AEE. TOP BELLIS Conjunctions We can use conjunctions to: © add information and ideas (and, both... and, not only. .. (but) also) Example: Today, communication is not only quicker but also cheaper. © contrast ideas (but, although, though, whereas, even though, even if) Example: Even though | use social media a lot, | sometimes write letters by hand. © describe reasons and results (because, since, as, so) Examples: Zuckerberg left university because he wanted to work on Facebook, Ihave joined Facebook, $0 it's easier to stay in touch with my friends. © talk about choices and alterna Examples: You can either use a computer or a smartphone. lam not sure whether he sent a letter or an email (or, either .. . or, neither. .. nor, whether . . .or (not)). Using conjunctions [Remember ©) Fill the gaps in the following sentences with the correct | Wecanalso use word from the brackets. conjunctions to talkabout: 1, I don’t use social media very often, ____I enjoy using * time and the order of Facebook. (although/since) events (before, after, 2. Mark Zuckerberg is _____very famous, but also very unt when; 2s 500m a); rich. (not only/both) Example: Before he went 3. Mark gives a lot of money to education projects Ia sna viel he wants to help others. (so/because) Gopped ails of University 4, My friend isn’t sure _____to join Facebook or not. purpose (so, so that, so as, in order that). (cither/whether) Example: They gave away © Fill the gaps in the following sentences with suitable sone ch thelr ues en: conjunctions. More than one answer may be possible. shenodhars could bertlic 1, The creation of Facebook was important it meant people could communicate in an entirely new way. 2. In the past you could share information ina letter _____ over the telephone. 3. _____social media was invented, news often travelled more slowly. @ Write three sentences of your own using the conjunctions in the box. whereas eventhough as soon asReno e on Modal verbs We often use modal verbs to say how certain, likely or possible something is (willAwon't, shall/shan‘t, must, can't, should, ought to, may (not), might (not), could). Examples: They must be there by now. | might see you later. They can’t be there yet. When we are sure something happened in the past, we can use ‘must’ +have’ + past participle. Example: Communication must have been faster after that. When we think something was possible in the past, but we are not certain, we use’might/may/ could’ +‘have' + past participle. Op temember Example: Mark might have studied at Harvard University, but I'm not sure. © We can use‘could/ might/should/shouldn't’ +‘have' + past participle to criticise something We use ‘can’t/couldn't’ + ‘have’ + past participle when we are sure something didn't happen. Example: | had my pen five minutes ago, so lean'thave left itat that someone has done home. or to express regrets about the past. mor ver! Example: You shouldn't Using dal ‘bs le should: @ For each number in the following conversation, choose rece delet the correct verb form from the options listed below. * Totalk a things we ted te Ellie: My document hasn't printed. The printer ...(1)... be broken. ra ean ane in the past, we can use Jared: The paper ...(2)... run out. Have you checked? Should? travel mast Ellie: We ..(3). used all the paper! [filed the tay this morning. participle. Jared: Some paper ...(4).«. got stuck in the machine. Example: The book should Ellie: You ...(5)... be right. I ..(6)... put so much in the tray: have arrived bby now. 1. must can might have 2. might might have must 3. can have couldn't can’t have 4. might might have could 5. could might have may have 6. shouldhave —shouldn'thave_—_can'thave © Rewrite the following sentences so they refer to the past. 1. Temust take a long time to communicate by letter. 2. He should receive a Nobel Prize for his work. 3. The author of this book might be very famous.EEL TP BELLIS * Conditional sentences We use conditional sentences to talk about real, possible or imaginary situations and the results of these situations. Conditional sentences are made up of a conditional clause (the if” clause) anda main clause. The main clause describes the result, When the conditional clause comes first, we put a comma before the main clause. Example: conditional clause (condition) main dause (result) if we raise enough money, we will open another ward, We use the zero conditional to talk about real situations and results that are always or generally true. We begin the conditional clause with ‘if’ or'when’ and we usually use the present simple in both clauses. Examples: f/When water freezes, it turns to ice. | wear my winter coat if/when it snows. We use the first conditional to talk about future situations and results that we think are possible or likely to happen. We usually use ‘if’+ present simple in the conditional clause and ‘will’+ infinitive without’to’ in the main clause. Example: We'll need more nurses if we open another ward. Using conditional sentences ©) For each gap in the following sentences choose the © We often use ‘unless! correct verb forms, a, b or c. instead of if... not. 1, If they _____ hard, they will do well in their exams. Example: The hospital a. will study b study © won'tstudy doesn’t employ 2. Ifnurses_____ their training, they become qualified. cared aa a complete b will complete ¢ won't complete aetna 3. If we work together, we _____ the job more quickly. Ser aeee eta Se a to finish b won't finish € will finish ‘might’ or‘can’instead 4, Unless we ____ more nurses, the hospital won't have of will: enough. Example: If she passes a don'temploy b_ willemploy ¢ employ Rerename, she might get a job at the hospital. © Find the mistakes in the following sentences and then 4, We can also use the rewrite the sentences correctly. zero conditional to give 1, Ifhe will make an important contribution to science, Instructions, We usean he might get a Nobel Prize. inperivavers intel 2, If she gets the job, she move to the city. main clause. 3. She leaves work at seven unless they will ask her to stay late. Example: if you see Zak, tell him to call me. 4. If you will arrive early, wait for me.