Explain Intermodal, Trans model and containerization modes of

transportation
Intermodal transportation. The movements of passengers or freight
from one mode of transport to another, commonly taking place at a
terminal specifically designed for such a purpose. In North America,
the term intermodal is also used to refer to containerized rail
transportation. Therefore, intermodal transportation in the literal
sense refers to an exchange of passengers or freight between two
transportation modes, but the term has become more commonly
used to strictly related to container transportation

Trans modal transportation. The movements of passengers or freight

within the same mode of transport. Although "pure" trans modal
transportation rarely exists and an intermodal operation is often
required (e.g., ship to dockside to ship), the purpose is to insure
continuity within the same modal network.

Containerization. Refers to the increasing and generalized use of the

container as a support for freight transportation. It involves
processes where the intermodal container is increasingly used
because it either substitutes cargo from other conveyances, is
adopted as a mode supporting freight distribution or is able.
Sagarmala project integration with the national waterways of
india?
The Sagarmala Programme is an initiative by the government of
India to enhance the performance of the country's logistics sector.
The programme envisages unlocking the potential of waterways and
the coastline to minimize infrastructural investments required to
meet these targets.[1][2]
It entails investing Rs. 8.5 trillion (2018) to set up new mega ports,
modernizing India's existing ports, developing of 14 Coastal
Economic Zones (CEZs) and Coastal Economic Units, enhancing port
connectivity via road, rail, multi-modal logistics parks, pipelines &
waterways and promoting coastal community development, with the
aim of boosting merchandise exports by US$110 billion and
generating around 10,000,000 direct and indirect jobs.
The Sagarmala Programme is the flagship programme of the Ministry
of Shipping to promote port-led development in the country by
exploiting India's 7,517 km long coastline, 14,500 km of potentially
navigable waterways and its strategic location on key international
maritime trade routes. Sagarmala aims to modernize India's Ports, so
that port-led development can be augmented and coastlines can be
developed to contribute to India's growth. It also aims at
"transforming the existing Ports into modern world-class Ports and
integrate the development of the Ports, the Industrial clusters and
hinterland and efficient evacuation systems through road, rail, inland
and coastal waterways resulting in Ports becoming the drivers of
economic activity in coastal areas."[3]
Compare the various modes of transportation like sea, rail and road
and give detail explanation on the usage on Inland waterways as a
primary source of transportation?

RAIL TRANSPORT
It is a means of transport, on vehicles which run on tracks (rails or
railroads).  It is one of the most important, commonly used and very
cost effective modes of commuting and goods carriage over long, as
well as, short distances.  Since this system runs on metal (usually
steel) rails and wheels, it has an inherent benefit of lesser frictional
resistance which helps attach more load in terms of wagons or
carriages.  Trains are powered by an engine locomotive running on
electricity or on diesel.  Complex signaling systems are utilised if
there are multiple route networks. Rail transport is also one of the
fastest modes of land transport.
Trains are fast and the least affected by usual weather turbulences like
rain or fog, compared to other transport mechanisms.  Rail transport
is better organised than any other medium of transport. It has fixed
routes and schedules.  Its services are more certain, uniform and
regular compared to other modes of transport.  Adaptations include
passenger railways, underground (or over ground) urban metro
railways and goods carriages.
ROAD TRANSPORT
Road transport means transportation of goods and personnel from one
place to the other on roads. Road is a route between two destinations,
which has been either paved or worked on to enable transportation by
way of motorised and non-motorised carriages.  The cost of
construction, operating cost and maintaining roads is cheaper than
that of the railways.  Sometimes road transport is the only way for
carrying goods and people to and from rural areas which are not
catered to by rail, water or air transport. Delivery of goods between
cities, towns and small villages is made possible only through road
transport.
WATER TRANSPORT
Water transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a
barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea,
ocean, lake, canal or river.  Ship transport is primarily used for the
carriage of people and non-perishable goods, generally referred to as
cargo.  Ship transport is often international by nature. It is
frequently undertaken for purposes of commerce, recreation or
military objectives. When a cargo is carried by more than one mode,
the transport is termed intermodal or co-modal.  Ship transport is
used for a variety of unpackaged raw materials ranging from
chemicals, petroleum products and bulk cargo such as coal, iron ore,
cereals, bauxite. So called "general cargo" covers goods that are
packaged to some extent in boxes, cases, pallets, barrels, etc.
Low Cost: Rivers are a natural highway which does not require any
cost of construction and maintenance. Even the cost of construction
and maintenance of canals is much less or they are used, not only for
transport purposes but also for irrigation, etc. Moreover, the cost of
operation of the inland water transport is very low. Thus, it is the
cheapest mode of transport for carrying goods from one place to
another.  Larger Capacity: It can carry much larger quantities of
heavy and bulky goods such as coal, and, timber etc.  Flexible
Service: It provides much more flexible service than railways and can
be adjusted to individual requirements.  Safety: The risks of
accidents and breakdowns, in this form of transport, are minimum as
compared to any other form of transport.
What are waterways which are declared in india and what are
their stretch lengths what is the navigation depth available?
Based on the data available on navigable waterways, compiled by
the ministry of statistics and programme implementation, by 2015-
16 a total of 106 water bodies with a minimum length of 25 km (16
mi) were declared as national waterways.
There are 5 National Waterways
NW-1: Ganga (1620km)
NW-2: Brahmaputra(891km)
NW-3: West Coast Canal (205km)
NW-4: Kakinada-Puducherry canals with Godavari & Krishna rivers
(1095km)
NW-5: East Coast Canal with Brahmani river (623km)
IWAI had been maintaining a Least Available
Depth (LAD) of 3.0 meters between Haldia(Sagar)
& Farakka(560 km), 2.5 meters in Farakka-
Barh(400 km), 2.0 meters in Barh-Ghazipur(290
km) and 1.2 to 1.5 meters in Chunar-Allahabad
sector (370 km).
National waterway -3 water depth
•1.5 m Kottapuram-Kochi
•2 m Kochi -Alappuzha
•1.5 m Alappuzha-Kollam
•2 m ChampakaraCanal
•2 m Udyogamandalcanal With completion of capital
dredging, 2 m LAD would become available in entire stretch.
Types of dredger used in Inland waterways for various dredge
activities?
Bucket Dredger: The bucket dredger is usually a fixed type stationary
dredger which rotates in arc by winches around the dredging site.
The scrapping end is fitted with a bucket, which removes the
sediment and when turned upside down, the sediments are
unloaded on a brage.
Grab Type Dredger: This is a stationary dredger which has a grab as a
dredging tool (Two equivalent scoops or shell operated
hydraulically). Due to its design It is also known as clamshell
dredger . There can be different designs of the grab and it can be
used for deep water dressing.
Backhoe Dredger: Also known as fixed arm dredger, it is a stationary
type dredger which is usually mounted on a barge or work near the
banks. The dredging equipment is a half open shell with a fixed
length hydraulic arm and is used in shallow waters and near harbour
sites.
Hydraulic Dredgers:
Suction Dredger: It is a stationary dredger normally used for mining
sand. The suction pipe of this dredger is inserted into the sand
deposit and water jets are used to bring the sand up from the
excavation site. The sediment can be pumped by sucking the
sediments into the pipeline and transferring it to the reclamation site
or loaded into barges, depending upon the location and available
transfer arrangement.
Cutter Suction Dredger: It is another stationary dredger with a cutter
head as a dredging equipment to loosen the base which is to be
dredged. Similar to the suction dredger, the sediments are sucked
and pumped via a pipeline ashore or into barges. The cutter head can
be of different designs and materials, depending upon the properties
of the surface to be dredged.
Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger: This is a self-propelled ship
carrying the dredger equipment having a hold or hopper
arrangement to fill it with excavated material while following a pre-
set dredging operation. This type of dredger has an arrangement to
open the bottom of the hold to unload the dredged material into the
designated site. This kind of dredger is mainly used in open water
such as canals, rivers, estuaries etc.
Reclamation Dredger: This is actually an assisting equipment in the
dredging operation and not a dredger itself. It is used to empty the
hopper barges sediments using suction pipe which can be lowered in
the hopper barge hold. Additional water can be sprayed to make the
sediment slurry for easier suction and transfer to the dedicated site
or shore depot.
what is the navigation depth need to be carried out in india
for inland waterways?
it should possess capability of navigation by mechanically propelled
vessels of a reasonable size. It should have about 45 m wide channel
and minimum 1.5m depth. It should be a continuous stretch of 50
kms. The only exception to be made to waterway length is for urban
conglomerations and intra-port traffic.

Describe siltation and bank erosion? What are the measuring and
monitoring techniques used for identification of siltation regions ?

Siltation is a process by which water becomes dirty as a result of fine

mineral particles in the water. When sediment, or silt, is suspended
in water
Siltation or siltification is the pollution of water by particulate
terrestrial clastic material, with a particle size dominated by silt or
clay. It refers both to the increased concentration of suspended
sediments, and to the increased accumulation (temporary or
permanent) of fine sediments on bottoms where they are
undesirable. Siltation is most often caused by soil erosion or
sediment spill.
Erosion of soils along riverbanks, results in various materials being
suspended in the water column (suspended solids) or deposited over
the streambed as sediment. Rivers always carry some suspended
sediment but continual low flows may result in sediments being
dropped before it can be carried out to sea. Sedimentation of the
channel can also occur, under normal flow conditions, if abnormal
amounts of material are being eroded from the banks.
Measurement and monitoring
One may distinguish between measurements at the source, during
transport, and within the affected area. Source measurements of
erosion may be very difficult, since the lost material may be a
fraction of a millimetre per year. Therefore, the approach taken is
typically to measure the sediment in transport in the stream, by
measuring the sediment concentration and multiplying that with the
discharge; for example, 50mg/L times 30 m3/s gives 1.5kg/s.
Also sediment spill is better measured in transport than at the
source. The sediment transport in open water is estimated by
measuring the turbidity, correlating turbidity to sediment
concentration, multiplying the concentration with the discharge as
above, and integrating over the entire plume.
Siltation of the magnitude that it affects shipping can also be
monitored by repeated bathymetric surveys.
The maintenance dredging requirement for large sea ports and
navigation channels may exceed tens of millions m/year of sediment
removal. However, maintenance dredging is also an issue for smaller
ports and marinas. Annual costs associated with these dredging
operations can be unexpectedly high. Therefore the reduction of
sedimentation rates can substantially reduce long-term port
maintenance costs.