Learner’s Activity Sheet

Assessment Checklist

SCIENCE
Quarter 1 – Week 7-8

Colors of Light, Heat and Temperature and

the Effects of Heat

________________________________________________
Learner

________________________________________________
Section

_______________CONNIE G. BUREROS_______________
Teacher

________________________________________________
Parent or Guardian

______ARMM REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL_____

School

________Oct, 25, 2021_______

Date of Retrieval 8
 LEARNERS ACTIVITY SHEET (LAS)

Dear Learner,
Good Day! Direction: Read each question carefully and from among
the choices, write the letter of your best answer on the
 Welcome to our Science space provided before the number.
subject. The activities for D 1.Which has the greatest energy among the colors in a
this week will enable you
rainbow?
to explain the topic.
Please carefully A. green C. red
understand and follow the B. orange D. violet
instructions provided. If
you encounter difficulties 2. What is the acronym used to remember visible
in doing the tasks, do not light?
hesitate to ask for support A. DOGFOUND C. ROYGBIV
from your parents or
B. KTPERRY D. ROMERO
anyone whom you think

PRE- ASSESSMENT

MBHTE – Maguindanao II Division, ARMM Regional Science High School

 3. What is called the separation of white light into different colors as it passes
through prism?
A. color separation C. reflection
B. dispersion D. refraction

4. What happens to the temperature of an object when the particles are moving
faster?
A. reduces
B. increases
C. remains constant
D. increases then reduces

5. Do all particles of the substance at a certain temperature move at the same

speed and in the same direction?
A. No
B. Yes
C. Maybe
D. None of the above

Lesson 1: Colors of Light

Activity 1 Fill Me Up!

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences. Write your answers on the space
provided below .

1. ________is a kind of energy that can travel through space. It looks white, but it is
really a combination of many colors.
2. The colors in ______ light are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
3. When light appears white, it is made up of different colors just like the colors of
the rainbow. The colors can be separated by shining light into ________.
4. _________ is the separation of white light into its component colors as it passes
through a prism.
5. The main purpose of the prism is to separate visible light into constituent colors
namely: ____, ____, _____, ______, _____, ____, and ____ (ROYGVIB).
6. The color of white light ranges from _____, 430 trillion Hertz, to ____, 750 trillion
Hertz.
7. The more energy in a wave, the ______ its frequency. The lower the frequency is,
the ________ energy in the wave.
8. ________ has the highest energy color while ________ has the lowest energy.

9. The shortest wavelength is ________, and the longest wavelength is _______.

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 10. The _________ energy of the wave, the faster it moves from one medium to another.
On the other hand, the __________ energy of the wave, the slower it travels from one
medium to another.

Activity 2 Hierarchy of Colors

Objectives:
At the end of the activity, you will be able to infer that:
1. light is composed of colors of different frequencies and wavelengths;

2. frequencies of the colors of light are inversely proportional to the wavelength;

3. arrangement of colors of light shows the hierarchy of the colors with

corresponding energy.
Study the table and answer the questions that follow on the space provided below.
Table 1. Range of Wavelength, Frequency and Energy of Light

Wavelength Frequency (THz) Photon Energy

Color (nm)
(eV)

Violet 380-445 675-789 2.80-3.26

Indigo 445-450 668-675 2.75-2.80

Blue 450-495 606-668 2.50-2.75

Green 495-570 526-606 2.17-2.50

Yellow 570-590 508-526 2.10-2.17

Orange 590-620 484-508 2.00-2.10

Red 620-750 400-484 1.65-2.00

Legend: nm (nanometer: unit of wavelength) THz (Terahertz: unit of frequency)
eV (electron volt: unit of energy)

Questions:
Q1. Which color has the highest frequency? the shortest wavelength?

Q2. Which color has the lowest frequency? the longest wavelength?

MBHTE – Maguindanao II Division, ARMM Regional Science High School

Q3. What did you observe about the wavelengths and frequencies of the different colors
of light?

Q4. Do the frequencies of colors of light increase from red to violet?

Q5. What did you observe about the corresponding energies from red to violet?

Color
Were you able to get good sets of data from the activity? Did you enjoy watching how the
rainbow colors appear in the paper? Light is a kind of energy that can travel through
space in a form of wave. Light from the sun or flashlights looks white, but it is really a
mixture of many colors. The colors in white light are red, orange, yellow, green, blue
indigo and violet. We highlight here the arrangement of colors of light as ROYGBIV when
dispersion happens. Dispersion is a kind of refraction which provided us colors of light.
This phenomenon is observed when white light passes through a prism.

A prism is a transparent optical element with flat and polished surfaces that disperses
light. Usually a prism has a triangular base and rectangular sides. Prisms can be made
from any transparent materials like glass, plastic or fluorite. Water in a glass can also
acts as prism. It also breaks white light into constituent colors namely: red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (ROYGVIB). You can see these colors when you look
at a rainbow in our sky. A rainbow is caused by both the reflection and refraction of light
in water droplets on the Earth’s atmosphere. The water droplets serve as tiny prisms
that refract, reflect, and disperse sunlight into spectrum of light appearing in the sky.

The frequency of light wave refers to the number of waves that move past a certain point
in one second. Frequency is generally measured in Hertz, the units of cycles per second.
Color has the frequency ranging from 430 trillion Hertz to 750 trillion Hertz.
Waves can also go beyond and below those frequencies, but they are not visible to the
human eye.

MBHTE – Maguindanao II Division, ARMM Regional Science High School

Wave frequency is related to wave energy. The more energy in the wave, the higher its
frequency. The lower the frequency is, the less energy in the wave. When it comes to
light waves, violet has the highest energy while red has the lowest energy. Related to
energy and frequency is the wavelength, or the distance between corresponding points
on subsequent waves. You can measure wavelength from peak to peak, trough to trough
or between two consecutive corresponding points of waves.
Within the band of visible light, the different wavelengths are perceived by people as
different colors. The shortest wavelength is violet, and the longest wavelength is red.

Light exhibits the characteristics of a wave. It moves in its maximum speed in vacuum
but this speed decreases as it moves along different media. Refraction is the bending of
light when it travels from one medium to another. When light crosses the boundary of
two media of different optical density, a change in speed takes place. The optical density
is the measurement of a component’s ability to slow the transmission of light. This
change in speed is manifested by the bending of the light ray. A known indicator of the
optical density of a material is the index of refraction of the material (n). The index of
refraction of a material is a quantity that compares the speed of light in a material to its
speed in a vacuum.

Figure 7. Refraction of Light in a Prism

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In figure 7, light travels from air to the prism. When the light enters the glass, which is
denser than air, it slows down and is bent. You observe that the angle of incidence (1)
is greater than the angle of refraction (2). You can see that the light ray refracts or
bends towards the normal. Thus, light bends towards the normal when travelling from a
less dense medium to a higher density medium and light bends away from the normal
when travelling from denser to less dense medium like when light ray leaves the prism.
The incoming ray is called the incident ray from medium 1 and the outgoing ray is the
refracted ray in medium 2, and the associated angles are the angle of incidence and the
angle of refraction.
When white light enters a prism, separation into seven different colors is observed. The
refractive indices of the different colors of light indicate that it travels at different speeds
in the prism which accounts for the different degrees of bending.
In terms of frequency and energy of colors, blue, indigo and violet are the ones with the
highest frequency and energy. These colors are the ones that are bent the most. At the
end of the spectrum, red is the one with the lowest frequency and energy. It is the color
that is bent the least and violet is the most bent.

Activity 3 Refraction of Colors

Direction: Observe the illustration below and answer the questions by writing Yes if the
statement is correct and No if the statement is incorrect. Write your answers on the
space provided.

Figure 5. Refraction of Colors

(bulb: https://pixabay.com/vectors/bulb-light-electric-energy-power-307687/)

1. Does white light split into different colors? ______

2. Do all colors of light travel at the same speed in a ______
vacuum?
3. Do all colors of light have the same energy? ______
4. Does blue have the shortest wavelength? ______
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 5. Does red have the longest wavelength? ______

Activity 4 Color Wheel

Objective: At the end of the activity, you will be able to make a color wheel showing the
wavelengths, frequencies and energies of the colors of light.

Materials:
Color wheel pattern Folder/Any paper
Cutter/Scissors Glue/Paste
Split Pin/button fastener/coconut broomstick
Procedures:

1. Cut the color wheel patterns (already distributed by the teacher online or via
messenger) that make up the wheel found in the next page.
2. To make it thicker, put the color wheel patterns on a folder or any paper and cut
it out.
3. Cut the shapes drawn on the top wheel. The shapes which will be the small
window located near the center of the wheel should be completely cut out and
removed.

4. Punch a hole at the center of the two wheels. You may use split pin/ button
fastener/coconut broomstick to secure the two wheels together one on top of the
other, but both should be free to rotate relative to each other.
When you see a region of the color spectrum that shows up in the open window and the
wavelength, frequency, and energy that corresponds to the region then you know that
you have done it correctly.

Lesson 2: Heat and Temperature and the Effects of Heat

Activity 5 Heat and Temperature

Complete each statement using a term or terms from the list below. Write your answers
on your Learners Activity Sheet.

Celsius expands
higher temperature Joules
how fast molecules vibrate less internal energy
lower temperature more internal energy
the number of molecules calories
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 Fahrenheit kelvin
HEAT VS TEMPERATURE
Heat and temperature are related but they are not the same. Heat depends on (1)
____________ and also on (2) ____________ that vibrate. More vibrating molecules usually
mean (3) ____________. Fewer vibrating molecules usually mean
(4) ____________. Faster vibrating molecules mean (5) ____________. Slower vibrating
molecules mean (6) ______________. Heat is measured in units called (7) ____________
and (8) _______________. Temperature is measured in units called
(9) ____________, (10)____________ and (11)____________. When matter is heated, it (12)
____________.

Activity 6: Heat and Phase Change

Use the figure to determine whether each statement is correct or not. Write TRUE if the
statement is correct, and FALSE if the statement is wrong.

TEMPERATURE VS HEAT ENERGY OF WATER

______1. The temperature increases during melting.

______2. Energy is required for each phase change.
______3. When the water warms, the temperature decreases.
______4. The temperature remains the same when an object freezes.
______5. Water may change directly from solid to gas.
Questions:

MBHTE – Maguindanao II Division, ARMM Regional Science High School

 1. What happens to the temperature as ice changes to water and water changes to
vapor?

2. At which phase changes do water absorb energy?

3.At what phase changes do water release energy?

What happens to the temperature of the water when heated? In the activity, as time
elapses, the temperature of the water increases. The temperature of the water as it
begins to boil is 100ºC and remains the same while it is boiling.
In layman’s term, temperature is a measure of hotness or coldness of an object. Kinetic
molecular theory tells us that all matter has molecules or atoms which are constantly
moving; thus, they have kinetic energy. Molecules are constantly moving but at different
speeds and in the same direction. Moreover, the faster these molecules move, the more
kinetic energy they have. The more kinetic energy, the higher is the temperature of an
object. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules.

When molecules move faster, they have higher temperatures while when molecules move
slower, they have lower temperatures.

How do you determine the temperature of an object? Can you use your senses to
determine the temperature? Try this simple activity as illustrated below. Set up three
glasses of water: glass A with lukewarm water or maligamgam na tubig, glass B with
cold water, and glass C with tap water (fresh from the faucet). Dip your left forefinger in
glass A, while the right forefinger in glass B for 40 seconds. Then quickly dip both your
forefingers in glass C. What did you feel? This shows that our senses give us an
inaccurate measure of hotness or coldness of an object, making them not reliable
indicators of temperature. Thus, we need a thermometer to measure temperature. A
thermometer is a sealed glass tube containing mercury and with an imprinted
temperature scale. The mercury expands or contracts, causing it to move up or down
when there are changes in the temperature. Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II,
invented the most common type of thermometer, liquid-inglass thermometer, in 1650.

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What is heat? When a barbecue has just been removed from the fire, you know it is hot
and may burn your tongue, so you do not bite it immediately. Caloric theory, an early
theory on heat, considered heat to consist of a fluid called caloric fluid, which flows from
hotter objects to colder objects. James Prescott superseded this theory by proving that a
measurable amount of mechanical energy can always be transformed into definite
amounts of heat. He called this quantity as a mechanical equivalent of heat and has a
value of 4.186 Joules (J) equivalent to 1 calorie (cal). Prescott further concluded that
heat is another form of energy.
Heat is produced from molecules of matter that continuously vibrate. Heat is an energy
form that transfers from a body of higher temperature to another body of lower
temperature. Once heat is transferred or released, it affects the internal energy of the
body. Internal energy is the total energy in a body; thus, it includes the potential energy
and the kinetic energy of the molecules or atoms in an object.
Joule (J) is the SI unit of heat. Another common unit of heat is calorie, defined as the
amount of heat needed to change the temperature of one gram of water by 1ºC at a
pressure of 1 atm. To avoid confusion, Calorie is not used to refer to an amount of heat.
It is used by dieticians or nutritionists to specify energy content of food.

Temperature Scales: The three common temperature scales are Celsius, Fahrenheit,
and kelvin. Anders Celsius introduced the Celsius scale in 1741, while Daniel Gabriel
Fahrenheit introduced the Fahrenheit scale in 1724. Both scales used the freezing and
boiling points of water as reference points. On the Celsius scale, the freezing point of
water is 0ºC, while its boiling point is 100ºC under a pressure of 1 atm, having 100
intervals between two reference points. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of
water is 32ºF, while its boiling point is 212ºF, having 180 intervals between two
reference points. The difference between these two reference points is divided equally
into intervals called degrees (º).
William Thompson, also known as Lord Kelvin, introduced the third temperature scale,
which is called kelvin. This scale is based on absolute zero corresponding to 0 kelvin. It
is the lowest possible temperature, and it is when the molecules of the substance have
the lowest energy. Kelvin scale cannot have negative temperatures. On the kelvin scale,
the freezing point of water is 273K, while its boiling point is 373K. The temperature
difference is 100 kelvin. The difference in temperature between two reference points in
the Celsius scale is also 100 Cº. So, when comparing kelvin and Celsius scales in terms
of change or difference in temperature, 1K is equivalent to 1Cº.
The symbols ºC, ºF, and K are used to report temperatures of objects while Cº, Fº, and
K are used for temperature difference or change in temperature. For example, the
freezing point of water in the three scales is 0ºC, 32ºF, and 273K, and its boiling point is
100ºC, 212ºF, and 373K, respectively. Hence, the temperature of the water from freezing
to its boiling increased by 100Cº, 180Fº, and 100 K. Thus, 100Cº is equal to 180Fº and
also equal to 100 K.
The relation between temperature in Celsius scale (TC), temperature in Fahrenheit scale
( ), and temperature in Kelvin ( ) are as follows: Example: What is the normal human
body temperature (37ºC) in the Fahrenheit scale? In the kelvin scale?
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 37ºC to ºF 37ºC to K
𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇𝐶 + 273.15
𝑇𝐾 = 37 + 273.15
𝑻𝑲 = 𝟑𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 ≈ 𝟑𝟏𝟎

𝑇𝐹 = 66.6 + 32
𝑻𝑭 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟔 ≈ 𝟗𝟗

Phase Change: When the temperature of substances changes, its molecular structure
and movement also change, which results to phase change. Fusion or melting is the
process that causes a solid to change to its liquid state. The amount of heat required to
produce this change is called heat of fusion. When liquids release heat, the water
molecules begin to move at a slower pace. The space between the molecules become
compact. The process of changing liquids to solids is called solidification or freezing.
When water boils, evaporation takes place. Heat is absorbed, and water is converted into
steam or water vapor. The amount of heat needed for a liquid to evaporate depends on
the boiling point of the liquid. When water vapor releases heat, its gas state changes to
the liquid state through condensation, which accounts for the formation of clouds in the
water cycle.

In addition, sublimation is the process of transforming a substance from the solid phase
directly to the gas state without passing the liquid phase and requires additional energy.
On the other hand, deposition is the process of transforming a substance from gas to
solid without passing the liquid phase and requires a release of energy. During any of
these
phase changes, energy is either given off or taken in. When a substance changes phase,
the temperature does not change, and only the amount of energy changes.
Thermal Expansion: Have you experienced when a metal lid cover of a bottle or glass
container gets stuck? What do you usually do? Yes! You heat it or you pour hot water
over the metal lid to open the bottle or glass container. The hot water or high
temperature causes the metal lid cover to expand. What do you usually do when
drinking glasses stick to each other? The safe way of separating them is by pouring cold
water in the inner glass and dip the outer glass in hot water. Why? This is because
substances expand when heated and contract when cooled, making it easier for the two
glasses to be pulled apart. The amount of expansion and contraction depends on the
kind of material, and cannot be seen by the naked eye.

When temperature changes, thermal expansion in solids happens, causing a change in

their length, width, height, area, and volume. Molecules or atoms of materials vibrate
constantly. Heating these materials causes the particles to vibrate faster, fill in more

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spaces, and move to empty spaces resulting in the materials to expand or increase in
size. On the other hand, when the temperature is reduced, the particles vibrate slower
and move closer to each other. Generally, materials expand when the temperature is
increased, or contract when the temperature is reduced. This is what happens to the
mercury inside the glass tube of thermometers. The mercury expands at a different rate
than the tube; thus, as the temperature increases, it rises and drops when temperature
decreases.

Thermal expansion also happens in liquids and gases. Molecules of fluids vibrate faster,
tend to move farther away from each other, and attract weakly to each other when
heated. When cooled, the molecules vibrate slower and move closer to each other. When
the temperature is increased, fluids expand. On the other hand, when the temperature
is reduced, the fluids contract. The increase or decrease in the temperature causes the
volume of the fluids to change. This concept of expansion and contraction in fluids is not
applicable to water. It behaves differently from other liquids. Whether increased or
reduced from 4ºC, water expands. This is why water is densest at 4ºC.

The mass of the material is constant when it expands. Its volume increases, and it
becomes less dense. When cooled, the mass also remains constant, but the volume of
the material reduces, and it becomes more dense.

Activity 7. Internal Energy Vs Temperature

Direction: Given the set-up below, answer the questions that follow. Write your answers
on the space provided.

Glass A Glass B

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1. In which glass does the water molecules move faster?

2. Which glass of water has higher amount of internal energy? Why?

3. How is internal energy related to temperature?

4. If 100 calories of heat energy is added to both glasses:

a. In which glass does the water molecules move faster?

b. Which glass of water has higher amount of internal energy? Why?

Assessment
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on the space provided before
the number.

C 1.Which has the least energy among the colors of a rainbow?

A. green C. red

B. orange D. violet

_____2. Which of the following can separate white light into seven colors?

C. box C. paper

D. cellphone D. prism

_____3. What refers to the bending of light as it passes from one medium into another?

A. frequency C. refraction

B. reflection D. wavelength

______4.The decrease in temperature of a substance indicates that _______.

A. the number of particles in it decreases

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 B. the average velocity of its particles increases

C. the average potential energy of particles decreases

D. the average kinetic energy of its particles decreases

______5. Which of the following happens when ice changes into a liquid at 0ºC?

A. The molecules move slower than before.

B. The temperature of the substance increases.

C. The potential energy of the molecules increases.

D. The average movement of the molecules increases.

Self-Assessment
What I did?

What I learned?

What I Earned?

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MBHTE – Maguindanao II Division, ARMM Regional Science High School