center manifold 𝑐0 in ∁ in the directions of 𝑞 ∗and
(14) 𝑞� ∗ respectively. Note that, 𝑤 is real if 𝑢𝑡 is real.
For 𝜑 and ψ , the bilinear inner product defined as We shall deal with real solution only.
0 𝜃
� ( 0 ) 𝜑( 0 ) −
⟨ψ(𝑠), 𝜑(𝜃)⟩ = ψ � (𝜉
∫−1 ∫𝜉=0 ψ − Now, for solution 𝑢𝑡 𝜖 𝑐0 of eq. (8)
𝜃) 𝑑𝜂 (𝜃)𝜑(𝜉 )𝑑𝜉 (15)
To determine the Poincare normal form of ⟨𝑞 ∗ ,𝑢̇ 𝑡 ⟩ = ⟨𝑞 ∗ , 𝐴(𝜇)𝑢𝑡 + 𝑅(𝜇)𝑢𝑡 ⟩,
the operator 𝐴 we need to calculate the eigenvector Then since 𝜇 = 0
𝑞(𝜃) and 𝑞 ∗ (𝜃) of 𝐴 and 𝐴∗ that corresponding to 𝑧̇ (𝑡) = ⟨𝑞̇ ∗ ,𝑢𝑡 ⟩ + ⟨𝑞 ∗ , 𝐴(𝜇)𝑢𝑡 + 𝑅(𝜇)𝑢𝑡 ⟩
the eigenvalues 𝑖𝜔0 𝜏j and −𝑖𝜔0 𝜏j respectively. 𝑧̇ (𝑡) = 𝑖𝜔0 𝑧(𝑡) + 𝑞� ∗ (0)𝑓�𝑧(𝑡), 𝑧̅(𝑡)�
Let 𝑞(𝜃) = (1, 𝜌)𝑇 𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 𝜏j 𝜃 be the (19)
eigenvector of 𝐴(0) and 𝑞 ∗ (𝜃) = 𝐷(1, 𝜌∗ )𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 𝜏j 𝜃 Equation (19) can be written in
be the eigenvector of 𝐴∗ (0) corresponding to the abbreviated form as
eigenvalues 𝑖𝜔0 and −𝑖𝜔0 respectively where 𝑧̇ (𝑡) = 𝑖𝜔0 𝜏j 𝑧(𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑧, 𝑧̅),
2𝑥∗ −𝑖𝜔0 𝜏j 2𝑥∗ (20)
𝑖𝜔0 −𝑟�1− �𝑒 −𝑟1 𝑝∗ 𝑟�1− �
𝑘 ∗ 𝑘
𝜌= ,𝜌 =
−𝑟1 𝑥 ∗ 𝑖𝜔0 +ℎ where
Using (15), 𝑔(𝑧, 𝑧̅) = 𝑞� ∗ (0)𝑓�𝑧 (𝑡), 𝑧̅(𝑡)�
⟨𝑞 ∗ (𝑠), 𝑞(𝑠)⟩ 𝑧2
𝑔(𝑧, 𝑧̅) = 𝑔20 (𝜃) + 𝑔11 (𝜃)𝑧𝑧̅ +
2
� (1, 𝜌̅ ∗ )(1, 𝜌)𝑇
=𝐷
𝑧̅ 2
0 𝜃 𝑔02 (𝜃) +⋯ (21)
2
� (1, 𝜌̅ ∗ )𝑒 −𝑖𝜔0 (𝜉−𝜃) 𝑑𝜂 (𝜃)𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 𝜉 (1, 𝜌)𝑇 𝑑𝜉
− � � 𝐷
−1 𝜉=0 Since from (17) 𝑢𝑡 = 𝑤 + 𝑧𝑞 +
Which give 𝑧̅𝑞�
� = 1/(1 + 𝜌𝜌̅ ∗ + 𝑟 �1 −
𝐷 Then
(1)
2𝑥 ∗ −𝑖𝜔0 𝜏𝑗 �𝑢𝑢1𝑡� = �𝑤
𝑤 (2)
� + 𝑧 �𝜌1 � 𝑒 𝑖𝜔0𝜃 +
� 𝜏𝑗 𝑒 ) (16) 1𝑡
𝑘
Hassard et al [26] introduced a method to 𝑧̅ �𝜌1� � 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔0𝜃 (22)
compute the co-ordinates that describe the center Then we get

manifold 𝑐0 at 𝜇 = 0 . (1) 𝑧 2
𝑢1𝑡 = 𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝜔0𝜃 + 𝑧̅𝑒 −𝑖𝜔0𝜃 + 𝑤20 +
2
For 𝑢𝑡 , a solution of (8) at 𝜇 = 0 , we (1) (1) 𝑧̅ 2
𝑤11 𝑧𝑧̅ + 𝑤02 2
+…… (23)
define:

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𝑢2𝑡 = 𝑧𝜌𝑒 𝑖𝜔0𝜃 + 𝑧̅𝜌̅𝑒 −𝑖𝜔0𝜃 + 𝑤20

(2) 𝑧 2
+ 𝑤̇ = 𝑢̇ 𝑡 − 𝑧̇ 𝑞 − 𝑧̅̇𝑞�
2
Then
(2) (2) 𝑧̅ 2
𝑤11 𝑧𝑧̅ + 𝑤02 +⋯ (24)
2 𝑤̇ =
Since 𝑔(𝑧, 𝑧̅) = 𝑞 ∗ (0)𝑓�𝑧(𝑡), 𝑧̅(𝑡)� , then 𝐴𝑤 − 2𝑅𝑒�𝑞 ∗ (0)𝑓�𝑧(𝑡), 𝑧̅(𝑡)�𝑞� 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 ∈ [−1,0)
�
𝑔(𝑧, 𝑧̅) = 𝐴𝑤 − 2𝑅𝑒�𝑞 ∗ (0)𝑓�𝑧 (𝑡), 𝑧̅(𝑡)�𝑞� + 𝑓(𝑧, 𝑧̅) 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 = 0
2 2 2 2
� (1, 𝜌̅ ∗ ) � 𝑀11 𝑧 + 𝑀12 𝑧𝑧̅ + 𝑀13 𝑧̅ + 𝑀14 𝑧 𝑧̅ + 𝑀15 𝑧𝑧̅ �
𝐷 (27)
0
This equation can be written as
� [ 𝑀11 𝑧 + 𝑀12 𝑧𝑧̅ +
=𝐷 2
𝑤̇ = 𝐴𝑤 +
𝑀13 𝑧̅ 2 + 𝑀14 𝑧 2 𝑧̅ + 𝑀15 𝑧𝑧̅ 2 ] (25)
𝐻 (𝑧(𝑡), 𝑧̅(𝑡), 𝜃) (28)
Where
where
𝑀11 = 𝑎4 𝜌 + 𝑎5 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔0 + 𝑎6 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜔0
𝑧2
−𝑖𝜔0 𝑖𝜔0 ) 𝐻(𝑧(𝑡), 𝑧̅(𝑡), 𝜃) = 𝐻20 (𝜃) +
𝑀12 = 𝑎4 (𝜌 + 𝜌̅ ) + 𝑎5 (𝑒 +𝑒 + 2𝑎6 2
𝑧̅ 2
𝑀13 = 𝑎4 𝜌̅ + 𝑎5 𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 + 𝑎6 𝑒 2𝑖𝜔0 𝐻11 (𝜃)𝑧𝑧̅ + 𝐻02 (𝜃) 2
+⋯ (29)
(2) 1 (2) 1 (1) On the other hand, since 𝑤̇ (𝑧, 𝑧̅) =
𝑀14 = 𝑎4 � 𝑤11 (0) + 𝑤 (0) + 𝜌̅ 𝑤20 (0)
2 20 2
𝑤𝑧 𝑧̇ + 𝑤𝑧̅ 𝑧̅̇ (30)
(1)
+ 𝜌𝑤11 (0)�
𝐻20 (𝜃) = �2𝑖𝜔0 – 𝐴�𝑤20 (𝜃)
(1) 1 (1) (31.a)
+ 𝑎5 �𝑤11 (−1) + 𝑤20 (−1)
2
𝐻11 (𝜃) = −𝐴𝑤11 (𝜃)
1 (1) (1)
+ 𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 𝑤20 (0) + 𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 𝑤11 (0)� (31.b)
2
(1)
+ 𝑎6 �2𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 𝑤11 (−1) 𝐻02 (𝜃) = �2𝑖𝜔0 – 𝐴�𝑤02 (𝜃)
(1) (31.c)
+ 𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 𝑤20 (−1)�
1
From (27), (28) and (29) we get
(2) (2)
𝑀15 = 𝑎4 � 𝑤02 (0) + 𝑤11 (0) +
2 𝐻20 (𝜃) = −𝑞 (𝜃)𝑔20 (𝜃) −
(1) 1 (1)
𝜌̅ 𝑤11 (0) + 𝜌𝑤02 (0)� + 𝑞� (𝜃)𝑔̅02 (𝜃) (32.a)
2
1 (1) (1) (1) 𝐻11 (𝜃) = −𝑞(𝜃)𝑔11 (𝜃) −

𝑎5 � 𝑤02 (−1) + 𝑤11 (−1) + 𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 𝑤11 (0)
2 𝑞� (𝜃)𝑔̅11 (𝜃) (32.b)
1 (1)
+ 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔0 𝑤02 (0)� 𝐻02 (𝜃) = −𝑞 (𝜃)𝑔20 (𝜃) −
2
(1)
𝑞� (𝜃)𝑔̅20 (𝜃) (32.c)
+ 𝑎6 �2𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 𝑤11 (−1)
From (31.a) and (32.a)
(1)
+ 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔0 𝑤02 (−1)�
𝐴𝑤20 (𝜃) = 2𝑖𝜔0 𝑤20 −
Using equations (21) in (25) we find 𝐻20 (𝜃)
𝑔20 � 𝑀11
= 2𝐷 𝑤̇ 20 (𝜃) = 2𝑖𝜔0 𝑤20 +
(26.a) 𝑞(𝜃)𝑔20 (𝜃) + 𝑞� (𝜃)𝑔̅02 (𝜃) (33)
� 𝑀12
𝑔11 = 𝐷 This equation has the solution
(26.b) 𝑖𝑔20
𝑤20 (𝜃) = 𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 𝜃 +
𝜔0
� 𝑀13
𝑔02 = 2𝐷
𝑖𝑔�02
(26.c) 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔0𝜏𝑗𝜃 + 𝐸�1 𝑒 2𝑖𝜔0 𝜃 (34)
3𝜔0
� 𝑀14
𝑔21 = 2𝐷 By the same way
(26.d)
Since from Eq. (17)

ISSN:2229-6093

𝑔
𝑤11 (𝜃) = 𝑖𝜔11 𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 𝜃 − Journal of the Australian Mathematical
0
𝑔�11 Society Series B, vol. 24, pp. 292-317,

𝑒 −𝑖𝜔0 𝜃 + 𝐸�2 (35)
𝑖𝜔0 1983.
(1) (2) (1) (2)
Where 𝐸�1 (𝐸1 , 𝐸1 ) and 𝐸�2 (𝐸2 , 𝐸2 )
[6] E. M. Wright, "A non-linear difference-
(1)
are constants and 𝐸1 = 2 𝑀11 /(2𝑖𝜔0 − 𝑎1 ) , differential equation," j. Reine Angew.
𝐸1
(2)
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We can also compute [7] J. K. Hale, Theory of functional

⎧ 𝑐1 (0) =
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𝑔21 differential equations, New York:
⎪ 2𝜔0 3 2
−ℜ𝑒{ 𝑐1 (0)}
Springer-Verlag, 1977.
𝜇2 =
⎨ ℜ𝑒�𝜏j𝛼̀ �𝜏j��
⎪ [8] K. Gopalsamy, M. R. S. Kulenovic and G.
⎩ 𝛽2 = 2ℜ𝑒{ 𝑐1 (0)}
Ladas, "Oscillations of a system of delay
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Theorem [26] : In (36), the directions of
Mathematical Analysis and Applications,
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[10] K. Gopalsamy, Stability and Oscillations
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Dynamics of Single Species Model With Time Delay in Polluted Environment

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E.M.Elabbasy et al, International Journal of Computer Technology & Applications,Vol 7(3),385-391