NAME:KUNAL SUNIL MAHADIK

STANDARD: 12TH SCIENCE

ROLL NO: 12
GUIDED BY:M/S RADHIKA KORANE
 INDEX
SR. NO TOPICS

1 DECLARATION

2 ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

3 AIM OF THE PROJECT

4 WHAT IS DIALYSIS AND HOW IS IT

DONE?
5 ADDITIONAL INDICATION

6 MAIN CAUSE OF DIALYSIS

7 THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
AND
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA
8 ARTRIVENOUS GRAFT
AND
CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER
9 HEMODIALYSIS

10 MECHANISM OF TRANSPORT
AND
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
11 PD TRANSPORT
CERTIFICATE
 DECLARATION

I, KUNAL SUNIL MAHADIK

THE HONOURABLE STUDENT OF
V.S.G INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,
NAVSARI,
DECLARED THAT THE FOLLOWING
CASE STUDY
“DIALYSIS”
HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED UNDER
THE GUIDENCE OF OUR BIOLOGY
M/S RADHIKA KORANE

TEACHERS SIGNATURE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I EXPRESS MY DEEP SENSE OF GRATITUDE

TO ALL THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN INSTRUMEN-
TAL IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS PROJECT.

I ACKNOWLEDGE THE KIND OF SUPPORT,

EFFORTS AND TIMELY GUIDANCE PROVIDED
BY “MRS. RADHIKA KORANE.” THIS PROJECT
REPORTS HELPS IN BETTER
UNDERSTANDING OF THE SUBJECT MATTER.

I AM THANKFULTO “Dr. SANTOSH NISHAD”

PRINCIPAL OF VSG INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,
FOR HIS CONSTANT SUPPORT AND
ENCOURAGEMENT.

KUNAL S. MAHADIK
(12TH SCIENCE)
 DIALYSIS

WHAT IS DIALYSIS AND HOW IT IS DONE?

 ONE NEEDLE WILL SLOWLY REMOVE

BLOOD AND TRANSFER IT TO A MACHINE
CALLED DIALYSER OR DIALYSIS MACHINE.

 THE DIALYSIS MACHINE IS MADE UP OF A

SERIES OF MEMBRANES THAT ACT AS
FILTERS AND A SPECIAL LIQUID CALLED
DIALYSATE.

 THE MEMBRANES FILTER WASTE PRODUCT

FROM YOUR BLOOD, WHICH ARE PASSSED
INTO THE DIALYSATE FLUID.
ADDITIONAL INDICATIONS

 SYMPTOMS
 PERICARDITIS
 UNCONTROLLABLE FLUID OVERLOAD
 PULMONARY EDEMA
 COMA
 UNCONTROLLABLE AND REPEATED
HYPERKLAMIA
 LETHARGY

 LESS SEVERE SYMPTOMS

 AZOTEMIA
 NAUSEA
 VOMITING
 MAIN GOALS OF DIALYSIS

1. REMOVE
1. FLUID
2. WASTE PRODUCT
3. UREA
4. CREATININE
5. POTASSIUM
6. PHOSPHORUS
7. SODIUM

2. MAINATAIN
1. FLUID
2. ELECTROLYTE
3. ACID-BASE BALANCE
 THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
 HEMODIALYSIS
1. IN CENTER DIALYSIS
2. HOME HEMODIALYSIS
3. IN CENTER NOCTURNAL
DIALYSIS.
 PERIONEAL DIALYSIS
1. CONTINOUS AMBULATORY
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
2. CONTINOUS CYCLING
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS.
ARTERtriovenous
fistula

RADIAL ARTERY TO
CEPHELIC VEIN.
 4-6 WEEKS TO BEC-
OME FULLY FUNC
 SUBCLAVIAN ROUT
CAN BE USED
TEMPEROROLY .
 ARTRIOVENOUS
GRAFT
 USED WEN VEINS
ARE NOT ADETE
 POLYTETRAFLURO
ETYLENE[TEFLON}
TUBE.
 NEEDLES PLACED
IN GRAFT.

CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER

hemodialysis
 Mecanisem of transport
TIONDIFFUSION
ULTRAFILTRATION ( CONVECTION )
 HYDROSTATIC ULTRAFILTRATION
 TRANSMEMBRANE PRESSURE (BLOOD-
DIALYSATE)
 ULTRAFILTRATION COEFFICIENT (KUF):
WATER PERMIABILITY.
 OSMOSIS.

PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
Dialysis machine
Dialysis cost and maintenance

 The average cost of dialysis in India is

INR Rs. 2,356.
 The maximum charge for dialysis in India
Is up to INR Rs. 5,000.
 Different cities and states are there own
Charges as per their facility,

1. Delhi : Rs. 788 to 5000

2. Mumbai : Rs. 825 to 5,500
3. Chennai : Rs. 713 to 4,750
4. Bangalore : Rs. 750 to 5,250
5. Gujarat : Rs. 1100 to 5000
 PD TRANSPORT
 DIFFUSION
1.UREMIC SOLUTE AND POTASSIUM
2.PERITONEAL CAPILARRY- DIALYSIS
SOLUTION
3.GLUCOSE,LACTATE AND CALCIUM
4.DIALYSIS SOLUTION – PERITONEAL
CAPILARRY
 ULTRAFICATION
1. WATER AND ASSOCIATED SOLUTES.
2. PERITONEAL – DIALYSIS SOLUTION.

 ABSORBTION
1. WATER AND SOLUTE.
2. PERITONEAL CAVITY – LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM.
  How many times a week is dialysis
done

 The hemodialysis is traditionally done thrice a

week world over and since.
 dialysis does not have any effect on the
kidney function and the need for cleaning
remains same or gets more,
 the quantum of dialysis has to be adequate.
 To cross a river you cant make half a jump.
 It is either not done or done adequately.

 Can dialysis be stopped at any

time?

 The simple answer is that it can be

stopped if dialysis was done for acute
kidney failure and the kidneys have
recovered.
 If, on the other hand, dialysis was started
for chronic kidney failure,
 then it needs to be continued lifelong or till
a kidney transplant is performed.
  Importance of Dialysis

 It is used for two reasons (i) for introducing

new molecules in a sample solution or (ii) to
remove small molecules from a sample
solution because it flows smoothly in any
direction of the membrane. These two reasons
make dialysis an extremely important chemical
procedure for various applications and
scientists prefer this procedure as well.

 It is also one of the chemical procedures to

change the size and matrix of molecules in
particular samples with the help of
differentiating the sizes of molecules present
inside the solution. During the process of
dialysis, equilibrium is obtained in between the
solution and celluloid as only small molecules
can pass through the membrane or dialysis
tube. Dialysis chemical separation is also used
in the procedure of eliminating salt.

 Osmosis helps in the smooth functioning of

dialysis as the fluid moves from high to low
 water concentration which makes it easy to
pass through the semipermeable membrane
or the dialysis tube.

 Ultrafiltration also helps in dialysis as it easily

removes the excess fluid and small molecules
in the sample solution which makes the
procedure of dialysis extremely easy and fast
to perform.
 Uses of Dialysis Chemical Separation

 The Application of This Chemical

Separation are as Follows:
1. Desalting of soy sauces.
2. The dealcoholization of beer
3. Alkali waste
4. Aqueous solutions
5. Acid
6. Caustic soda solution
7. De-acidification of fruits and vegetables
8. Food industry for desalination
9. Amino acids.
10. Neutral and basic element groups.
History of Dialysis

 The chemical procedure of dialysis was

discovered and introduced by a Scottish
chemist namely Thomas Graham in the
year 1868.

 Graham used this technique in the

separation of small molecules and large
molecules in an aqueous solution. The
name that he has given to those diffusible
substances as crystalloids and those that
would get stuck in the membrane or
dialysis tube is called colloids. This
process of separation is also called
Graham’s Law in chemistry.

 This chemical separation is an extremely

rapid and spontaneous process of
separating with the help of the
semipermeable membrane, and the most
types of membranes used in the process
of dialysis are cellulose and synthetic
polymer.