International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 118 (2020) 104876

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International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ichmt

Experimental study on a functional microencapsulated phase change T

material for thermal management
Changhui Liu, Peixing Du, Bin Fang, Ziyan Li, Bohao Chen, Zhonghao Rao
⁎

School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Phase change materials play a vital role in the field of thermal management field, in particular for the micro-
Thermal management encapsulated protocols owing to its large specific area, enhanced thermal stability and controlled volume var-
Phase change materials iation. However, its sophisticated preparation process associated with complex chemical or physical events still
Microcapsules heavily hinders the advance application. Herein, microencapsulation of phase change materials through an facile
Polymerization
in-situ copolymerization of N-(tert-butyl)acrylamide, divinylbenzene and para-quaternary ammonium functio-
Solid-liquid phase change
nalized styrene has been studied. The ratio of core/shell, oil/water ratio and the different monomers were
investigated towards the encapsulation efficiency and morphology of the as prepared microcapsules. Chemical
composition, morphology of the microcapsules were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray
diffraction instrument, thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron
microscopy. Thermo-physical characteristics, such as leakage-proof performance, latent heat capacity and phase
change temperature were also studied. This study, for the first time, using a quaternary ammonium functio-
nalized styrene based amphipathic monomer, which was designed to be able to stay at the interface of oil and
water, as one of the shell materials with the purpose of attaining a high encapsulation rate. As a result, the
encapsulation efficiency of our protocol can achieve to 84.50% without observation of any PCMs leakage.
Additionally, it was noteworthy that this study offers a facile way to construct PCMs microcapsule, which only
needs a simple and rough mixing and filtration, thanks to the self-assembly characteristic of this amphipathic
monomer.

1. Introduction Shape-stabilization strategy, which was able to convert a solid-li-

Thermal management and thermal energy storage are recognized as
the most important energy technologies and have received increasing
attention since the continuous urgent for the development of renewable
energy and addressing the mismatch between energy supply and de-
mand [1–3]. Latent thermal energy storage technologies based on phase
change materials (PCMs), which are able to absorb or release a large
amount of thermal energy during the phase change course, act key roles
that have very board application scopes upon phase change tempera-
ture [4–8]. PCMs can be generally divided into four types in terms of
phase change states, namely, liquid-gas, liquid-solid, solid-solid and
gas-solid [9–11]. Among them, liquid-solid PCMs have obvious super-
iority thanks to its easy-accessibility, small volume change during the
phase change process and large latent heat density [12,13]. While, the
leakage problem occurring during the working process will inevitably
give rise to corrosion or repeatability failure still heavily hinders their
practical utilization.
quid process to a pseudo solid-solid process, was a common strategy to
prevent the leakage problems [14–17]. So far, as the rapid advance in
chemical and materials science, numerous methods have emerged to
fulfill the task of PCMs shape-stabilization [18–21]. Generally, they can
be classified into the following four categories: (1) Holding the liquid
state PCMs with a large specific area supporting material with the
purpose of full absorption of PCMs and thus avoiding the liquid leakage
[22–25]. (2) Grafting the PCMs onto a skeleton of high molecular
weight polymer via a covalently bonding to attain the PCMs shape-
stabilization [26,27]. (3) Blending the PCMs with specific polymer and
then spin to a textile through an electrospinning technique [28–30]. (4)
Shape-stabilization of PCMs via encapsulation protocol where generally
macro or micro capsules are formed [31,32]. Despite many efforts have
been made to optimize the supporting efficiency, some intrinsic draw-
backs still existed due to the preparation method itself. In particular,
the preparation of micro/macro micro encapsulated phase change
materials (MEPCM) always falls into failure or because of its

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: raozhonghao@cumt.edu.cn (Z. Rao).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2020.104876

0735-1933/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

C. Liu, et al. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 118 (2020) 104876

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustration of in-situ polymerization based MEPCM, (b) digital photo of each reaction mixture at different reaction time and the final product.

Table 1
Optimization of PCMs capsule preparation parameters.a,b

Sample B (g) Paraffin (g) X Encapsulation efficiency (%)

S1 0.211 1.6 0.5 0.63

S2 0.211 2.4 0.5 16.55
S3 0.211 3.2 0.5 12.41
S4 0.211 4.0 0.5 22.29
S5 0.211 4.8 0.5 84.50
S6 0.211 5.6 0.5 60.82
S7 0.105 4.8 0.5 58.67
S8 0.317 4.8 0.5 58.67
S9 0.422 4.8 0.5 84.74
S10 0.211 4.8 0 NO
S11 0.211 4.8 0.25 37.56
S12 0.211 4.8 0.75 68.25

a
: Unless otherwise noted, A: 1.524 g, C: 0.312 g, H2O: 16 mL, PVA: 96 mg, AIBN: 96 mg, reaction temperature: 80 °C, reaction time: 10 h.
b
NO = not obtained.

sophisticated preparation method since it associates with many che-
mical and interface issues. For example, the amount of starting mate-
rials, stirring speed and mass ratio of core/shell all impact the final
morphology and encapsulation of capsules, more importantly, it gen-
erally difficult to predict the tendency and the role upon the prepara-
tion method [33]. Therefore, a facile method for the PCMs shape-sta-
bilization, in particular for the macro or micro capsules protocol, is still
highly in demand.
Despite the tedious preparation procedure, the study upon the
preparation of MEPCM, heat transfer and flow characteristics is a hot
research topic that has been paid ample attention [34–36]. More
importantly, it can be used in the preparation of latent heat functionally
fluid (LHFT), which has been considered as one of the most advanced
fluids that bearing superior heat transfer performance [37,38]. More-
over, MEPCM have been proven to be feasible towards the widely found
thermal energy storage as well as various thermal management appli-
cations owing to its large specific area, enhanced thermal stability,
controlled volume variation and protection against degradation during
the heat uptake/release process, neat encapsulation feature and well-
designed morphology. At present, the preparation of MEPCM mainly
relies on the interface sol-gel method in which a surfactant aided micro-
interface effect is the key to the success of the formation of micro-

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C. Liu, et al. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 118 (2020) 104876

Table 2 the lab and its detail according to a literature reported elsewhere [44].
Details of DSC curves of paraffin and each PCMs capsule. Unless otherwise noted, all reagents were obtained from commercial
Melting process Freezing process suppliers and used without further purification.
FT-IR spectra were recorded using a Bruker VERTEX 70 FT-IR as KBr
Sample Onset(°C) Peak(°C) ΔHm(J/g) Onset(°C) Peak(°C) ΔHm(°C) discs. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TG) was carried out on a TA SDT
Q600 instrument under a nitrogen atmosphere by heating from room
Paraffin 57.84 63.66 198.80 56.20 50.73 185.75
S1 59.33 60.65 0.55 56.21 55.03 0.45 temperature to 600 °C at a rate of 10 °C min−1. Differential scanning
S2 59.80 61.71 17.76 56.78 54.19 12.14 calorimetry (DSC) was performed in a TA Q200 at a heating (or cooling)
S3 60.01 61.65 15.05 57.53 56.14 14.46 rate of 5 °C min−1 under a nitrogen atmosphere. All the samples were
S4 60.00 62.44 29.31 57.46 55.88 27.03 heated to 85 °C, then cooled to 20 °C and equilibrated for 10 min. X-ray
S5 59.98 64.11 117.76 57.86 54.07 116.38
diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a diffractometer (Smartlab,
S6 59.57 62.86 88.54 57.67 55.72 84.99
S7 59.96 63.25 83.05 57.30 55.40 79.88 Rigaku) with Ni-filtered CuK α radiation (k = 0.154 nm) at a tube
S8 59.96 62.98 80.52 57.19 55.12 76.60 current of 30 mA and a generator voltage of 40 kV. Scanning was
S9 59.83 63.02 114.57 57.21 55.22 110.91 performed at a speed of 8°min−1, from 0 to 80° of 2θ. Scanning electron
S10 59.70 65.09 139.00 57.28 51.82 138.17
microscopy (SEM) images were recorded using a MAIA3 TESCAN field-
S11 59.33 61.87 52.35 57.04 54.77 51.37
S12 60.25 65.01 95.12 57.30 53.27 93.48
emission scanning electron microscope operating at 5 kV. Transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) were recorded using a FEI Tecnai G2 F20.

environment and the final capsules [39,40]. Therefore, the emulsion of
an oil/water biphasic system and the down-stream in-situ shell forma-
tion is crucial for its holding rate and efficiency [41]. Consequently, the
shell and core materials should exhibit distinct characteristics to the
surrounding solvent system, and the precursors of shell materials are
recommended to stay at the interface of core and solvent. Traditional
process for microencapsulated PCMs in in-situ polymerization method
usually involves preparation of pre-polymer, emulsion, shell formation
steps and pH adjusting, which suffer from the tedious preparation
procedure and sophisticated condition control, and seems a little la-
borious, time consuming and low encapsulation efficiency. For ex-
ample, Alay et al. [34] used poly(methylmethacrylate-co-glycidyl me-
thacrylate) to encapsulate n-hexadecane through an in-situ
polymerization method, in which the encapsulation efficiency was
62.46%. Besides, polycarbonate [35], poly(methyl methacrylate) [36],
and melamine urea formaldehyde [37] were also reported to be capable
of using as shell materials and their encapsulation efficiency was
62.46%, 52.00%, 60.70%, 59.80%, respectively.
Generally speaking, for the polymerization involved MEPCM pre-
paration methods, a surfactant was generally required for the formation
of well dispersed oil droplets and ensures the downstream PCMs en-
capsulation, shell formation process, which thus delivered the good
morphological capsules [42,43]. Out of this consideration, we envi-
sioned that an amphipathic monomer that could uneventfully exist at
the interface of core and surrounding solvent system would not only be
beneficial to the highly efficient PCMs encapsulation, but also led to the
elimination of the addition of extra surfactant, which would rationally
decline the complexity of the preparation process. In this work, to the
best of our knowledge, amphipathic quaternary ammonium functio-
nalized monomers, which could stably exist at the interface of the oil/
water interface, were firstly adopted as the core materials to prepare an
organic phase change material cored MEPCM. It is worth noting that
this preparation method was quite simple that the pre-emulsion and pH
adjusting steps are not necessary, more importantly, the encapsulation
efficiency can attain to 84.50% with a promising sphere morphology
and a thermal stability.
2. Experimental section
Paraffin (the melting temperature is 60 °C) was purchased from
Joule wax Co. Ltd. Shanghai, China. Toluene was purchased from
National Medicines Corporation Ltd. China. N-tert-butylacrylamide
(monomer A) and divinylbenzene (monomer C) were obtained from
Tokyo Chemical industry Co., Ltd. (TCI), Japan. Azodiisobutyronitrile
(AIBN), polyvinyl alcohol (n = 1788), methanol, petroleum ether and
Al2O3 powder were purchased from Titan Scientific Co. Ltd. Shanghai,
China. The quaternary ammonium salt (monomer B) was synthesized in
2.1. Preparation of MEPCM
The reaction was carried out in a 100 mL round bottom flask.
Paraffin (4.8 g), monomer A (1.524 g), AIBN (96 mg) and monomer B
(211.5 mg) were put into flask in turn and dissolved in toluene (8 mL)
and then added 0.6 wt% PVA aqueous solution (16 mL) into flask and
finally dropped divinylbenzene (312 mg) after removing the stabilizer
by filtering through asbestos and Al2O3 powder. The mixture was al-
lowed to stir for 10 h at a rate of 600 r/min and in the 80 °C oil bath
under a nitrogen atmosphere. After reaction, the material was collected
by filtration and centrifugation using methanol for 3 times and petro-
leum ether for 2 times to remove the extra paraffin and dry in a vacuum
oven at 60 °C for 24 h to a constant weight. The sample S5 (3.0 g) was
thus obtained as a white powder.
2.2. Calculation paraffin encapsulation efficiency
In this paper, the encapsulation efficiency of paraffin in MEPCM can
be calculated from the following equation according to a literature
reported elsewhere [38]:
Encapsulation efficiency (%) =
Hcapsule
× 100%.
para / monomer
Hpara
para / monomer + 1
where para/monomer is the mass ratio of paraffin and monomer,
∆Hpara and ∆Hcapsule are the latent heat of paraffin and microcapsules,
respectively.
Uncertainty analysis is taken into account. Due to the uncertainty of
the data acquisition device and thermocouples, the temperature mea-
surement error range for each measuring point is ± 0.5 °C. The thermal
conductivity analyzer has an accuracy of ± 3% at a working tempera-
ture from −200 to 150 °C. DSC has an accuracy of ± 0.01 °C and ±
0.1% with respect to temperature and enthalpy respectively at a
working temperature from −180 to 725 °C.
3. Results and discussion
Initially, the MEPCM were prepared through a one-pot reaction
starting from monomer A, B and C in the presence of paraffin wax with
the aid of radical initiator azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Compared to
the conventional MEPCM preparation procedure, this method was quite
simple that it was mainly constituted by the magnetic stirring and fil-
tration process without any pretreatment and extra emulsion steps.
(Fig. 1a). As it is shown in Fig. 1b, the starting mixture was able to be
blended evenly owing to the good solubility for the participated starting
materials. Some fine particles was gradually generated after a magnetic
stirring at an 80 °C. The final product will be precipitated completely
from the reaction system after the completion of this water/oil medi-
ated polymerization reaction, and it can be facilely collected by filtra-
tion, wash and dry.

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C. Liu, et al.
Fig. 2. SEM images of the MEPCM obtained under different reaction conditions.
In order to gain a PCMs capsule with good performance in terms of
encapsulation efficiency, some preparation parameters were subjected
to optimization. To facilitate the optimization process, at the beginning,
the quantity of the amide functional group containing monomer A was
fixed at 1.524 g, and the variant was firstly chosen to be the ratio of
core and shell. As it is shown in Table 1, the encapsulation efficiency
gradually rises by the increment of the amount of paraffin wax, but
there is also a limitation since it shows a decreasing trend when 5.6 g of
paraffin wax was used. Based on these results, we can get a conclusion
that the presence of paraffin does not interrupt on the occurrence of the
in-situ biphasic polymerization in a certain range, and the encapsulation
efficiency can attain to maximum to 84.50% under a condition of
1.524 g monomer A, 0.211 g monomer B, 0.312 g monomer C, in a
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International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 118 (2020) 104876
toluene: H2O = 0.5: 1 biphasic solvent system. After knowing the im-
pact of core/shell ratio, the effect of monomer B on encapsulation ef-
ficiency was then considered. Monomer B plays a key role to adjust the
compatibility of the final shell polymer as it bearing a quaternary specie
on its skeleton, hence, its quantity will inevitably give rise to perfor-
mance of the final MEPCM. As it is displayed in Table 1, the en-
capsulation efficiency drastically drops to 58.67% when halved the
dose of monomer B. To our surprised, the encapsulation efficiency
shows a decreasing trend when a rising dose of monomer B, and it is
increased to 84.74% when a double dose of monomer B was used.
Considering the complexity of this whole polymerization process which
associates with interfacial and polymerized chemistry, this irregular
phenomenon is also in a reasonable range. Moreover, the solvent
C. Liu, et al.
Fig. 3. (a) TGA curves of each monomer and polymer, (b) TGA curves of par-
affin and the MEPCM.
system was investigated (S10–12), it is found that neither too much nor
less amount of toluene could afford a good encapsulation efficiency,
furthermore, the MEPCM cannot be obtained if the reaction proceeded
in a completely aqueous solution, which further evidenced the sig-
nificance of toluene counterpart. (See Table 2.)
After getting the optimized MEPCM preparation condition in terms
of encapsulation efficiency, morphology and chemical composition of
this MEPCM were submitted to analysis. Firstly, SEM images of capsules
samples with respect to varies preparation conditions were shown in
Fig. 2, almost no spherical structure can be found in the case of S1 that
demonstrates the failure of encapsulation of paraffin, the amorphous
structure of sample can be assigned to the polymer. The sphere gra-
dually appeared in S2 with a small diameter, but it distributes unevenly
from the SEM image and some of them are not completely sphere-
shaped in appearance and displays a cluster structure. The cluster type
structure can be also observed in S3 and S4, on the other hand, the
external surface of S3 exhibits a rough characteristic that demonstrates
the unsatisfactory encapsulation efficiency. While, the morphology of
MEPCM turns to be a good sphere in the case of S5, and the cluster of
each capsule decreases drastically, which shows a good accordance
with the encapsulation efficiency calculated from the latent heat. In
addition, we can find that diameter of the MEPCM S5 mainly lies in the
range of 2–3 μm and distributes uniformly without broken particles.
According to SEM images, S6-S9 also displays a relatively good sphe-
rical shape, it is evidenced that our amphipathic monomer participated
in-situ polymerization protocol features a good toleration regarding the
preparation condition. Furthermore, no obvious spherical capsule can
be observed from the SEM image of S10, which demonstrates the failure
of the PCMs encapsulation and the importance of the organic phase in
this reaction system. Furthermore, S11 and S12, which were prepared
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International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 118 (2020) 104876
Fig. 4. (a) FTIR spectra of each monomer and polymer, (b) FTIR spectra of
paraffin and the MEPCM.
using a different dose of toluene, shows a good spherical shape and
smooth external surface also proves the necessity of toluene in this
system. In the meantime, water acts a key role in the formation of
capsule since the premise of capsule formation, oil/water interface
would not be formed in the absence of a water phase.
Besides the morphology study regarding the MEPCM, chemical
composition was also subjected to investigation. To verify the success of
polymerization among the monomers, TGA analysis with respect to
each monomer and polymer was firstly tested. As it is shown in Fig. 3a,
the plot of monomer A exhibits a marked weight loss at 150–200 °C due
to the structure decomposition. There are two significant weight loss in
the case of monomer B that appeared in 200–250 °C and 350–450 °C
respectively. This is probably attributed to the degradation of qua-
ternary ammonium species at a relatively lower temperature range and
latter weight loss can be explained by the main structure decomposi-
tion. Compared with each monomer, polymer shows a good thermal
stability that the main weigh loss occurs at a temperature range from
350 to 450 °C and no significant weight loss can be found at the
C. Liu, et al. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 118 (2020) 104876

Fig. 5. XRD curves of monomer, paraffin, polymer and MEPCM.

sensitive temperature of quaternary ammonium species, which in-

dicates the stability improvement after polymerization. TGA curves of
paraffin and the MEPCM were plotted in Fig. 3b, paraffin shows a
weight loss between 300 and 350 °C due to the evaporation at a high
temperature. MEPCM display a two-step degradation (weight loss)
process, where the weight loss recorded between 300 and 350 °C comes
from the evaporation of paraffin, the other weight loss at around
350–400 °C is related to the copolymer shell decomposition. On the
other hand, S1 and S10, which bearing a poor encapsulation efficiency,
shows a slight weight loss between 300 and 350 °C due to the small
mass fraction of paraffin in them.
The FTIR spectra of monomer A and polymer in Fig. 4a show an
absorption band at 1664 cm−1 which can be assigned to the amide
carbonyl group of A and the copolymer shell. The peak at 1479 cm−1 is
attributed to the NeH bending vibration of quaternary species in Fig. 6. thermophysical property of MEPCM. (a) DSC curves of paraffin and each
monomer B, this response can be also seen in the copolymer. The ab- PCMs capsule, (b) leakage test of MEPCM under infrared camera, (c) melting-
freezing cycling curves of S5.
sorption band at 725 cm−1 can be assigned to the benzene ring and
vinyl deformation vibration and of monomer A, B and copolymer. FTIR
spectra of paraffin was displayed in Fig. 4b, the peaks at around structure and the representative diffraction peaks at 13.3o, 14.5o, 15.1o,
2920 cm−1 and 2850 cm−1 are assigned to the –CH2 asymmetrical 19.5o, 22.8o, 27.2o (2θ) at a 25 °C testing temperature. While, no ob-
stretching vibration and –CH2 symmetrical stretching vibration, re- vious crystalline structure of the polymer is observed indicates that all
spectively. The peaks at 1467 cm−1 and 723 cm−1 represent the of monomers are participated in the polymerization. Diffraction peaks
rocking vibration of –CH2 group. From FTIR spectra of MEPCM, it is located at 13.7o, 21.2o and 23.8o (2θ) belong to paraffin which shows a
obvious that the peaks of paraffin are overlapped with that of copo- good agreement with the already reported results. The XRD pattern of
lymer shell, which indicates the successfully encapsulation of paraffin the MEPCM is similar to that of pure paraffin partially owing to the
into copolymer shell. Moreover, no extra peak can be observed except amorphous structure of the polymer shell. Therefore, it is suggested that
the response from paraffin and the polymer reveals that no chemical paraffin is successfully encapsulated into the polymer in the capsules.
interaction or transformation occurs between the core and shell mate- On the other hand, no extra peak can be seen from the capsules spectra
rials. which further excludes the possibility of the occurrence of other side-
It can be seen in Fig. 5, monomer A shows a fine crystalline reactions between paraffin and the monomer during the in-situ

6
C. Liu, et al.
encapsulation process.
After understanding the structure and chemical composition of the
obtained MEPCM, some thermo-physical properties were submitted to
analysis. As shown in Fig. 6a, the DSC curves of the prepared MEPCM
and paraffin were plotted. By taking into account the DSC curves, it is
clearly noted that all of the MEPCM display a stable phase change be-
haviors with respect to both phase change temperature and latent heat
capacity. In the case of pure paraffin, it has two distinct phase change
peaks, according to a literature, the first peak represents a solid-solid
phase change and the latter peak stands for a solid-liquid phase change
[45]. To our surprised, the solid-solid phase change peak weakens
significantly in the MEPCM, and this phenomenon can be presumably
explained by the effect of organic molecules of paraffin near the
polymer owing to the strong absorption affinity between polymer shell
and paraffin. The latent heat of S5 and S9 is higher than 110 J/g, which
demonstrates an obvious superiority of our in-situ PCMs encapsulation
protocol over the already reported literature results. Moreover, the
leakage-proof performance of the obtained MEPCM was also tested by
using a thermal sensitive infrared camera, as shown in Fig. 6b, the pure
paraffin starts to melt with an obvious leakage on the qualitative filter
paper after being heated at 80 °C for 5 min, while all of the MEPCM
keeps almost unchanged during this time interval. After being heated
for 60 min, paraffin completely melts into liquid and spreads out the
filter paper. S10 and S12 also exhibit an evident leakage after the same
heating time. For the sample S10, it is further verified the failure of the
encapsulation in the absence of organic solvent, the paraffin was mainly
coated on the surface or located in the pore of the polymer without safe
encapsulation. But for the S12, the rupture of the shell might be re-
sponsible for the leakage of paraffin at a high temperature. Moreover,
the MEPCM show a very promising melting-freezing recyclability that
both phase change temperature and latent heat capacity of S5 can be
kept almost unchanged after 500 melting-freezing cycles.
4. Conclusion
A facile quaternary ammonium containing monomer participated,
self-assembly aided PCMs encapsulated methodology was firstly de-
veloped in this work. Preparation conditions, including, core/shell
ratio, oil/water ratio, the dose of each monomer were screened to un-
derstand the influence on the morphology and thermal performance of
the final MEPCM. The highest encapsulation efficiency of PCMs can
achieve to 84.50% without observation of any leakage phenomenon.
Given the simple and accessible preparation process, promising thermo-
physical properties, this MEPCM synthesis method holds a great po-
tential for the practical application. Moreover, owing to the presence of
quaternary specie on the skeleton of shell material, it is expected to
possess a good affinity to both water and organic solvent system, and
the downstream application research in the preparation of LHFT fluid
will be reported in due course.
Credit Author Statement
Changhui Liu: Conceptualization, Methodology. Ding Gao: Data
curation, Writing- Original draft preparation. Yuanhui Xie and
Xiancong Shi: Visualization, Investigation. Zhonghao Rao: Supervision.
Changhui Liu: Writing- Reviewing and Editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.
7
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 118 (2020) 104876
Acknowledgements
Thanks for financial support from the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (No. 51906252) and the Natural Science
Foundation of Jiangsu Province (NO. BK20190632), China Postdoctoral
Science Foundation (2019M661980).
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